1

OUTLINE IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

Prepared by: Atty. SHALANE GO-PALOMAR
SY 2019-2020

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1. Political Law defined

2. Political Law Distinguished from Constitutional Law
3. Scope/Divisions of Political Law
4. Basis of the Study
5. The Philippine Constitution
6. Functions of a Constitution
7. Classification
8. Essential Qualities of a Good Written Constitution
9. Parts of a Good Written Constitution
10. Interpretation/Construction of the Constitution

- Chavez vs. JBC, et al., GR No. 202242, July 17, 2012

- Ifurong vs. Hon. Conchita Carpo, et al., GR No. 232131, April 24, 2018
- Union Carbide Labor Union vs. Union Carbide Phil., GR No. L-41314,
November 13, 1992
- Francisco, Jr. vs. The House of Representatives, GR No. 160261, November
10, 2003
- Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, GR 122156, Feb. 3, 1997

II. THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE

1. State defined
Read: Collector vs. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23
2. Elements of a State

i. People
ii. Territory
a. The National Territory
b. Treaty Limits
c. The Archipelago Theory/Archipelagic Doctrine
d. UNCLOS
e. Regalian Theory (Dominium/Imperium)
Read:
1. PD 1596 – June 11, 1978
2. PD 1599 – June 11, 1978
3. PCA Case No. 2013-19 In the Matter of the South China
Sea Arbitration
4. Magallona vs. Ermita, GR No. 187167, 7/16/11

iii. Government: Government of the Philippine Islands

Read:
1. Free Telephone Workers Union vs. OPLE, 108 SCRA 757
2. Legaspi vs. Sec. of Finance, 115 SCRA 418

a) Two-fold function of the government

Read:
1) Bacani vs. NACOCO, 100 Phil. 468 (Ministrant [merely
directory] and Constituent [Mandatory] Functions)
2) ACCFA vs. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649
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b) Parens Patriae
Read:
1) Gov’t. vs. Monte de Piedad, 35 Phil 738
2) Cabanas vs. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94

c) De jure government vs. De facto government.

Read:
1. Aquino vs. COMELEC, 62 SCRA 275
2. In Re: Saturnino Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160
3. Estrada vs. Macapagal & Desierto

d) Manifestations of a Democratic and Republican States.

e) Doctrine of Separation of Powers vs. Doctrine of Fusion of Powers.

f) Check and Balance Mechanism

g) Political Question vs. Justiciable Question

iv. Sovereignty

a) Principles of Sovereignty
b) Doctrine of sovereignty as auto-limitation
c) Principle of Jus Postliminium
d) Effect of Revolutionary Government

Read:
Reagan vs. CIR, 30 SCRA 968
People vs. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476
Commissioner vs. Robertson, 143 SCRA 397
Macariola vs. Asuncion, AM No. 133-J, 5/31/82
Isagani Cruz vs. Secretary of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, 12/6/00
Tanada vs. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
Rep. vs. Sandiganbayan, GR No. 104768, 7/21/03

III. STATE IMMUNITY FROM SUIT

a. Constitutional Basis (Sec. 3, Art. XVI)

b. Consent /Scope of Consent
c. Suits against Government Agencies

1. Incorporated
2. Unincorporated

d. Suit against Public Officers

e. Waiver of State Immunity

1. Consent (Express or Implied)

2. Act 3083
3. CA 327 as amended by PD 1445
4. Articles. 2180 & 2176 of the NCC

g. Garnishment of Government funds

h. Immunity of Foreign States
- Classical/Absolute Theory
- Restrictive Theory
Read:
- Fontanilla vs. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486
- Lim vs. Brownell, 107 Phil 345
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- The Holy See v. Rosario, 238 SCRA 524

- Sayson vs. Singson, 54 SCRA 282
- Meritt vs. Gov’t of the Phil Island, 34 Phil 311
- Froilan vs. Pan Oriental Shipping, GR L. No. 6060, Sept. 30, 1950
- Sanders vs. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
- NIA vs. CA, 214 SCRA 35
- Farolan vs. CTA, 217 SCRA 298
- Torio vs. Fontanilla, 85 SCRA 599
- Wylie vs. Rarang, 209 SCRA 357
- Larkins vs. NLRC, 241 SCRA 598
- USA vs. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
- USA vs. Guinto, 182 SCRA 644
- Republic of Indonesia vs. Vinzon, GR No. 154705, June 26, 2003
- PNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595
- DA v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693
- China Nat’l Machinery & Equipment Crop. vs. Santamaria, GR No. 185572,
Feb. 7, 2012
- DOH vs. Phil. Pharmawealth, Inc., GR No. 182358, Feb. 10, 2013
- TESDA vs. COA, GR No. 196418, Feb. 10, 2015
- Heirs of Mendoza, et..al., vs. DPWH, et. Al., GR No. 202809, July 2, 2014
- Air Transportation Office vs. Sps. David & Ramos, GR No. 159402, 2/23/11

