Team Teaching

Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department FTUI
2012
Beam & Plate Girder

tw h tw h

Rolled shape and built-up cross-sections

h 2550 Beams

tw Fy

h 2550
 Plate girder
tw Fy

where Fy is yield stress, MPa

•A beam is a structural member that is subjected primarily to
transverse loads and negligible axial loads.

•The transverse loads cause internal shear forces and bending

moments in the beams w P

V(x)

M(x)
A B

M (a)
RA V

c
y
x tw h x M

(b)
M .c M M
f max   
Ix Ix Sx
c
For maximum stress,
M .c M M
f max   
Ix Ix Sx
c
where c is the pperpendicular
p distance from thr neutral axis to the
extreme fiber,
Sx is the elastic section modulus of the cross section.

The
h two above
b equation are valid
l d as long
l as loads
l d are smallll enough
h
so that the material remains within its linear elastic range.

For structural steel if the maximum stress

stress, this means that fmax must
not exceed Fy, and the bending moment must not exceed

M y  Fy .S x
   dF =  b dy

d y

M(x)
V(x)

 
b
d / 2
d / 2
Curvature =  = /(d/2)
( ) F    b dy M    b dy y
d / 2
d / 2

Plane remain plane

 d / 2
M    b dy y
d / 2

u

y

y  u

Curvature =  = /(d/2)
 Mp
B C D E
My A
y y y y y
ment, M
Seection Mom

y y y y y

y y y y

y y y y

A B C D E

Curvature, 

A: Extreme fiber reaches y B: Extreme fiber reaches 2y C: Extreme fiber reaches 5y
D: Extreme fiber reaches 10y E: Extreme fiber reaches infinite strain
A B

Bending Moment
f<Fy

A B
(a) f=Fy

A B
(b) f=Fy

A B
()
(c) f=Fy

A B
(d)
A B
Moment
Mp

A B
 C T
From equilibrium of forces, Ac .Fy  At .Fy
Ac  At

The plastic moment Mp is the resisting couple formed by the two

equal and opposite forces:

where
A= total cross‐sectional area, mm2
a= distance between the centroids of the half‐areas, mm
Z=(A/2)a= plastic section modulus, mm3

Fy
C=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Pl ast ic neut r al axis

T=At .Fy
Fy
F   y A1   y A 2  0
 Plastic section modulus 
 A1  A 2  A / 2
Z = ½ A (y1+y2)  
A
 M  y  ( y1  y 2 )
2
Where , y1  centroid of A1  Plastic Moment 
y 2  centroid of A 2  Mp = 0.90 Z Fy

Fy
C=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Pl ast ic neut r al axis

T=At .Fy
y
F
Fy
 y
A1 y1 y A 1
Plastic centroid.
A2 y2
y A 2

y
a) General cross‐section b) Stress distribution (c) Force distribution

 The plastic centroid :  A1 = A2 = A/2

 The plastic centroid ≠ elas c centroid or center of gravity 
(c g ) of the cross section
(c.g.) of the cross‐section. 

y1 A1, y1
c.g. = elastic
l i N.A. A , y About the c.g.
c g A 1 y 1 = A 2 y2
y2
2 2
 12 in.  Af1 = 9 in2 Af2 = 15.0 in2  Aw =  7.125 in2
F1 0.75 in.  Ag = 31.125 ini 2
 elastic centroid from bottom = 6.619 in 
W t = 0.5 in. 16 in.
w  Ix = 1430 in4    Sx = Ix / (16‐6.619) = 152.43 in3
F2 1.0 in.  My‐x = Fy Sx = 7621.8 kip‐in. = 635.15 kip‐ft.
15 in.  distance of plastic centroid from bottom
331.1255
Zx = A/2 (y1 + y2)  15.0  1.0  0.5  ( y p  1.0)   15.5625
= 15.5625 (10.5746 + 2
1.5866)  y p  2.125 in.
= 189.26 in3
 y1=centroid of
of top half‐area about plastic centroid
top half‐area about plastic centroid
Mp-x = Zx Fy
9  13.5  6.5625  6.5625
= 189.26 x 50  10.5746
= 9462.93 kip-in. 15.5625
 y2=centroid
id of bottom half‐area about plas.centroid
fb h lf b l id
 Mp-x = 0.9 x 9462.93
0.5625  0.5625  15.0  1.625
= 0.9 x189.26 x 50  1.5866
= 8516.64 kip-in 15.5625
 Hitung Momen Plastic 
pada arah X dan
X dan Y dari
Y dari
profil disamping
disamping, , jika
jika
menggunakan baja BJ 34.
If a beam can be counted on to remain stable up to the fully plastic
conditions, the nominal moment strength can be taken as the plastic
moment capacity; that is,

Mn  M p
Otherwise Mn will be less than Mp.
Otherwise,

As with a compression member, instability can be overall sense or it can be

local.
 The development of a plastic stress distribution over the 
cross‐section can be hindered by two different length effects: 
y g
(1) Local buckling of the individual plates (flanges and webs) of 
the cross‐section before they develop the compressive yield 
stress sy. 
stress s
(2) Lateral‐torsional buckling of the unsupported length of the 
beam / member before the cross‐section develops the plastic 
moment Mp

Fyy
C=Ac.Fy

a
h
tw Pl ast ic neut r al axis

T=At .Fy
Fy
 1. Buckling of compression 
M flange (flange local 
g ( g
buckling ‐ FLB)
2. Buckling of compression 
part of the web (web local
part of the web (web local 
buckling ‐WLB). 

M
The buckling strength 
Local buckling of flange
due to compressive depend on the width‐
thickness ratio
thickness ratio 
(slenderness ratio) of the 
compression elements of 
..\hasil download the cross section.
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg
 Steel sections are classified as compact, non‐compact, 
p g p
or slender depending upon the slenderness ratio of the 
individual plates of the cross‐section

Compact shape tdk   p

terjadi local buckling

Noncompact shape p    r
terjadi local buckling

Slender shape   r
Terjadi local buckling
 Width-Thickness Parameters(*)

Element  p r

bf E E
Flange 0.38 1. 0
2t f Fy Fy
h E E
Web tw 3.76 5.70
Fy Fy
_____________________________________________________________________
o hot-rolled
•For ot o ed I- and
a d H-shapes
s apes
Section Plate element  p r

Wide-flange Flange bf/2tf 0.38 E / Fy 0.38 E / FL

W b
Web h/ w
h/t 3.76 E / Fy 5.70 E / Fy

Channel Flange bf/tf 0.38 E / Fy 0.38 E / FL

Web h/tw 3.76 E / Fy 5.70 E / Fy

Square or Rect. Flange (b-3t)/t 1.12 E / Fy 1.40 E / Fy

Box
Web (b-3t)/t 3.76 E / Fy 5.70 E / Fy
 1. Slender sections 
l d
Compact
cannot develop Mp
ve axial strress, 

y
due to elastic local 
Non-Compact buckling. 
2. Non‐compact 
Slender
sections can develop
sections can develop 
Co mpressiv

My but not Mp before 
local buckling occurs. 
C

3. Only compact 
sections can develop 
strain 
Effective axial strain, the plastic moment
the plastic moment 
Mp. 
 (a)

The laterally unsupported length of (b)

a beam-member can undergo

lateral-torsional buckling due to the
M

applied flexural loading (bending

M

moment).

Lateral-torsional buckling of a wide-

flange beam subjected to constant
moment
..\hasil download
purdue univ\beam
buckling.mpg
A B

Bending Moment

A B

(a)

(b)
 A beam can fail by reaching Mp and becoming fully plastic, or it can be
fail by buckling in one of the following ways:

1. Lateral torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or inelastically;

2. Flange local buckling (FLB), elastically or inelastically;
3. Web local buckling (WLB) elastically or inelastically.

If the maximum bending g stress is less than the proportional

p p limit when
buckling occurs, the failure said to be elastic. Otherwise, it is inelastic.
 Mn = Mp
  L  L p 
M n   M p  ( M p  M r ) b 
Zx Fy = Mp
   
L
 r L p 

Sx (Fy – 10) = Mr  2 EI y   2 ECw 

Mn = GJ  
L2b  L2b 
y, M n

No instability
No LTB
Capacity

Inelastic Elastic LTB

LTB
Moment
M

Lp Lr
Unbraced length, Lb

The moment strength of compact shape is a function of the unbraced

length Lb, defined as distance between points of lateral support, or
bracing
Design strength of Compact Beam

Lb  L p M n  0.9 M p No instability

Lb  L p Inelastic LTB
L p  Lb  Lr M n  0.9Cb [ M p  ( M p  M r )( )]
Lr  L p

  .E
Lb  Lr M n  0.9Cb E.I y .G.J  ( ) 2 .I y .Cw Elastic LTB
Lb Lb

where
Lb= unbraced length (mm)
G= shear modulus = 80,000 MPa for structural steel
J= torsional constant (mm4)
Cw= warping
p g constant ((mm6)).
Fr = 10 ksi = 70 MPa Mr  ( Fy  Fr)Sx
S
The boundary between elastic and inelastic buckling:
ry.X1
Lr  1  1  X 2 (Fy  Fr )2
(Fy  Fr )


4Cw S x 2
X1 
E.G.J .A X2  ( )
Sx 2 I y G.J

The boundary inelastic stability: 787ry

Lp 
Fy

12.5M max
Bending coefficient Cb: Cb 
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  3M C

Mmax = absolute value of the maximum moment within the unbraced length
(including the end point points), N-mm
MA = absolute value of the moment at the quarter point of the unbraced length, N –mm
MB = absolute value of the moment at the midpoint of the unbraced length, N-mm
MC = absolute value of the moment at the three-quarter point of the unbraced length, N-mm
 The lateral torsional buckling
moment for non-uniform bending
Lb=L Lb=L/2 moment case = Cb x lateral
Cb=1.14 Cb=1.30 torsional buckling moment for
(a) (b)
uniform moment case
case.

L/2 B Cb is always greater than 1.0 for

Lb=L/2 non-uniform bending moment.
Lb=L Cb=1.67
Cb=1.32
b 132
(c) (d) Cb is equal to 1.0 for uniform
M1 M2=M1 B C bending moment.
Lb=L a a
Cb=2.27
b=2 27 Sometimes
Sometimes, if you cannot calculate
AB and CD: Cb=1.67
(e) Bc: Cb=1.00 or figure out Cb, then it can be
Lat er al r est r aint (f ) conservatively assumed as 1.0.
 Mp

Mr
ment Capaciity, Mn

Cb = 1.5
Cb = 1.2
Cb = 1.0
Mom

Lp Lr
Unbraced length, Lb
For
F compactt beams,
b laterally
l t ll supported,
t d AISC F1.1
F1 1 gives
i the
th nominal
i l
strength as

Mn  M p (AISC Equation F1-1)

where

M p  Fy .Z  1.5M y

The limit of 1.5Myy for Mp

p is to prevent
p excessive load deformations and
is satisfied when

or Z
Fy .Z  1.5 Fy .S  1.5
S
If ,  p    r for the flange is non compact, buckling will be inelastic, and:

  p
M n  M p  (M p  M r )( )
r   p
bf 170
  p  r 
370
2t f Fy Fy  Fr

M r  ( Fy  Fr )S x

Fr  residual stress 70 MPa for rolled shapes.

For beams, the basic relationship between load effects and strength
can be written as

Mu  b .Mn
where

Mu= controlling combination of factored load moments

b= resistance factor
f ffor b
beams =0.90
Mn= nominal moment strength

The design strength b. Mn is sometimes called the design moment

moment.
In addition to being safe, a structure must be serviceable. A
serviceable structure is one that performs in a satisfactory
manner, not causing any discomfort or perceptions of
unsafety for the occupants or users of the structure. For a
beam, this usually means that the deformations, primarily the
vertical
i l sag, or deflection,
d fl i must beb limited.
li i d Excessive
E i
deflection is usually an indication of a very flexible beam, and
this can lead to problem with vibrations. The deflection itself
can cause problems if elements attached to the beam can
damaged by small distortions. In addition, users of structure
may view large deflections negatively and wrongly assume
that the structure is unsafe
unsafe.
For the common case of simply supported, uniformly loaded
beam the maximum vertical deflection is given by

5 w.L4

384 EI
w

A B 4
5 wL
=
384 EI
L

Deflection simply
p y supported
pp beam

Since deflection is a serviceability limit state, not one of strength,

deflection should always be computed with service loads.
 L
300
L
240
L
180
 tf

y f v=VQ/It
Q/
d h
tw

Vu  v .Vn
V/Aw fv
Design Concept :
where :
Vu = maximum shear based on the controlling combination of factored
loads N
loads,
v = resistance factor for shear = 0.90
Vn = Nominal shear strength, N

V .Q
The shearing stress : fv 
I .t
where fv = vertical and horizontal shearing stress at the point of interest
V = Vertical shear force at the section under consideration
Q = first moment, about neutral axis
I = moment of inertia about neutral axis
t = width of the cross section at the point of interest.
 tf

y f v=VQ/It
d h
tw

V/Aw fv

 The web will completely yield long before the flanges begin to 
The web will completely yield long before the flanges begin to
yield. Because of this, yielding of the web represents one of the 
shear limit states. 
 Taking the shear yield stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress. 
Vn
fv   0 .6 F y
Aw
 V n  0 .6 F y A w
The nominal strength corresponding to this limit state is

Vn  0.6 Fy Aw Aw= area off th b = d.tw,

the web
d = overall depth of the beam, mm

This will be the nominal strength in shear provided there is no shear

buckling of the web. Shear buckling of the web depends on its h/tw ratio.

If : h / t w  1100 Fy  There is no web shear buckling

If the ratio is too large, then then web can buckle in shear
elastically or inelastically.
inelastically
 Vn
1100 Fy
0.60Fy.Aw 0.60Fy.Aw - - - - - - - - - - -
h/t w
shear
yielding
inelastic
904000Aw
shear (h/t w)2
Elastic
buckling shear
buckling

1100 Fy 1370 Fy 260 h/t w

Unit : Fy (Mpa)
Aw (mm2)
E=2. 105 Mpa
• No web instability if h / t w  1100 Fy
Vn  0.60 Fy . Aw

• Inelastic web buckling if 1100 Fy  h t w  1370 Fy

1100 Fy
Vn  0,60 Fy . Aw
h tw

• Elastic web buckling if : 1370 Fy  h t w  260

904,000 Aw
Vn 
(h t w ) 2
where
Fy = Yield Stress = Mpa
Aw = area of the web =d.t
d tw, mm2
d = overall depth of the beam, mm
 E
• No web instability if h / t w  2.45
Fy
Vn  0.60 Fy . Aw

E E
• Inelastic web buckling if 2.45  h t w  3.07
Fy Fy
E
2.45
Fy
Vn  0,60 Fy . Aw
h tw
E
• Elastic web buckling if : 3.07  h t w  260
Fy  
 4.52 E 
Vn  Aw  
 h  
2

 
where   t w  
Fy = Yield Stress = Mpa or Ksi
Aw = area of the web =d.t
d tw, mm2 or inc2
d = overall depth of the beam, mm or inch
E=2.105 Mpa or 29.000 Ksi
 Vn  0.60 Fy . Aw .Cv

Shear
yielding Elastic shear
buckling

Unit : Fy (Mpa,
(Mpa Ksi)
Aw (mm2, inch2 )
E=2. 105 Mpa
E = 29.000 Ksi
 h
 Unstiffened web : kv  5 with  260
tw

5
 Stiffened web :  kv  5 
( a / h) 2
2
a a  260 
kv  5 when  3 or when   
h h  h / tw 

Where :
a= clear distance between transverse stiffener (inch or mm)
h
h = clear distance between flanges or web length for W sections
clear distance between flanges or web length for W sections
and overall depth for tee sections (inch or mm)
 Transverse stiffeners are not required where h E
 2.46  
tw  Fy 

or when the required shear strength is less then or equal 
to the available shear strength provided (kv = 5)

 TTransverse stiffener used to develop available web shear 
tiff dt d l il bl b h
strength
 To facilitate the connections of beams to other beams 
so that the top flanges are at the same elevation, a 
short length of the top flange of one of the beams may 
be cut away or coped
be cut away, or coped. 
 If a coped beam is connected with bolts as shown, 
segment ABC will tend to tear out
segment ABC will tend to tear out. 

h d
C B tw
 The applied load in the case of the beam will be the 
vertical reaction so shear will occur along line AB and
vertical reaction, so shear will occur along line AB and 
there will be tension along BC. Thus, the block shear 
strength will be a limiting value of the reaction.
 Failure is assumed to occurred by rupture (fracture) on 
the tension area and rupture or yielding on the shear 
area.
Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Fu Ant  0.6 Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant
phi =0 75
=0.75
AISC J4.3, “Block Shear Rupture Strength”, gives two equations for
the block shear design strength:

Rn   [0.60 Fy . Agv  Fu . Ant ] (AISC Equation J4-3a)

Rn   [0.60 Fu . Anv  Fy . Agt ] (AISC Equation J4-3b)

where
  0.75
Agv = gross area in shear (in Figure 6.18, length AB times
thickness), mm2
the web thickness)
Anv = net area in shear, mm2
Agt =gross area in tension (in Figure 6.18, length BC times
the web thickness),), mm
Ant = net area in tension, mm2
 Determine the maximum reaction, based on block shear, that 
can be resisted by the beam shown below. Treat the bolt end 
di t
distance of 1.25 in. as standard. 
f 1 25 i t d d

 The effective hole diameter is 3/4 + 1/8 = 7/8 in. 
 Th h
The shear areas are: 
Agv = tw (2+3+3+3) = 0.30 (11) = 3.3 in2
Anv = 0.300 [11 
0.300 [11 ‐3.5
3.5 (7/8)]  2.381 in2
(7/8)] = 2.381 in
 The net tension area is:
Ant = 0.300 [1.25 ‐ 1/2 (7/8) ] = 0.2348 in2
 Rn = 0.6 Fu Anv + Fu Ant = 108.7 kips
◦ With an upper limit of
◦ Rn = 0.6 F
= 0 6 Fy Agv + F
+ Fu Ant == 144.5 kips
144 5 kips

 Therefore,  nominal block shear strength = 108.7 kips
 Factored block shear strength for design = 0.75 x 108.7 = 81.5 
kips.
 5.54
 5.5.14
 5.6.2
 5.83  (SHEAR STRENGTH)