2006 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal
2006 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal
In this issue:
TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
a new variety endemic to Texas
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY:
past, present, and future field guides and floras on North American native orchids
GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA FORMA WRIGHTII
an old/new novelty
Requests for either print or electronic copies should be sent to the editor:
Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 or via email at
[email protected].
NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL
Volume 12 2006
CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
3
TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
(ORCHIDACEAE) A NEW VARIETY ENDEMIC TO TEXAS
Paul Martin Brown & Richard B. Pike
4
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY:
past, present, and future field guides and floras on
North American native orchids
Paul Martin Brown
11
IN THE NEWS!
Rare Orchid Restoration Project Uses
Local Know How On USFS Lands
29
GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA
FORMA WRIGHTII
An old/new novelty
Paul Martin Brown & Lindsay Olive
30
From the Past…
requested reprints
RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS GYMNADENIOPSIS
RYDBERG
NANOJ 2002
Paul Martin Brown
33
REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA CONSPICUA, THE
SOUTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS
NANOJ 2002
Paul Martin Brown
41
THE CORRECT NAME FOR
THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE
NANOJ 2004
Paul Martin Brown
51
THE GOOD AND BAD
The Slow Empiricist
58
A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID
Paul Martin Brown
61
BOOK REVIEWS
63
• Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region
• Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies
• Orchids of Mexico
• The Orchids of Cuba
• An Enthusiasm for Orchids
• Contributions to the Taxonomic Revision of the Subtribes
Spiranthinae, Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae (Orchidaceae)
in Mesoamerica and the Antilles.
Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom
The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles may be subject to
peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific content.
Volume 12 pages 1-72; issued August 15, 2006.
Copyright 2006 by the North American Native Orchid Journal
Cover: Platanthera conspicua by Stan Folsom
This issue is the first of a new format for the North American Native Orchid
Journal. In addition to being issued as a hard copy in the traditional manner it will also
be available electronically as an Adobe PDF file. A limited number of print copies will
be made for each annual issue but because of the wonder of electronics an unlimited
number of the PDF version can be made available and may be passed along to friends
and colleagues. Because there were very limited issues available for 2002–2005--with
this new system in place--one of the goals for 2006/2007 is to make the back issues
for volumes 8, 9, 10, and 11 available again. Eventually all issues from Volume 1 to
present will be available as PDFs and on CDs. You may request a hard copy of any
issue or simply access the PDF when it is available. Hard copies are primarily for
libraries and institutions but are available to individuals. The time it takes for the hard
copy to be produced will vary depending on what else is transpiring at the time.
In 2007 CDs may become available of the PDF versions. There is no charge for these
publications. You need only ask for either the hard copies or to be put on the email
list for the PDF versions as they become available.
Paul Martin Brown, editor
[email protected]
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
5 3
4
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
5
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
but a single day. Colonies may have successive bloom days, but rainfall and
temperature affect flowering periods.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT:
Currently known only from the type location in Houston County, Texas. The
colony of Triphora trianthophora var. texensis is located in a dense, mixed
hardwood stand with a few scattered pines. The overstory is comprised of
southern red oaks (Quercus falcata) and a few hickory trees (Carya spp.). The
understory supports flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras, (Sassafras
albidum), and american holly (Ilex opaca). The site is located near the western
limit of the Pineywoods region of eastern Texas, abutting the Post Oak
Savannah region. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is scattered throughout the
general area, some of which could be in excess of 150 years old. Most of the
hardwoods appear to be younger. However, boundaries between the regions
are dynamic and it is difficult to say what the cover type was 500+ years ago,
but for the past 200+ years this area has been a pine/hardwood cover type.
The nearest beech trees (Fagus sylvatica), often considered typical habitat for T.
trianthophora, are several miles away.
On 26 August 2005, Pike observed 33 flowering plants of Triphora
trianthophora in an area ca. 8–10 feet wide and 75–100 feet long. The strip is a
short, shallow, intermittent drainage slope having very little vegetation and
abundant mulch. The orchids are located in the bottom and sides of this drain.