IV. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

A. The Preamble
B. Principles

 Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism

Sec. 1, Art II; Art. V

Read:
- Codilla vs. De Venecia, GR No. 150605, December 10, 2002
- Loreto vs. Brion, GR No. 130681, July 29, 1999
- La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Asso. vs. Ramos, GR No. 127882, 12/1/04
- Angara vs. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil 139
- Aquino vs. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183
- Bondoc vs. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792
- Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760
- Defensor-Santiago vs. Guingona, GR No. 134577, November 18, 1998
- Casibang vs. Aquino, 92 SCRA 642
- Sanidad vs. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 333
- Jaworski vs. PAGCOR, GR No. 144463, January 14, 2004
- Garcia vs. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219
- PISA vs. CA, GR No. 100481, January 22, 1997
- Eastern Shipping vs. POEA, 166 SCRA 533
- Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208
- De la Llana vs. Alba, 112 SCRA 294
- Gerochi vs. Dept. of Energy, GR No. 159796, July 17, 2007

 Adherence to International Law (Incorporation Clause)

Preamble
Art. II, Sec. 2
Art. II, Secs. 7-8
 4

Art. XVIII, Secs. 4 & 25

Read:
- Mejoff vs. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70
- Kuroda vs. Jalandoni, 42 O.G. 4282
- Agustin vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195
- Reyes vs. Bagatsing, 125 SCRA 553
- Kim Chan vs. Valdez Tan Keh, 75 Phil 113
- Pharmaceutical & Health Care Association of the Phil. vs. Duque,
GR No. 173034, October 9, 2007
- Gonzales vs. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 230
- In Re: Garcia 2, SCRA 984
- Secretary of Justice vs. Lantion, GR No. 139465, January 18, 2005
- Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil 115
- Saguisag vs. Exec. Sec., GR No. 212426, Jan 12, 2016
- Bayan, et al. vs.Dep’t of National Defense, et al., GR No. 212444,
01/12/2016
- Bayan Muna vs. Romulo, GR No. 159618, 02/01/2011
- Poe-Llamanzares vs. COMELEC and Elamparo, GR No. 221697;
- Poe-Llamanzares vs. COMELEC, et. al., GR Nos. 221698-70, 3/8/16

 Supremacy of Civilian Authority

Art. II, Sec. 3
Art. VII, Sec. 18
Art. XVI Sec. 5 (2) & (5)
IBP vs. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, Aug. 15, 2000

 Government as Protector of the People and People as Defenders of

the State
Art. II, Sec. 4
Art. II, Sec. 5
Art. XVI, Sec. 4
PD 1706, August 8, 1980
EO No. 264

Read:
- Chavez vs. Romulo, GR No. 157036, June 9, 2004
- People vs. Lagman and Zosa, 66 Phil 13
- People vs. Manayo, 78 Phil. 721

 Separation of Church and State

Art. II, Sec. 6
Art. III, Sec. 5
Art. VI, Sec. 5 (2)
Art. IX-C, Sec 2 (5)

Exceptions:
Art. VI, Sec. 28 (3)
Art. VI, Sec. 29 (2)
Art. XIV, Sec. 3 (3)
Art. XIV, Sec. 4 (2)
Read:
- Pamil vs. Teleron, 86 SCRA 413
- German vs. Barangan, 135 SCRA 514
(NOTE: Read the dissenting opinions in both cases)
- Ronulo vs. People, GR No. 182438, July 2, 2014
- Taruc vs. Dela Cruz, GR No. 144801, Mar 10, 2005

C. State Policies
 5

 Independent Foreign Policy and Nuclear-free Philippines

Art. II, Sec. 7
Meaning of nuclear-free Philippines
Art. XVIII, Sections 4 & 25
Foreign Military Bases
New Bases Agreement
Visiting Forces Agreement

Read:
- Lim vs. Executive Secretary, GR No. 151445, April 11, 2002
- Bayan vs. Executive secretary, GR No. 138570, Oct 10, 2000

