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Highway Material 1
Highway Material 1
by
bebendul kamber
lapisan haus
lapisan pengikat
sub-tapak
aras formasi
subgred
Sub-grade
Part of the embankment or existing ground, top
surface of sub-grade > formation level
Function: Load distribution, to drain subsurface water
and temporary road for construction
Unsuitable materials:
1. Running silt, logs, stumps, toxic material, slurry or
mud, or
2. Any material
Consisting of highly organic clay and silt;
Having LL > 80% and/or PI > 55%; (PI= LL-PL)
Susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
Has LOI (loss of ignite) > 2.5%;
Containing roots and grass.
Materials that are soft or unstable due to too wet or
dry– not classified as unsuitable
Sub-grade (cont…)
Properties of good sub-grade:
Stable
Consistent strength
Able to drain water
Factors affecting soil strength:
Soil type (gravel is better than peat)
Moisture content (better not too high bebs!)
Method and compactive effort
Tests on soil for sub-grade:
Liquid Limit (LL) and Plastic Limit (PL)
Compaction
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
CBR
Purpose – determine bearing capacity of material
compared to standard crushed aggregate
Two major processes – compaction test (determine MDD
and OMC), and CBR test (determine CBR at 95%
compaction/MDD)
Compaction: mold 2.3L, hammer 4.5 kg, 62 blows/layer, 5
layers, 5 different moisture content, obtain Bulk
Density >>> Dry density >>> plot DD vs. MC
CBR:
Sample preparation: 3 mold at OMC, vary no. of blows
(15, 35, 65) to obtain 95% compaction
CBR test: gauge reading for top and bottom (load and
penetration-interval 0.25mm), plot Load vs.
Penetration graph, calculate CBR at 2.5mm and
5.0mm, choose the highest value
Sub-base
Function:
1. Assist in load spreading
2. Drainage layer
3. Temporary road/platform for construction
4. Protection to the exposed subgrade (weather)
5. Separator (subgrade and road base material)
Should be laid across to side drain – drainage & edge
support
Materials:
1. Sandy laterite – CBR > 20%
2. Crushed aggregate – CBR > 30%
3. Cement stabilised – CBR > 60%
Quality tests – CBR, LL, PI, ACV, LAAV, Grading
Road Base
Function: Main load spreading layer
Material – crushed aggregate 50mm to dust
Five types of road base:
1. Dry Bound Macadam (natural interlock)
2. Wet Mix Macadam (aggregate + water bound)
3. Bituminous bound road base (aggregate + filler
+ antistripping agent + bitumen)
4. Cement Stabilised (aggregate + cement bound)
5. Composite (combination 1 & 3 or 1 & 4)
Quality tests – CBR, LL, ACV, FI, Soundness,
Grading
Surfacing
Two layers –binder course and wearing course
Cambered for drainage.
Material – crushed aggregate + Bitumen (binder) + filler
1. Binder Course :
Function: Distribute load over road base, provide
good shape (surface) to lay wearing course
Example: ACB28, BMB20
2. Wearing Course:
Function: Provide durable skid-resistance surface,
protect pavement, withstand abrasion and traffic
stresses, provide good and safe running surface,
drainage
Example: ACW20, BMW14
ROAD PAVING MATERIALS
Consist mainly of aggregate, small amount of binder
and filler.
1. Aggregate – carry traffic load, main
interlocking structure (macro and
microstructure)
2. Bitumen (Binder) – bind aggregates producing
strong, durable & stable mixture
3. Filler – fill small voids, durable mixture,
increase viscosity of binder, reduces binder
run-off
Aggregate
- Natural or artificial
- 3 major classes of natural aggregate:
- igneous (alkali/acid) due to crystallization process
- sedimentary due to sedimentation of insoluble material (organic or
inorganic)
- metamorphic (heat & pressure – metamorphism process, changing
the mineral and texture)
Types of Aggregate
Artificial aggregate – slag waste from ore to produce
iron, steel, etc.
For road construction, aggregate classified according
to size:
1. Coarse (large) – ( > 2.36mm) crushed
aggregate
2. Fine (small) – (2.36mm – 75 micron (0.075mm))
fine crushed aggregate, sand (river, mining)
3. Filler – (< 75 micron) fine materials such as
cement, lime, crushed aggregate dust
Aggregate Properties
Important properties of aggregates are:
1. Strength – crushing, impact, during construction
(plants/machineries & traffic load)
2. Durability – resistance to disintegration under weathering
3. Good shape & surface texture – interlocking, resistance to
sliding (macro/microstructure), affect strength (cannot too
flaky or elongated)
4. Deleterious substance (pureness) – affect bonding, affect
mix quality
5. Affinity against bitumen – properly coated by binder
6. Low water absorption – avoid stripping, drying time, mixing
process
7. Resistance to polish – rounded under traffic movement,
enough skid resistance
8. Gradation – size distribution, quality & pavement strength
Aggregate Tests
Tests to evaluate aggregates properties:
Anionic
Bitumen droplet
Water
Bitumen +
droplet emulsifier
Cationic
Emulsion
- When mixed or sprayed, it sets or breaks because
bitumen/asphalt droplets reacts with the surface of
aggregate and squeezing out the water between
them
- Evaporation of water
- Electrochemical process - primary mechanism for
cationic
- Further graded according to setting rate – RS (Rapid
setting), MS (Medium setting), SS (Slow setting)
- Setting rate is controlled by the type and amount of the
emulsifying agent
- Emulsion are increasingly being used compare to
cutback due to:
1. Environmental regulations
2. Waste of high energy products
3. Safety
4. Lower application temperature
Bitumen Tests