Similar sites that occur nearby have been searched and suitable habitat may
occur elsewhere in the National Forests of eastern Texas. To date, this is the
only site where the orchids have been observed. The site was visited again on
29 July 2006 and 11 plants were found and on 1 August with 80 plants seen.
Pike visited the site again on 5 August and still no flowering plants were
observed that day, but on August 10 there were 14 flowering plants in 100º
heat! Given the difficulty of predicting ‘flowering days’, the initial visit on 2005
was most fortuitous!
DISCUSSION:
In October 2005 Christine Dudding, a graduate student then working
with the genus Triphora at the University of Florida, brought to Brown’s
attention the report of a colony of Triphora trianthophora with white flowers that
occurred in Texas. After examining a photograph of one of the plants, Brown
contacted Dick Pike, biologist for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,
who had already discovered and photographed the population on 26 August
2005 in a small ravine in the Davy Crockett National Forest, Houston County,
Texas. Unlike the forma albidoflava Keenan (Keenan, 1992) that occurs
randomly and with great rarity in populations of typical T. trianthophora, all of
the plants here were alike and not appearing at all like forma albidoflava that,
although it is white-flowered, has a yellow crest and yellowish green leaves.
6
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
7
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
in only very minor characters and based upon the original description of purple
lines on the lip. Medley (1991) noted “The leaves are often more broadly ovate or
rotund and are often, but not always, basally disposed and reduced upwards, and are often
purple beneath. The leaves of the typical variety are usually narrower and more evenly
spaced–and are usually green beneath, though occasionally suffused or veined with
purplish.” Unfortunately those characters do not hold well as the leaves in the
typical variety are essentially the same as those in var. mexicana.
Plants without the characters attributed to var. mexicana and conforming
to plants seen in the United States also occur in Mexico. Considering that the
definition of a subspecies is one that is mainly used for geographically (or
ecologically) characterized populations with several differing characters of a
species, and that of variety is used for plants mostly varying in one or few
significant character(s) and occurring within populations of the "normal form,"
the rank of variety is more appropriate for T. trianthophora subsp. mexicana.
The Houston County, Texas plants found by Pike are sufficiently different and
distinctive to warrant recognition at the varietal level. What first strikes one
about these plants is the uniformity of the snowy white flowers and large bright
green area surrounding the three papillose crests.
The following key will assist separating the varieties.
1a lips with purple markings on the central lobe, papillae on the crest absent or minimal;
very rare plants of Mexico and Central America…T. trianthophora var. mexicana
1b lips without purple markings…2
2a plants (leaves, mostly on the reverse, and stems) suffused with purple; central lobe of
lip ovate, the papillose green (or yellow) crests appearing to extend to the middle of
the lip; flower color highly variable from white to deep pink; distribution widespread
in the eastern United States and sparingly in Mexico….T. trianthophora var.
trianthophora
2b plants bright green (below ground portions may have a faint pink tinge); central lobe
of the lip oval-oblong; bright green papillose crests extending to nearly the margin of
the lip; flower bright white often with fine cerise edging; currently known only from
eastern Texas….T. trianthophora var. texensis
Comparison of Triphora trianthophora
var. trianthophora var. texensis
Plants: 7–20(–30) cm tall 6.9–15.5 cm tall
Stems: purple, rarely green bright green
within the inflorescence
Leaves: 3–7, 7–14 × 5-9 mm; 3–5, 7–11 × 5-7 mm; bright green;
green suffused or veined obovate with acuminate tips
with purple; broadly ovate
to nearly cordate
Flowers: varying from white to pure white with cerise
deep pink with a green markings on the edges and
8
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
Acknowledgements:
The authors wish to thank the following: Christine Dudding for first bringing this to my
attention (PMB), Stan Folsom for his drawings; Tom Philipps and Jason Singhurst for
comments and assistance in the field, Helen Jeude and Scott Stewart for helpful comments
during the timely review process, and Barney Lipscomb (BRIT) for support and advice.
Kent Perkins (FLAS) assisted in securing documents. For the transmission of images of
herbarium specimens of Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana (Pogonia mexicana, Triphora
mexicana): AMES, NY, K, COLO, MASS. The Latin translation was done by Mark
Garland, Scientific Latin Translations, PO Box 856, Micanopy, Florida 32667, U.S.A.
http://botanicallatin.org/.
Literature Cited:
Ames, O. 1922. Notes on Mexican species of Triphora. Orchidaceae: Studies in the Family
Orchidaceae 7: 39–42. pl. 109. North Easton, Mass.: Ames Botanical Laboratory.
1
Forma albidoflava is white with a yellow crest and pale yellow-green leaves.
9
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida.
_____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville: University Press
of Florida.
_____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida.
_____. 2005. Wild Orchids of Florida, updated and expanded edition. Gainesville: University Press
of Florida.
Keenan, P.E. 1992. A new form of Triphora trianthophora. Rhodora 94: 39.
Medley, M.E. 1991. Notes on Cleistes and Triphora (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 12: 102.
Schlechter, R. 1921. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 139.
Watson, S. 1891. Descriptions of some Mexican species, collected chiefly by Mr. C.G.
Pringle in 1889 and 1890. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131-158.
10
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Orchids of Manitoba
Ames, D., P.B. Acheson, L. Heshka, B.
Joyce, J. Neufeld, R. Reeves, E.
Reimer, and I. Ward.
2005.
Native Orchid Conservation, Inc. Winnipeg,
Manitoba.
158 pages, 5 x 8”, full color photographs, maps
$15.00 CAD Paper ISBN 0-9734864-0-6.
The first full-color provincial orchid field guide to
be published. A group effort that has resulted in a
workable and usable field guide with excellent
photographs and a distinct slant on conservation.
Limited use outside of Manitoba; no keys for
identification.
Available through www.nativeorchid.org
11
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Orchidaceae
Flora of North America.
2002.
Volume 26: 490-651.
Oxford University Press.
752 pages. Line drawings of selected
species; extensive keys; maps
$95.00 cloth ISBN 0-19-515208-5
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo
ra_id=1&taxon_id=10638
19
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Orchids of Mexico
E. Hágsater, M. Á. Soto Arenas, G.A.
Salazar Chávez, R. Jiménez
Machorro, M.A. López Rosas, and
R.L. Dressler.
2005.
Instituto Chinoin, A.C., Mexico City.
13.25 x l0 in. (33.5 x 25.5 cm). 304 pages,
650 color photographs. Spanish and English
versions available.
$100 Cloth ISBN 9-6878-8908-X.
Book orders directly to:
[email protected]; Redacta, S.A.
de C.V., Avenida l0 de Mayo # 249, Col.
San Pedro de los Pinos, C.P. 03800 Mexico,
D.F. MEXICO.
One of the most beautiful natural history
books for a specific country. No taxonomic
information.
Review in this issue.
Orchids of Wisconsin
Hapeman, J.R.
2002. CD-Rom. $20.00, no
ISBN
http://www.mbgpress.org/in
dex.php?task=id&id=68069
Interactive CD version of
Hapeman’s earlier work.
Excellent keys.
20
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
A Botanical Travelogue.
Keenan, P.E.
2005.
Timber Press
paperback edition of original 1998 publication
321 pp. 6 x 9 in (230 x 150 mm) 170 color
photos, 7 figures, 1 table
$27.95 paper ISBN: 0-88192-720-1.
Appealing to conservationists, travelers, orchid
lovers, and naturalists alike, the author takes his
readers on an incredible journey to pursue the
145 temperate American orchid species in their
native habitats. This chatty account of his field
trips in Canada and the U.S., excluding Florida) is
intended both to document many of our native
species and to inspire others to respectfully
explore the wealth of orchids.
21
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
22
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Orchidaceae Antillanae
Nir, M.
2000.
DAG Media Publishing. New York, NY.
453 pp. color pages, line art, keys to
identification
$135 paper ISBN 061511640X
A treatment of the native and naturalized
orchid taxa in the West Indies. Includes
new taxa and new combinations (lists,
pp. 17 & 407), new synonyms (pp. 18-
19), and excluded taxa (pp. 410-411)]
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/
ASIN/061511640X/bestofthewo05-
20/002-9769951-9797632
23
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
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WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
25
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Genera Orchidacearum
A.M. Pridgeon, P. J. Cribb, M.W. Chase, and F. Rasmussen (Editors)
Oxford University Press, USA.
26
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
8.8 x 11.2 inches; numerous color plates, line drawings, and maps. A collaborative work
involving more than fifty noted botanists and orchid specialists, Genera Orchidacearum will be
published in six volumes over several years.
To date four volumes have been published of this six volume project. Generic
treatments are based heavily upon molecular evidence and have resulted in several revised
generic concepts for North American genera. Most notable are the nesting of Piperia into
Platanthera, Coeloglossum into Dactylorhiza, and Listera into Neottia as well as several well known
species such as Pleurothallis gelida treated as Stelis gelida. North America distributional
information and maps are often incorrect and frequently omit much of the range in the
United States.
Volume One: General Introduction, Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae. 1999. 197 pp. $125.00
cloth ISBN13: 9780198505136; ISBN10: 0198505132
Volume Two: Orchidoideae (Part 1) 2001. 416 pp. $125.00 cloth ISBN13: 9780198507109;
ISBN10: 0198507100
Volume Three: Orchidoideae (Part II), Vanilloideae. 2003. 358 pp. $175.00 cloth ISBN13:
9780198507116; ISBN10: 0198507119
Volume Four: Epidendroideae, Part I. 2005. 672 pp. $175 cloth ISBN 0-19-850712-7; ISBN-
13: 978-0-19-850712-3
Volume Five: Epidendroideae, Part II forthcoming
Volume Six: Epidendroideae, Part III forthcoming
27
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
CHRONOLOGY OF PUBLICATIONS
2000 Native Orchids of Oregon
2000 Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
2000 Orchidaceae Antillanae
2001 Native Orchids of Nova Scotia
2002 Orchids of Wisconsin
2002 The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico
2002 Wild Orchids of Florida, with references to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains
2002 Flora of North America: Orchidaceae
2003 The Wild Orchids of North America, north of Mexico
2003 Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story
2004 Wild Love Affair: Essence of Florida's Native Orchids
2004 Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States, north of peninsular Florida
2005 Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history
2005 Orchids of Manitoba
2005 Wild Orchids of Florida, with References to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains: updated and
expanded edition
2005 Additions and Emendations to The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico
2006 Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region
2006 Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies
2006 Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland
2006 (Oct.) Orchids in Your Pocket: A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa.
2006 (Nov.) Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America
In preparation:
Spring 2007 Wild Orchids of the Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey
Spring 2008 Wild Orchids of Texas: the field guide
Wild Orchids of Arkansas TBA
28
WILD ORCHIDS THE 21ST CENTURY
INNEWS!!
IN THE
By Peter Nilles
This project - to restore one of the rarest and most spectacular orchids native to the
region - began with the initiative of a Shreveport high school student. It has evolved
into a cooperative effort between the Kisatchie National Forest (KNF) and the Central
Louisiana Orchid Society (CLOS); and yes, the high school student turned masters
degree candidate – Kevin Allen – is still intimately involved in the project.
The decline of the Kentucky ladyslipper orchid most likely follows the impacts of
European settlement, such as loss of habitat due to logging and grazing, non-native
plant competition, wild hog predation, and illegal orchid collection. In fact, over the
last twenty years, 50 percent of known sites throughout the CYKE's range have been
eliminated (Medley 1985). Medley (1985) says that “…most of the [previously known]
Louisiana , Oklahoma , Texas , and many Arkansas populations are extirpated
[locally extinct, but present in other parts of its range].”
29
Brown: Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii―An Old/New Novelty
GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA
FORMA WRIGHTII
An old/new novelty
In July 1951 an article appeared in the Bulletin Of The Torrey Botanical Club
entitled A New Orchid From The Southern Appalachians by Lindsay S. Olive. It
described the discovery and subsequent naming of a new variety of (then)
Habenaria. For reasons unknown the publication of this unusual growth form,
which is lacking in spurs, escaped the notice of authors such as Correll or Luer,
and more currently Sheviak and myself. During the summer of 2004 Philip
Kauth, of the University of Florida, was electronically perusing old journal files
and came across this publication and called it to my attention. I had recently
revalidated the genus Gymnadeniopsis (Brown, 2002) and was particularly interest
in novelty forms. After carefully reading the original article and consulting
several colleagues I determined that the var. wrightii would be better recognized
as a form rather than a variety and also need to be transferred to the genus
Gymnadeniopsis. The new combination and status change was made in Wild
Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region (Brown and
Folsom, 2005). There is no record of the variety wrightii having been transferred
at any rank to the genus Platanthera. At this time I had never seen plants that
conformed to the forma wrightii.
In July 2006 while examining flowering plants of G. clavellata in eastern
New Hampshire several spurless plants were noted. They easily fit the original
description of var. wrightii. So an ‘old lost variety’ is now a ‘found new form’!
The following is taken from Dr. Olive’s original publication and reprinted with
permission.
During the summer of 1949, while the writer and Mr. Henry Wright, native botanist
of Highlands, North Carolina, were on a field trip in the Highlands area, an orchid which
30
Brown: Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii―An Old/New Novelty
appears not to have been previously described was found. The orchid in its general
appearance greatly resembled the common Green Rein-orchid, Habenaria clavellata (Michx.)
Spreng., the specific name of which refers to the elongate club-like spur, 8-12 mm. in length,
produced by the flower. Only a few plants were in bloom at the time, but all of the flowers
that were found completely lacked the spur.
A few plants were dug up and set out on the writer's lot at Highlands, and two of
them bloomed the following year. The flowers again failed to produce spurs. Another field
trip was arranged at this time to the area previously visited, and a large number of plants
were found in bloom. All had the same characteristics as the plants observed the previous
summer. They closely resembled H. clavellata, but none of the flowers had produced spurs.
Although the Green Rein-orchid was found in bloom at the same time several miles from
this area, no plant of that species was encountered in this locality.
The unidentified orchid had become well established in the area, and probably
several hundred plants were present over a half-acre or more of moist woods composed
mainly of hemlock, rhododendron, and deciduous trees. Other orchids found growing here
were Goodyera pubescens (Downy Rattlesnake Plantain), Triphora trianthophora (Nodding
Pogonia), and, a sterile plant of Habenaria ciliaris (Yellow Fringed Orchid). Plants of the
unidentified orchid were growing on both sides of a small stream, and a few were found on
the opposite side of a small dirt road running through the area. These circumstances indicate
that the orchid reproduces itself mainly by means of seeds. Correll (1950), in his recent
comprehensive monograph of the orchids of North America, has no record of the orchid
described in this paper. However, in his discussion of Habenaria clavellata, he points out that
this species is self-pollinated; "so it usually produces a maximum of fully ripened seed-filled
capsules which thus assure it of perpetuation." This also appears to be true of the Highlands
plant.
With regard to Habenaria clavellata, Ames (1910) states that it is "a very distinct species
with no near ally in North America. The appendages of the gynostemium are quite
characteristic. These are three in number, erect and tuberculate. " The new orchid has a
similar structure; that is, there are three tuberculate stigma-lobes as in H. clavellata. In
addition to the failure to produce a spur, the flower of the new plant shows only one
distinctive difference from that of H. clavellata. The lip, instead of being tridentate, is entire
and almost acuminate. In its other characteristics the plant so closely resembles the Green
Rein-orchid that it has seemed advisable to describe it as a variety of that species. Thus an
orchid lacking flower spurs is placed in a genus that has as one of its chief characteristics the
production of flower spurs.
31
Brown: Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii―An Old/New Novelty
reflexed in the fully opened flower, lower petal or lip somewhat elliptic, entire, nearly
acuminate or with slightly blunt tip, sometimes irregularly and inconspicuously sinuate
distally along the margins. Spur completely lacking. Stamen one, anther single, 2-celled, one
pollinium in each cell; pollinium with caudicle attached to a viscid basal disc. Stigma divided
into three blunt papillose lobes, one lobe on each side of the anther and the middle one
between the two anther cells. Ovary ridged, somewhat spirally twisted; ovules numerous,
minute, on three parietal placentae in the 1-celled ovary.
Collected in Blue Valley, elevation about 2500 feet, near Highlands, North Carolina; August
2, 1950.
Literature Cited:
Ames, O. 1910. Orchidaceae, fasc. 4 (The genus Habenaria in North America.)
Brown, P.M. 2002. Resurrection of the genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg. North American Native
Orchid Journal 8: 32-40.
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2006. Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great
Lakes Region. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass.
32
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
33
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
34
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. 1901.
35
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
2
Correct citation of XPlatanthopsis P.M. Brown and XPlatanthopsis vossii (Case) P.M. Brown is
North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 33. 2002.
36
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
37
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
38
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
Gymnadeniopsis integra
yellow fringeless orchis
39
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
Gymnadeniopsis nivea
snowy orchis
40
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA
CONSPICUA, THE SOUTHERN WHITE
FRINGED ORCHIS
Reprinted in a different paging format from
North American Naïve Orchid Journal 8: 3-14. 2002.
41
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
42
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
43
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
Platanthera conspicua
southern white fringed orchis
Platanthera blephariglottis
northern white fringed orchis
44
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
45
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
46
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
47
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
5
Correct citation for Platanthera xlueri P.M. Brown is North American Native Orchid
Journal 8: 12. 2002.
48
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
49
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
the southern white fringed orchis
Reddoch, A.H. & J.M. Reddoch. 1993. The species pair Platanthera orbiculata
and P. macrophylla. Lindleyana 8:171-187.
Sheviak, C. J. 2002. Orchidaceae in Flora North America, vol. 26. pp. 567-568.
Sheviak, C.J. & M. Bowles. 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: a pollinator
isolated species pair. Rhodora 88:267-90.
Small, J.K. 1903. Flora of the Southeastern U.S. 313, 1329.
Stoutamire, W.P., 1974. Relationships of the purple-fringed orchids
Platanthera psycodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26:42-58.
50
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
51
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
52
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
53
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
54
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
of Piper to rely upon. If this was so, then all authors, excepting
Fernald & Schubert and Scoggin, also relied upon prior written
material – that of Piper and Wiegand, for their treatments of
Listera species. Although Correll’s work is dated 1950 and Fernald
& Schubert September 1948, Correll’s manuscript was well
finished and being prepared for publication when the latter
appeared in Rhodora. Should Correll have chosen to follow the
lead of Fernald & Schubert it would have been too late to have
this information included in his publication. It is unlikely that
Correll was even aware of Listera banksiana, as it is not included in
the synonymy for L. caurina (in Wiegand it appears in the
synonymy for L. convallarioides). Although Luer (1975) was
meticulous in researching synonyms for his work, he too did not
include L. banksiana. The same holds true for Coleman (1995) and
Magrath and Coleman (2002).
Therefore the correct name for the Northwestern
Twayblade is Listera banksiana Lindley. Listera caurina Piper, L.
retusa Suksdorf, Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg, and Neottia caurina
(Piper) Szlachetko all are relegated to synonyms and L.
eschscholtziana Chamisso & Schlectendal and L. convallarioides
Hooker, as cited in Wiegand, become auct. or misapplied names.
Note: This situation is not unlike that of Epidendrum magnoliae
Mühlenberg and E. conopseum R. Brown, both published in 1813
but only a few months apart. The diligent research of Hágsater
(2000,) uncovered this and the correct name is now being
accepted, albeit slowly, into general usage (Hágsater, 2002; Brown
& Folsom 2002, 2003, 2004; Dueck 2004; Fowler 2005).
55
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
Literature Cited
Brown P.M., and S.N. Folsom 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville, Fla.:
University Press of Florida.
_____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville,
Fla.: University Press of Florida.
_____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States north of peninsular
Florida. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida.
Coleman R.A. 1995. Wild Orchids of California. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
Correll, D.S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica
Botanica.
Dueck, L. 2003. Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story. Aiken, South Carolina:
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory.
Fernald, M.L. and B. Schubert 1948. Types in the Lindley Herbarium.
Rhodora 50: 231-233.
Fowler, J. 2005. Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Hágsater, E.
-----. 2002. Epidendrum in Flora of North America, volume 26.
International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/index.html
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of United States,
Canada and Greenland. 3rd edition Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Botanical Garden.
Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, ver.
1.0. Chapel Hill.
Lindley, J. 1840. Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. 455.
Luer, C.A. 1975. The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada excluding
Florida. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden.
Magrath, L. and R. Coleman. 2002. Listera in Flora of North America. Flora of
North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. 12+ vols. New
York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, Volume 26 (2002)
including the Orchidaceae.
Petrie, W. 1981. Guide to the Orchids of North America. Blaine, Wash.: Hancock
House.
Piper, C. 1898. Listera caurina. Erythea 6: 32.
Rydberg, P.A. 1905. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610. Scoggin, H.J 1978. The
Flora of Canada. Part 2. Ottawa. National Museum Natural Science
Publications in Botany 7.
56
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
Acknowledgements:
The following herbaria made images available of specimens relating to this
study: AMES, ORE, US, WA
Scott Stewart provided helpful comments on the manuscript.
Listera banksiana
northwestern twayblade
57
The Slow Empiricist: THE GOOD AND BAD
58
The Slow Empiricist: THE GOOD AND BAD
59
The Slow Empiricist: THE GOOD AND BAD
So if these tropical plants can survive a Maine winter – well just think
what might be thriving somewhere more northerly than expected.
60
The Slow Empiricist: THE GOOD AND BAD
Brown: A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID
61
The SlowAEmpiricist:
Brown: (NEW) NAME THE FOR
GOODANAND BAD
(OLD) HYBRID
SPIRANTHES Beckii × gracilis, n. hyb. Lip very white with its throat
tinted pale greenish yellow and, like other parts, intermediate in size between
those of the parent-species. Roots commonly two, whiter than those of gracilis
and more like those of Beckii in shape. Found plentiful with the parent-species in
a field at Bridgeport, Connecticut, 18 August, 1895, by I.F. Moore. No. 1362 in
herbarium of E.H. Eames. Readily recognizable in life.
Literature Cited:
Eames, E.H. 1916. Some varieties and forms of Connecticut Plants.
Rhodora 18 (215): 239.
62
BOOK REVIEWS
BOOK REVIEWS
Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great
Lakes Region
Paul Martin Brown and Stanley N. Folsom
2006.
University Press of Florida.
336 pages 6x9; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps
$29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2911-2
The bright red cover of Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and
Northern Great Lakes Region is an enticement to the bountiful information
inside, possibly the most erudite book ever compiled concerning the
orchids of the Maritimes. This field guide is so much more than just
facts; it is a bible for the orchidist to enjoy regardless of the season.
With stunning paintings and drawings by Stan Folsom, no fact or detail
has been overlooked. References and resources have been listed at
length. However, one of the stars of the book is Part Four: Orchid
Hunting, describes for the would-be traveler exactly where to go to areas
of interest; in addition, a Flower Time Chart advises the searcher exactly
when to go.
A new addition to Brown’s series of orchids of the various areas
of the North American continent, these books will ensure his place in
the pantheon of orchid writers of the 21st century.
Ann Malmquist, Ohio Native Plant Society [email protected]
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BOOK REVIEWS
As the founder of the Washington Native Orchid Society (WNOS), I love this
book. I own two copies: I take one copy that can get dirty on every hike
and the signed copy stays on the bookshelf at home. I use it in the field
to help with identifying orchids, at WNOS meetings to help the novice
and young members, and to educate others about the orchids that grow
in Washington State.
Whether you are an orchid green horn, wildflower lover, or you
consider yourself an orchid expert this book is a great addition to any
orchid library.
Melissa Rathbun [email protected]
The following four recent titles, although not directly concerning orchids in the United States and
Canada, should be of interest to all native orchid enthusiasts. These reviews have also appeared in
recent issues of Sida.
Orchids of Mexico
E. Hágsater, M.Á. Soto Arenas, G.A. Salazar Chávez, R. Jiménez
Machorro, M.A. López Rosas, and R.L. Dressler. 2005. ISBN 9-6878-
8908-X. Cloth, 13.25 x l0 in. (33.5 x 25.5 cm). 304 pages, 650 color
photographs. Published by Instituto Chinoin, A.C., Mexico City. Spanish
and English versions available. US $100.00, plus shipping.
Book orders directly to: [email protected]; Redacta, S.A. de
C.V., Avenida l0 de Mayo # 249, Col. San Pedro de los Pinos, C.P.
03800 Mexico, D.F. MEXICO.
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BOOK REVIEWS
1200+ species with over 1500 color photographs, a checklist, and cross-
referenced synonymy. The current publication mentions 162 of those
genera and 450 of the species.
But back to the volume at hand; sitting before me is one of the
lushest books on orchids I have ever seen. Apart from the text, which
we will get to later, it is lavishly illustrated with the highest quality
photographs and color reproduction I have seen in many years and the
printing on heavy stock only adds to the quality of the book. The
authors have provided us with not just an overview of the orchids that
grow within Mexico, but with details of the several climatic and
geological regions of the country shown at first in a two-page layout of a
satellite image of Mexico. After relating the history of orchids, and
orchid research in Mexico, with many reproductions of plates from well-
known historic volumes, it concludes with the ethobotanical history
featuring Vanilla planifolia. A brief chapter on orchid biology is amply
illustrated with photographs of plants from flower to fruit to flower with
the many stages in between.
Now to our adventure searching the wilds of Mexico. As we visit
the eight various habitats the narrative highlights the many species of
orchids that are present and and numerous vies of the habitats and
illustrates them with color photographs. At this point few synonyms are
given and occasionally the reader may be temporarily confused with
some of the newer generic concepts for familiar species such as
Prosthechea citrina for Cattleya citrina and Tamayorkis for a few species
traditionally known as Malaxis. Many species found in Mexico are also
found in the bordering regions of the southwestern United States, Texas,
and Florida. It is always welcome to see photographs of these more
southerly species that may be very rare in the United States. Because of
the arrangement of chapters by habitat it requires consulting the index to
find information on specific species. But that is not the apparent aim of
this book. It is to immerse the reader in the diversity of the orchids of
Mexico and the verdant and prolific varied habitats. A final chapter on
Conservation efforts and successes is followed by detailed photo credits
and an extensive bibliography.
Thanks to the team of authors and photographers the text is
scientifically accurate and this reviewer did not note any incorrectly
65
BOOK REVIEWS
labeled or positioned graphics (a feat not many books of this scope can
boast!). There are a few typographical errors with a missing letter i.e.,
seudobulb for pseudobulb, but nothing that could possibly distract from
the intense text. Many photographers were credited in the book and the
meticulous editing of these photographs has provided the finished book
with a continuity not often seen in similar publications.
Is it expensive? – yes, at $100 – but worth every penny of the
price. Keep in mind that two books were really written; one in Spanish
and then one in English. Were Orchids of Mexico not sponsored by
Chinoin I am sure it would have to sell for much more or not even have
ever gone into production. If you have any interest in North American
orchids, especially from the southern regions of that continent, do not
pass up the opportunity to purchase this volume. And remember, that
the interactive CD will soon be available to satisfy those of us who thrive
on taxonomic treatments! (PMB)
66
BOOK REVIEWS
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Page 313: Pelexia adnata (Swartz) Poiteau ex Richard omits USA (Florida)
from the range.
Supporting documentation for all of the above may be found in the
appropriate generic treatments within the Orchidaceae, Flora of North
America, volume 26. (PMB)
71
OZETTE CORALROOTBOOK
REDISCOVERED
REVIEWS IN WASHINGTON
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