 Just and Dynamic Social Order

Preamble
Art. II, Sec. 9
Art. XII, Sec. 1

 Promotion of Social Justice

Art. II, Sec. 10
Art. II, Sec. 26
Art. VII, Secs. 2 & 13
Art. XIII, Secs. 1 & 2

Read:
- Calalang vs. Williams, 70 Phil 726
- Association of Phil Coconut Desiccators vs. PCA, GR No.
110526, February 10, 1998
- PLDT vs. NTC, 190 SCRA 717
- Cruz v. Sec. of DENR, G.R. No. 135385, Dec. 6, 2000

 Respect for Human Dignity and Human Rights

Art. II, Sec. 11
Art. XIII, Secs. 17-19
Commission on Human Rights
Powers of the Commission
Scope of human rights
Violations of human rights

 Family and Youth

Art. II, Secs. 12 & 13
Art. XV (The Family)
Art. 52 NCC
Family as basic autonomous social institution
Protection of the unborn
RA 7610
Interference by the State
PD 684
PD 935
PD 1102
PD 603 (see objectives of the law)

Read:
- Ginsberg vs. New York, 390 US 629 (1969)
- PACU vs. Sec. of Education, 97 Phil. 806
- Cabanas vs. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94
- Imbong vs. Ochoa, GR No. 204819, April 8, 2014

 Fundamental Equality of Men and Women

Art. II, Sec. 14
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Art. XIII, Sec. 14

Read:
- Phil Association of Service Exporters vs. Drillon, 163 SCRA 386
- Phil Telegraph and Telephone Co. vs. NLRC, GR No. 118978,
May 23, 1997

 Promotion of Health and Ecology

Art. II, Secs. 15 & 16
Art. XIII, Secs. 11-13

Read:
- Oposa vs. Fatoran, GR No. 101083, July 30, 1993
- C & M Timber Corp vs. Alcala, GR No. 111088, June 13, 1997
- MMDA vs. Residents of Mla. Bay, GR No. 171947, 12/18/08

 Priority of Education, Science, Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports

Art. II, Sec. 17
Art. XIV, Sec. 2 (2),
Right to Education and Academic Freedom/Limitations
Power to Dismiss Students
Regulation of Right to Education
Educational Institutions
a) Ownership
b) Control and Administration
c) Student Population
Tax Exemptions

Read:

- Phil Merchant Marine School Inc. vs. CA, 244 SCRA 770
- Guingona vs. Carague, 196 SCRA 221
- Villar vs. TIP, 135 SCRA 706
- Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370
- UP Board of Regents vs. CA, G.R. No. 134625, Aug. 31, 1999
- Isabelo, Jr. v. Perpetual Help College of Rizal, Inc., 227 SCRA
595
- Villegas vs. Subido, 109 SCRA 1
- Oposa vs. Factoran, July 39, 1993

 Protection to Labor
Art. II, Sec. 18
Art. XIII, Sec. 3
See also: Art. III, Sec. 8
Art. IX-B, Sec. 2 (5)
Right to form or organize unions/associations
Right to hold peaceful concerted activities

Read:
- JMM Promotion & Management vs. CA, 260 SCRA 319
- Victoriano vs. Elizalde Pope Workers Union, 59 SCRA 54
- Bernardo vs. NLRC, GR No. 122917, July 12, 1999

 Self-reliant and Independent Economic Order

Art. II, Secs. 19 & 20
Art. XII, Sec. 6 (Stewardship Concept)
The FILIPINO FIRST POLICY
Free Enterprise System
EO No. 65 (Foreign Investment Negative List)
 7

Read:
- Tanada vs. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
- ACCFA vs. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649
- Phil. Coconut Desiccators vs. PCA, 286 SCRA 109
- Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS, GR No. 122156, February 3, 1997
- Ideals, Inc. vs. PSALM, GR No. 192088, Oct. 9, 2012

 Land Reform
Art. II, Sec. 21
Art. XIII, Secs. 9-10
Art. II, Sec. 16 (Reform in agriculture and other natural resources)
Urban land reform and housing
RA No. 7279 (Urban Development & Housing Act)
Agrarian Reform
Secs. 4-10, Article XIII of the 1987 Constitution
PD 27 - as to the extent of land reform under the MARCOS regime
RA 3844 & 6389, as amended - THE CODE OF AGRARIAN
REFORMS OF THE PHILIPPINES (Read the policy of the state
on this matter)
COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM LAW, RA
No. 6657, June 7, 1988.
Association of Small Landowners vs. Hon. Secretary of Agrarian
Reform, July 14, 1989

 Indigenous Cultural Communities (Sec. 22, Art. II)

RA No. 8371 (The Indigenous People Rights Act)
Ancestral Domain (Ownership and extent)
Other provisions on indigenous cultural communities:
1. Art. VI, Sec. 5(2)
2. Art. X, Secs. 15-21
3. Art. XII, Sec. 5
4. Art. XIII, Sec. 6
5. Art. XIV, Sec. 17
6. Art. XVI, Sec. 12

 Independent People’s Organization

Art. II, Sec. 23
Art. XIII, Sec. 15 & 16
People’s Organizations defined

 Communication and Information in nation-building

Art. II, Sec. 24
Art. XVI, Secs. 10-11
Art. XVIII, Sec. 23
Mass media and advertising
PLDT vs. NTC, GR No. 88404, October 18, 1990

 Autonomy of Local Governments

Art. II, Sec. 25
Art. X
RA No. 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991)
Decentralization of administration
Decentralization of power
President’s power of general supervision

Read:
- Lina vs. Pano, GR No. 129093, August 30, 2001
- Limbonas vs. Magelin, 170 SCRA 786
- Judge Dadole vs. COA, GR No. 125350, December 3, 2002
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 Equal access of opportunities for public service

Art. II, Sec. 26

Read:
- Maquera vs. Borra, GR No. L-24761, September 7, 1965
- Pamatong vs. COMELEC, GR No. 161872, April 13, 2004

 Honest Public Service and full public disclosure

Art. II, Secs. 27 & 28
Art. XI, Secs. 4, 15-16
Art. XI, Sec. 17
Art. III, Sec. 7
Art. VII, Secs. 12 & 20
Art. XII, Secs. 2, 5 & 21
Art. VI, Secs. 12 & 20
Art. IX-D, Sec. 4
Office of the Ombudsman/Sandiganbayan
Transparency
RA 3019, as amended by RA 3047, PD 77 and BP 195
RA 1379
Power of Congress to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation; Public
disclosure of government transactions

Read:
- Legaspi vs. CSC, 150 SCRA 530
- Valmonte vs. Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256
- Aquino-Sarmiento vs. Morato, 203 SCRA 515
- Camilo Sabio vs. Gordon, 504 SCRA 704

- Atty. Virgilio Alconera vs. Pallanan, AM No. P-12-3069,

01/20/2014

V. SEPARATION OF POWERS

A. The Legislative Power (Sec. 1, Art. VI)

a. Nature of Legislative Power
b. Basic concepts of the grant of legislative power:
1. it cannot pass irrepealable laws
2. principle of separation of powers
3. non-delegability of legislative powers

B. The Executive Power (Sec. 1, Art. VII)

C. The Judicial Power (Sec. 1, Art. VIII)

- Separation of Powers
- Interdependence
- Blending of Powers
- Checks and Balances

Read:
- In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382
- Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208
- Mantruste System vs. CA, 179 SCRA 136
- Angara vs. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139
- Planas vs. Gil, 67 Phil. 62
- Luzon Stevedoring vs. SSS, 34 SCRA 178
- Garcia vs. Macaraig, 39 SCRA 106
- Bondoc vs. HRET, Sept. 26, 1991
 9

- Defensor Santiago vs. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106

- Ampatuan vs. Sec. De Lima, et al., GR No. 19729, April 3, 2013

- Political Law Question Doctrine

- Saguisag vs. Executive Sec., GR No. 212426 and Bayan, et al. vs.
Dep’t of National Defense, et al., GR No. 212444, 01/12/2016

VI. DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS

- Constitutional Basis
- Doctrine of non-delegation of power
- Permissive delegation of legislative power
- Valid Delegation (Tests for Valid Delegation)
 Tariff Powers to the President (Sec. 28 (2) of Article VI)
 Emergency Powers to the President (Sec. 23 (2) of Article VI)
 Rule Making Power to the Supreme Court
 Delegated Powers to Local Governments (Sec. 5 Art. X)
- Rubi vs. Provincial Board, 39 Phil. 660
- People vs. Vera, 65 Phil 56

 Rule Making Powers of Constitutional Commissions

 By Legislative Grant: Delegation of Powers to Administrative Bodies
(Subordinate Legislation)

a) Completeness Test & Sufficiency of Standard Test

- Pelaez vs. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569
- Tupas vs. Ople, 137 SCRA 108
- US vs. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 1
- TIO vs. Videogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208
- Free Telephone Workers Union, 108 SCRA 757 (Affecting
national interest)
- PHILCOMSAT vs. Alcuaz, December 18, 1989
- Abakada Guro vs. Exec. Sec., GR No. 168056, 9/1/05

b) May rules and regulations promulgated by administrative

bodies/agencies have the force of law? penal law?
- People vs. Rosenthal, 68 Phil. 328
- US vs. Barrias, 11 Phil. 327
- Villegas vs. Hiu Chiong Tsai Pao Ho, 86 SCRA 270

 Delegation to the People (Sec. 2, Art. XVII and Sec. 32, Article VI)

VII. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

1. Congress

i. Composition: Senate/House of Representatives

ii. RA 7941 (The Party-List System Act)
- Abang Lingkod Party-List vs. COMELEC, GR No.206952, Oct.
22, 2013
- ARARO Party List vs. COMELEC, GR No. 192803, Dec. 10,
2013
- Atong Paglaum, Inc. vs. COMELEC, GR No. 203766, Apr 2,
2013
- Coalition of Asso. of Senior Citizens in the Phil., Inc. vs.
COMELEC/ Colaition of Asso. of Senior Citizens in the Phil.,
 10

Inc., (Senior Citizen Party-List) etc.. vs. COMELEC, GR Nos.

206844-45/ GR No. 206982, July 23, 2013
- Ang Bagong Bayani vs. COMELEC, GR No. 147589, 6/26/01

iii. Qualifications
- Bengson III vs. HRET and Teodoro Cruz, 357 SCRA 545
- Romualdez-Marcos vs. COMELEC, GR No. 119976, 9/18/95
- Ocampo vs. HRET and Mario Crespo, a.k.a. Mark Jimenez,
June 15, 2004
- Aquino vs. COMELEC, GR No. 120265, 9/18/95
- Pimentel, Jr. vs. COMELEC, GR No. 161658, 11/3/08
- EO No. 198, June 18, 1987
- On gerrymandering (CENIZA vs. COMELEC, 95 SCRA 763)

iv. Election/Term of Office

v. Salaries
vi. Privileges
- Privilege from arrest (Martinez vs. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22)
- Freedom of Speech and Debate (Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil.
863; Jimenez vs. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 & People vs.
Jalosjos, 324 SCRA 689; Chavez vs. JBC, GR No. 202242,
4/16/13; Pobre vs. Santiago, A.C. 7399, 8/25/09)

vii. Disqualifications/Other Inhibitions

- Quinto vs. COMELEC, GR No. 189698, 12/1/09
- Liban vs. Gordon, GR No. 175352, 7/15/09
- Adaza vs. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431
- Punzalan vs. Mendoza, 140 SCRA 153
- Villegas vs. Legaspi, 113 SCRA 39
- Puyat vs. De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31

viii. Sessions
ix. Officers
x. Quorum
xi. Rules of Proceedings
- Arroyo vs. De Venecia, GR No. 127255, August 14, 1997

xii. Discipline of Members

- Santiago vs. Sandiganbayan, GR No. 126055, April 19, 2001
- Rep. Paredes vs. SANDIGANBAYAN
- Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863

xiii. Vacancies
- Lozada vs. COMELEC, 120 SCRA 337
- RA 6645, December 28, 1987

xiv. Records and Books of Accounts

xv. Legislative Journal and Congressional Record
- U.S. vs. Pons, 34 Phil. 729
- Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil.
- CASCO PHIL. VS. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347

xvi. Electoral Tribunals (Composition and Powers)

- See Sec. 2 (2) of Art. IX-C and last par. Sec. 4, Art. VII
- Doctrine of Primary Jurisdiction
- Guerrero vs. COMELEC, 336 SCRA 458
- Lazatin vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 80007, January 25, 1988
- Abbas, et al. vs. The Senate Electoral Tribunal, 10/27/88
- Enrile vs. COMELEC & Sanchez; Enrile vs. COMELEC & Razul
and Sanchez vs. COMELEC, Aug. 12, 1987, 153 SCRA 57
 11

- Bondoc vs. HRET, supra

- Tanada, Jr. vs. COMELEC, Tan & Tanada, GR Nos. 207199-
200, Oct. 22, 2013
- Tanada vs. HRET, GR No. 217012, 03/01/2016
- Reyes vs. COMELEC, GR No. 207164, 06/25/2013
- Dimapilis-Baldoz vs. COA, GR No. 199114, July 16, 2013
- Drilon vs. De Venecia, GR No. 180055, 7/31/09

xvii. Commission on Appointments (Composition and Powers)

- Raul Daza vs. Luis Singson, December 21, 1989
- Guingona vs. Gonzales, October 20, 1992, March 1, 1993
- Dimapilis-Baldoz vs. COA, GR No. 199114, July 16, 2013

Read also:
Tobias vs. Abalos, 239 SCRA 106
Macias vs. COMELEC, 3 SCRA 1
Tan vs. COMELEC, 142 SCRA 727
Sema vs. COMELEC, GR No. 177597, July 16, 2008
Imelda Romualdez-Marcos vs. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300
Aquino vs. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400
Bondoc vs. Pineda, G.R. No. 97710, September 26, 1991
Libanan vs. HRET, 283 SCRA 520, Dec. 22, 1997
Coquilla vs. COMELEC, GR No. 151914, July 31, 2002
Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party vs. COMELEC, GR No. 147589,
June 26, 2001
AKMA-PTM vs. COMELEC, GR No. 207134, June 16, 2015
Funa vs. Ermita, GR No. 184740, Feb. 11, 2010
Torayno vs. COMELEC, GR No. 137329, August 9, 2000
Santiago vs. Guingona, GR No. 134577, November 18, 1998
Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil 17
Veterans Federation Party vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781, Oct. 6, 2000

A. Powers of Congress

1. General (Plenary) Legislative Power (Sec. 1, Art. VI) / Non Legislative

Powers

a) Limitations
b) Legislative Process

Read:
Tio vs. Videogram Regulatory Commission, 151 SCRA 208
Lidasan vs. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496
Farinas vs. Executive Secretary, GR No. 147387, Dec. 10, 2003
Arroyo, et al., vs. De Venecia, et al., GR No.127255, Aug. 14, 1997
Phil Judges Association vs. Prado, 227 SCRA 703
De Guzman vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 129118, July 19, 2000
Tobias vs. Abalos, 239 SCRA 106, Dec. 8, 1994
Bolinao Electronics Corp. vs. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486
Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
Phil Constitution Association vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506
Guingona vs. Carague, GR No. 94571, April 22, 1991
Tolentino vs. Sec. of Finance, 235 SCRA 630
Remman Enterprises, In and CREBA vs. Professional Board of Real
Estate Service & Professional Regulation Com., GR. No. 197676, 2/4/14

2. Power of Appropriation (Sec 21, Art. VI)

a) Constitutional Rules on General Appropriations Law

 12

b) Constitutional Limitations
c) Procedure
d) Power of Augmentation & the Validity of the Veto
e) Executive Impoundment
f) Legislative/Congressional Veto

Read:
Tolentino vs. Secretary of Finance
Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208
Aglipay vs. Ruiz, 64 SCRA 201
Garces vs. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510
Gonzales vs. Macaraig, G.R. No. 87636, November 19, 1990
PHILCONSA vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506, Aug. 9, 1994
Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133, April 15, 1992
Dela Cruz vs. Paras, 123 SCRA 569
Insular Lumber vs. CTA, 104 SCRA 710
Belgica et al., vs. Hon. Exec. Sec. Ochoa, et al., GR Nos. 208566,
208493 & 209251, Nov. 19, 2013 (PDAF Case)
Araullo et. Al, vs. Aquino III, et. al., GR No.209287, July 1, 2014 (DAP
Case).

3. Power of Taxation (Sec. 28 (1), Art. VI)

a) Rule of Taxation
b) Limitations
c) Delegation of Tax Powers

Read:
Garcia vs. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219
Lladoc vs. CIR, 14 SCRA 292
Province of Abra vs. Hernando, 107 SCRA 104
PEPSI COLA vs. The City of Butuan, 24 SCRA 789

4. Power of Legislative Investigation (Sec. 21, Art. VI)

a) Limitations
b) Power to punish Contempt

Senate of the Phil. vs. Ermita, et al., GR No. 16977, April 20, 2006
Bengzon vs. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767
Miguel vs. Gordon, GR No. 174340, October 17, 2006
Arnault vs. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29
Arnault vs. Balagtas, 97 Phil 358
Standard Chartered Bank vs. Senate Committee on Banks, GR No. 167173,
December 27, 2007
Senate Blue Ribon Committee vs. Majaducom, GR No. 136760, 7/29/03
Negros Oriental II Electric Coop. vs. SP of Dumaguete City, 155 SCRA 421
Macalintal vs. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013. July 10, 2003
Neri vs. Senate, GR No. 180643, Sept. 4, 2008
Romero II, et al. vs. Estrada & Senate Committee on Labor, GR No. 174105,
04/02/2009

5. Question Hour (Sec. 22, Art. VI)

- Rationale
- Senate vs. Ermita Case ( G.R. No. 16977, April 20, 2006)
- EO 464, September 28, 2005
- Romulo L. Neri vs. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers
and Investigations, Senate Committee on Trade and Commerce, and
 13

Senate Committee on National Defense and Security, G.R. No. 180643,

March 25, 2008
- Negros Oriental II Electric Cooperative vs. Sangguniang Panglungsod of
Dumaguete City, G.R. No. 72492, Nov. 5, 1987, 155 SCRA 421

6. War Powers (Sec. 23 (1), Art. VI)

- Note the conditions, limitations and restrictions for the delegation
- Read:
1) Araneta vs. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 369
2) Rodriguez vs. Gella, 92 Phil. 603
3) R.A. No. 6826, Dec.20, 1989

7. Power to act as Board of Canvassers in election of President

(Sec. 4, Art. VII)
Read:
Ruy Elias Lopez vs. Senate of the Phil, GR No. 163556, June 8, 2004
Pimentel vs. Joint Committee of Congress, GR No. 163783, June 22, 2004
Macalintal vs. PET, GR No. 191618, Nov. 23, 2010

8. Power to call a special election for President and Vice President

(Sec. 10, Art. VII)

9. Power to judge President’s physical fitness to discharge the functions of

the Presidency (Sec. 11, Art. VI)

10. Power to revoke/extend suspension of the Privilege of the Writ of Habeas

Corpus or Declaration of Martial law (Sec. 18, Art. VII)
Read:
- Montenegro vs. Castaneda, 91 Phil. 882 (1952)
- Garcia-Padilla vs. Ponce Enrile, 121 SCRA 472 April 20, 1983
- Morales vs. Enrile, 121 SCRA 472 April 26, 1983
- Abadilla vs. Gen. Ramos, 156 SCRA 97
- People vs. Donato, 198 SCRA 120
- Gumaua vs. Espino, 96 SCRA 402

11. Power to concur in Presidential amnesties (Sec. 19, Art. VII)

12. Power to concur in treaties or international agreements (Sec. 21, Art. VII)
13. Power to confirm certain appointments/nominations made by the President
- Guingona vs. Gonzales, G.R. No. 106971, October 20, 1992
- Raul Daza vs. Singson, December 21, 1989

14. Power of Impeachment (Sec. 2, Art. XI)

a. Impeachment defined
b. Grounds for Impeachment
c. Power to initiate/Try impeachment cases
d. Procedure for Impeachment
e. Limitations
f. Consequence/Effect of Impeachment

Read:
- Gonzales II vs. Office of the President, GR No. 196231 and Bareras-
Sulit vs. Ochoa, et al, GR No. 196232, 01/28/2014

15. Power relative to natural resources (Sec. 2, Art. XII)

16. Power to propose amendments to the Constitution (Secs. 1 & 2, Art. XVII)

VIII. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

 14

A. The Executive Power (Art. VII, Sec. 1)

i. Qualifications
- Phil. Bar Association vs. COMELEC, 140 SCRA 453
- Poe-Llamanzares vs. COMELEC and Elamparo, GR No. 221697; Poe-
Llamanzares vs. COMELEC, et. al., GR Nos. 221698-70, Mar 8, 2016
ii. Election
iii. Presidential Electoral Tribunal
iv. Term/Oath of Office
v. Vacancy
vi. Presidential Succession
- Estrada vs. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
vii. Immunity from Suit
- Estrada vs. Desierto, GR Nos. 146710-15, March 2, 2001
- Constantino vs. Cuisia, et al., 472 SCRA 505
- In the Matter of the Petition for the Writ of Amparo & Habeas Data in
favor of Noriel Rodriguez vs. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR No. 191805,
11/15/11
viii. Executive Privilege
ix. Prohibitions/Inhibitions
x.. The Cabinet

Read:
- Ople vs Torres, et al., GR No. 127685, July 23, 1998
- Punzalan vs. Mendoza, 140 SCRA 153
- Adaza vs. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431
- Opinion No. 155, Series of 1988 by the Secretary of Justice
- Executive Order No. 284
- Civil Liberties Union vs. Exec. Sec., February 22, 1991

B. Powers and Functions

1. Executive Power/Execution of Laws/Executive Power

a. Control of Executive Departments, Bureaus & Offices (Art. VII, Sec. 17)
- KMU vs. Exec. Sec. Ermita, et al., April 19 & June 20, 2006
- Bayan Muna vs. Exec. Sec. Ermita, et al., April 19 & June 20,
2006
- Maceda vs. Macaraig, Jr., 197 SCRA 771
- Echeche vs. CA, 198 SCRA 577

b. General Supervision of LGUs and Autonomous Regions

1. Art. X, Secs. 4 & 16
- Ganzon vs. CA, 200 SCRA 271
- Mondano vs. Silvosa, 97 Phil. 143
- Carpio vs. Exec. Sec., 206 SCRA 290
- Malayan vs. CA, 213 SCRA 640
- Pimentel, Jr. vs. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201,
- Bito-Onon vs. Fernandez, 350 SCRA 732

2. Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency

- Constantino and the Freedom From Debt Coalition vs.
- Cuisia, et al., 472 SCRA 505
- Joson vs. Torres, 290 SCRA 279, May 20, 1998
- Manalang-Demigillo vs. TIDCORP and its BODs, GR Nos.
168613 & 185571, March 5, 2013
- Madrigal vs. DOJ, GR No. 168903, June 18, 2014

c. Extent of executive/administrative power

Laurel vs. Garcia, GR No. 92013 &92047, July 25, 1990

 15

Blas Ople vs. Ruben Torres, et al., G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998
Marcos vs. Manglapus, GR No. 88211, Sept. 15, 1989
NEA vs. Ca, GR No. 143481, February 15, 2002
Malaria Employees & Workers Asso. of the Phil. (MEWAP) vs. Romulo, GR
No. 160093, July 31, 2007
Drilon vs. Lim, 235 SCRA 135, Aug. 4, 1994
City of Iligan vs. Director of Lands, 158 SCRA 158
Solar Team Entertainment vs. Judge How, GR No. 140863,
August 22, 2000
Judge Dadole vs. COA, GR No. 125350, December 3, 2002

2. Power of Appointment (Sec. 16, Art. VII)

a. Regular and Ad-interim appointments

b. Permanent or temporary appointments
- Pimentel vs. Ermita, GR No.164978, October 13, 2005
c. The Appointing Process
d. Presidential appointments
e. Power of Removal

Read:
- Sarmiento vs. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
- Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 16
- Manalo vs. Sistoza, 312 SCRA 239, Aug. 11, 1999
- Calderon vs. Carale, GR No. 91636, April 23, 1992
- Deles, et al., vs. Commission on Appointments, September 4, 1989
- Larin vs. Exec. Secretary, GR No. 112745, October 16, 1997
- De Castro vs. JBC, GR No. 191002, March 17, 2010
- In Re: Mateo Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, 298 SCRA 408
- De Rama vs. CA, 353 SCRA 94, Feb. 28, 2001
- Aytona vs. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1
- Matibag vs. Benipayo, GR No. 149036, April 2, 2002
- PAMANTASAN vs. IAC, 140 SCRA 22

3. The Pardoning Power (Sec. 19, Art. VII)

i. Object of Pardon
ii. Kinds of Pardon
iii. Limitations on the exercise
iv. Amnesty vs. Pardon
v. Article IX-C, Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution
vi. Article 5 of the RPC (Act 386)

Read:
- Barrioquinto vs. Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642
- Echegaray vs. Secretary of Justice, 301 SCRA 96
- Monsanto vs. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190
- In Re: Wilfredo Sumulong Torres, 251 SCRA 709, Dec. 29, 1995
- Garcia vs. Chairman, COA, 226 SCRA 356
- Vera vs. People of the Philippines, 7 SCRA 152
- Pelobello vs. Palatino, 72 Phil. 441
- Llamas vs. Exec. Sec. Orbos, Oct. 15, 1991
- Torres vs. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272
- Risos-Vidal vs. COMELEC, GR No. 206666, Jan. 21, 2015

4. The Military Powers/Commander-in-Chief Clause (Sec. 18, Art. VII)

a) Powers as Commander-in-Chief
b) State of Rebellion/Proclamation of Martial Law
c) State of Rebellion vs. State of National Emergency
 16

- Legaspi vs. Minister, 115 SCRA 418

i. Role of Congress
ii. Emergency Powers
d) Restrictions on the exercise of the powers
- Fortun vs. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR No. 190293, March 20, 2012
e) Effects of the exercise of emergency powers
- David et al., vs. Hon. Sec. