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    103 views13 pages

    Periodicity (Chemistry) PDF

    Uploaded by

    Marga Asuncion

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    PERIODICITY

    Periodic law: The properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
    atomic number.

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-1


    Effective Nuclear Charge
    Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the “positive charge” felt by an electron

    Zeff  Z - σ 0  σ  Z (σ  shielding constant)

    Zeff  Z – number of inner or core electrons

    Z Core Z eff Radiuspm

    Na 11 10 1 186

    Mg 12 10 2 160

    Al 13 10 3 143

    Si 14 10 4 132

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-2


    Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-3


    TRENDS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

    1. Atomic Radii

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-4


    Trends in Atomic Radii

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-5


    Comparison of Atomic Radii with Ionic
    Radii

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-6


    Ion Size

    Cation is always smaller than atom from which it is


    formed.
    Anion is always larger than atom from which it is formed.

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-7


    2.Ionization Energy
    Ionization energy is the minimum energy (kJ/mol) required
    to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground
    state.

    I1  X( g )  X( g )  e  I1 first ionization energy

    I 2  X  ( g )  X2 ( g )  e  I 2 second ionization energy

    I 3  X 2  ( g )  X3  ( g )  e  I3 third ionization energy

    I1  I 2  I3

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 3-8


    Variation of the First Ionization Energy
    with Atomic Number

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-9


    General Trends in First Ionization
    Energies

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-10


    3. Electron Affinity
    Electron affinity is the negative of the energy change that
    occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in the
    gaseous state to form an anion.

    X g   e   X  g 

    Fg   e   F  g  ΔH  - 328 kJ/mol EA   328 kJ/mol

    O g   e   O  g  ΔH  - 141 kJ/mol EA   141 kJ/mol

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 3-11


    Variation of Electron Affinity With Atomic
    Number (H – Ba)

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-12


    4 .Properties of Oxides Across a Period

    Table 8.4 Some Properties of Oxides of the Third-Period


    Elements

    © McGraw-Hill Education. 8-13

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