Efficiency of the Power Trio: Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon

citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Essential Oil Infusion in an Improvised

Diffuser to Relieve Nasal Congestion

Submitted by:

Jeasarie S. Baroma
James Brayan E. Adino
Mikha Ella R. Cabales
TAPON NORTE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Adviser:

Ms. Jessa Marie T. Suarez

ABSTRACT

This study aims to produce a cheaper, environment friendly, and effective herbal plant

based nasal decongestant in an improvised diffuser to relieve nasal congestion. The ginger,

lemongrass and calamansi were collected at Tapon Norte, San Jose Negros Oriental. The herbs

were washed, sanitized and pounded to release its essential oils. The essential oils of each herb

was mixed together in a container then was infused in olive oil. This was poured on an

improvised diffuser using a dropper. An improvised diffuser was set up for the diffusion test.

The time was made constant each respondent has five minutes of exposure to the set up. For

the odor and relief, it was tested through the use of 30 respondents. Each was asked to rate the

odor and relief given by the set up either pleasant or unpleasant. Based on the results and

findings, the power trio of the Zingeber Officinale Roscoe (Ginger), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon

citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) essential oil infusion was found effective to

relieve nasal congestion. Therefore, the researchers believe that , the power trio of the

Zingeber Officinale Roscoe (Ginger), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Calamansi

(Citrofortunella microcarpa) essential oil infusion possess the qualities of a good nasal

decongestant.

INTRODUCTION

Health is one of the most important aspects in life that should be well taken care of.

Good health is not attained when certain discomfort prevent us from doing our normal
functions. One of such common discomfort is nasal congestion which is characterized by the

stuffiness, or obstruction to nasal breathing and it is one of man's oldest and most common complaints.

While it may be a mere nuisance to some, to others it is a source of considerable discomfort, and it

detracts them from living a good quality of life. Using different over the counter nasal sprays and

decongestant tablets have been the usual go to for people who suffer from nasal congestion. Not

knowing that nasal sprays may harm their nasal canal if used frequently over a long period of time while

constant taking of antihistamines and other decongestant tablets over a long period of time may also

contribute to the damage of the vital organs such as the liver and the kidneys. Others also opt to use

vapor rubs. Synthetically made vapor rubs and ointments are expensive. Aside from this, chemicals from

vapor rubs might cause heart burn and can burn the cuticle coating of the lungs if overused. In addition

to this, too much vapor rub can cause respiratory illness to infants.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It originated in

South-East Asia and then used in many countries as a spice and condiment to add flavor to

food. Besides this, the rhizome of ginger has also been used in traditional herbal medicine.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon) is a tall perennial plant from the Poaceae grass family, which thrives

in tropical and subtropical regions and it is also a popular flavoring in Asian cooking.

Lemongrass oil is extracted from the leaves of the plant. It has a thin consistency, and a pale or

bright yellow color. It has a strong, fresh, lemony and earthy scent. Calamansi (Citrofortunella

microcarpa) is a native plant of Southeast Asia and is also widely used as a condiment to add
flavor to food. It is also among the few aromatics that not just masks bad smell, but completely

neutralizes them.

Essential oils have been used for centuries as a natural way to support emotional and

physical health. When people become wary about synthetic medications, they often turn to

natural remedies such as essential oils. Diffusers disperse essential oils throughout the air,

allowing them to dilute before being inhaled. This is a less potent method of inhalation.

RATIONALE

Nasal congestion is uncomfortable to say the least. It may make it difficult for you to

breathe or sleep. It may also cause painful pressure behind your eyes, make your nose run

constantly, or cause an annoying cough. Some essential oils may clear up nasal passages and

relieve sinus pressure and other congestion symptoms. Essential oils are natural alternatives to

synthetic medication and are able to relieve symptoms of congestion. Some people use over-

the-counter (OTC) decongestants or antibiotics to treat sinus congestion and sinus infections.

These remedies aren’t for everyone. OTC decongestants can interact with prescription

medications and aren’t recommended for people with multiple conditions, such as pregnancy

or high blood pressure. Which leads us the researchers, to develop an effective alternative to

synthetic decongestants through the use of common herbal plants that have medicinal

properties that can relieve nasal congestion.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to answer the following questions:

General Problem:

Is the power trio of Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon

citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) essential oil infusion in an improvised

diffuser effective to relieve nasal congestion?

Specific Problem:

Does the essential oil infusion of Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe), Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in an improvised

diffuser give a significant relief to nasal congestion?

HYPOTHESES

Ho: The essential oil infusion of Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe), Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in an improvised diffuser

give does not give a significant relief to nasal congestion.

Ha: The essential oil infusion of Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe), Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in an improvised diffuser

gives a significant relief to nasal congestion.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

People nowadays, rely mostly on oral OTC or prescription decongestants, vapor rubs

and nasal sprays to relieve nasal congestants without thinking much of the effects of these in

the long run. This is where the researchers found their foundation and possible solution. The

researchers thought of a way in which they could produce a low cost, readily available and non-

synthetic decongestant. The researchers desire is to develop an effective nasal decongestant

that does not have a bad effect in our body even with frequent use.

It does not benefit only those who have problems with nasal congestion but also the

environment as well as other people. It will not use harmful chemicals and other synthetic

substances, all of its components are natural and the diffuser used is made from recyclable

materials.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find an effective and natural decongestant, that does

not contain any synthetic substance. The study was conducted to certify if the essential oils

from the power trio of herbs give a significant relief to those who have nasal congestion. This

study was conducted at Tapon Norte Elementary School, San Jose District, Division of Negros

Oriental. The process of extracting the essential oils and making the improvised diffuser was

also done in the school.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Nasal Congestion – a condition characterized by the stuffiness, or obstruction to

nasal breathing

Decongestant – an orally taken medicine used to relieve nasal congestion

Vapor rub – are ointments or cream rubbed on the chest or nostrils for relief

Diffusers – are objects that disperse essential oils throughout the air

Symptoms – observable and unobservable signs of an illness or ailment

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

GINGER:

According to Dr. Andrero Lochi, Ginger, Zingeber Officinale Roscos (far Zingiberaceae) is a

popular aromatic used around the world. Its medicinal use dates back to ancient times as

indicated by early medical text in India, China, Greece, Rome, Southeast Asian Countries and

Arabic and is widely cultivated in our country.Extract and active constituents have show potent

antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antimutagenic, anti-microbial and possible anti cancer

activities. Based in an internet website hppt://www. stuartxchange.org/Luya.html, traditionally

ginger is used for treating flatulent colic and indigestion. Certain studies show that ginger can

be useful in unclogging the nose and might have the properties that can cure a person from

pain due to headaches such as the essential oils formed in ginger extract.Ginger contains up to

three percent of a fragrant essential oil whose main constituents are sesquiterpenoids, with (-)-

zingiberene as the main component. Smaller amounts of other sesquiterpenoids

(sesquiphellandrene, bisabolene and farnesene) and a small monoterpenoid fraction

(phelladrene, cineol, and citral) have also been identified which makes the plant vulnerable for

aroma therapy purposes that can also be use in treating the said ailments(Soverst & Hill,

2008).The health-promoting perspective of ginger is attributed to its rich phytochemistry

(Jolad et al.) grouped fresh ginger into two wide range categories, i.e. volatiles and non-

volatiles. Volatiles include sesquiterpene and monoterpenoid hydrocarbons providing the

distinct aroma and taste of ginger. On the contrary, non-volatile pungent compounds include

gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. Ginger has staring potential for treating a number

of ailments including degenerative disorders (arthritis and rheumatism), digestive health

(indigestion, constipation and ulcer), cardiovascular disorders (atherosclerosis and

hypertension), vomiting, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-

oxidative properties for controlling the process of aging. Furthermore, it has antimicrobial

potential as well which can help in treating infectious diseases (Dunn, L.,2011).

LEMONGRASS:

Originating from other warm climate countries, Lemongrass found its way in the

Philippines during the pre-colonial times. It has been known to treat fungal infections such as

athlete’s foot and others, as well as suppress bacterial activity. The scent of Lemongrass can

calm and revitalize and soothe tired muscles of the body. Beneficial in combating nervous

exhaustion and stress-related conditions, it can also help prevent depression. Lemongrass oil's

refreshing scent makes it a valuable aromatherapeutic oil. Its clean and calming aroma helps

relieve stress, anxiety, irritability and insomnia, and prevent drowsiness. Lemongrass oil can

also help relax and tone your muscles, as well as relieve muscle pain, rheumatism, period
cramps, stomachache, toothache, migraines and headaches. Lemongrass Essential Oil is also

known for its effectiveness against common household pests such as flies, mosquitoes and

roaches. It is an alternative to Citronella in warding off insects, and its lemony, sweet smell

makes it a pleasant option. (Yang L. 2012)

CALAMANSI:

Citrofortunella microcarpa, the calamondin or calamansi, is a fruit tree in the

family Rutaceae native Asia. Other English language common names include calamonding,

calamandarin, golden lime, Panama orange, Chinese orange, acid orange. Its cultivation has

spread throughout Southeast Asia, India, Hawaii, the West Indies, and Central and North

America. The plant is characterized by wing-like appendages on the leaf stalks and white or

purplish flowers. Its fruit has either a spongy or leathery rind with a juicy pulp that is divided

into sections. The fruit is indigenous and widely cultivated in the Philippines, Malaysia and

neighbouring northern parts of Indonesia. It is available year-round in the Philippines and is

usually seen in its unripened green state. The pulp of the fruit taste sour, and the fruit contains

twice the amount of juice as the yellow, larger lemon. The juice, as a drink, makes one of the

best thirstquenchers.The acid content of calamansi is known to slow down the oxidation of

freshcut fruits and vegetables, thus preventing discoloration and acting as preservatives (Dancel

& Agustin, 2009). Calamansi has several alternative medicinal uses, Like lightens freckles, good

as mouth wash, cure coughs and expel phlegm, helpful in dealing with hangover, prevent and

cure Osteoarthritis, maintains kidney health, great tonic for the liver, prevent diabetes, lightens

urine color, and lowers body cholesterol (Li, Y. & Xiu P., 2006).
METHODOLOGY

Materials used:

ESSENTIAL OIL INFUSION:

 15 lemongrass heads

 50 pieces calamansi fruit

 100 grams ginger

 150 ml olive oil

 Mortar and pestle

 Dropper

 4 glass containers with lid

 sta

IMPROVISED DIFFUSER:

 Empty spray can

 Cotton

 Copper wire

 Electrical tape

 Pliers

 Screw Driver

 Cutter

 Super Glue

 Old usb cord

Procedure:

Essential Oil Infusion:

1. Gather all your materials.

2. Wash the ginger, calamansi and lemongrass then pat them dry.

3. Using the mortar and pestle, pound on the ginger so as to release its oil.

4. Transfer the pounded ginger on a glass container.

5. Add about 15 ml of olive oil.

6. Let it sit.

Do procedures 3-6 for the calamansi and lemongrass. Remember to remove the seeds of the

calamansi.

Improvised Diffuser:

1. Cut the spray can on both ends using a cutter.

2. Using the pliers, remove the nozzle of the spray can and the tube attached to it.

3. Get the copper wire, twine the wire around a piece of wood.

4. Get the usb cord, peel the outer covering on the end (not the usb head), to expose

the bare wires.

5. Cut the other colors of wire, leave only the black and red wire behind.

6. Connect the black and red wire on the opposite ends of the copper wire.

7. Seal with an electrical tape.

8. Fit the wire on the bottom end of the can.

9. Place cotton balls on the bottom and on top of the wire.

10. Bore a hole on one side of the can.

 11. Secure the can by wrapping an electrical tape around it.

Set-up:

The essential oil infusion of Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe), Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) in an improvised diffuser

was tested on 30 respondents from the school population who currently have nasal congestion

problems such as sinusitis and a common cold. Each respondent was given five minutes to

inhale the essential oil infusion smoke given off by the improvised diffuser in a distance of 2

feet from the opening. It was conducted in a small room where windows are closed, with good

ventilation and the respondent was in a relaxed state. After each respondent has been exposed

to the set-up, they were asked to rate from 1-10, 1 being unpleasant, meaning they did not feel

any relief at all and 10 if there was a significant relief given by the set up. The ratings were then

collected and tallied.

Instrument used: Rating sheet

Statistical test used: Descriptive Statistical tools such as; mean,median,mode,standard

deviation and sample variance.

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The researchers used descriptive statististical tools to interpret the data. Using the Microsoft

excel add-in program Megastat to interpret the data collected from the rating sheets of the

respondents.
Table 1.0

Descriptive statistics

Age Rating
count 30 30
mean 17.30 8.17
sample standard deviation 12.30 1.26
sample variance 151.32 1.59
minimum 7 6
maximum 58 10
range 51 4

population variance 146.28 1.54

population standard
deviation 12.09 1.24

standard error of the mean 2.25 0.23

skewness 1.85 -0.11

kurtosis 3.20 -1.00
coefficient of variation (CV) 71.11% 15.45%

1st quartile 10.00 7.00

median 12.00 8.00
3rd quartile 23.50 9.00
interquartile range 13.50 2.00
mode 10.00 9.00

low extremes 0 0
low outliers 0 0
high outliers 1 0
high extremes 0 0

The table shows that with the 30 respondents, the mean or the average score given to the set

up was 8.17 which is close enough to the maximum score which is 10. The median or middle

score given is 8 while the lowest score given is 6. These values are still close to the maximum

score. If the Standard deviation is less than 3.0 or equal to 3.0 then it means that the data is

homogeneous. Further if the the standard deviation is greater than 3.0 the data is

heterogeneous (Cohen, 2001). Our table shows that even if the standard deviation for the age
is 12.30 for the sample population, the rating which is SD= 1.26, the data collected remains

homogeneous, meaning all our respondents have rated the set up to have a significant relief.

The sample variance for our data in the rating is 1.59(homogeneous) which is below 9.0, this

further strengthens our claim. The high and low outliers in our data are zero which also further

strengthens our claim. The coefficient of variation is 15.45% which is lower than 50%, this

means that most of the respondents rated the set-up high or near the maximum score.

RESULTS

The table shows the number of respondents who rated the set up. Each of the

respondents were asked to rate the set up, 1 being unpleasant and 10 being unpleasant.With a

total of 30 respondents, the highest rating given is 10 while the lowest is 6 which is significantly

near the maximum score. The mean, mode standard deviation, coefficient of variation, sample

variance, skewness and kurtosis of the data will serve as the basis whether to accept or reject

the null hypothesis.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY:

The study entitled , Efficiency of the Power Trio: Ginger (Zingeber Officinale Roscoe),

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) Essential Oil

Infusion in an Improvised Diffuser to Relieve Nasal Congestion was designed to test the

capability of the three herbs to relieve nasal congestion. The herbs were pounded separately

then was infused in olive oil. The essential oils of each herb were then mixed together, and a

small amount was dropped onto the improvised diffuser. The set up was tested to 30

respondents, each were asked to rate. Majority of the respondents rated it pleasant, which

means that they felt a significant relief after the exposure to the set up. The data gathered was

then computed and interpreted using descriptive statistical tools in Microsoft Excel Add in

program Megastat.

CONCLUSION:

The essential oil infusion in an improvised diffuser was found to have to give a

significant relief to those who have nasal congestion. Therefore, the researchers believe that it

can relieve and alleviate nasal congestion problems without using any synthetic substance.

Moreover, the improvised diffuser can help speed up the relief from nasal congestion by

changing the oil into a less potent substance in inhalation.

RECOMMENDATION:

The researchers would like to recommend for varied experimentations on the amount

of essential oil to be dropped on the diffuser. Furthermore the researchers would like to

recommmend to also use the same essential oil in other diffusion devices used to relieve nasal

congestion. Also the essential oils should undergo pH test to check for its effusibility.
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Compton’s Encyclopedia, Vol. 13, pp.22-23

Grolier’s Encyclopedia, pp.58-61

Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia, p. 293

Chemistry for the Health Sciences , p.195

Haecksher’s Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p.467

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http://www. tropilab.com

https://www.webmd.com/allergies/decongestants

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170112/

https://www.healthline.com/health/essential-oils-for-sinus-congestion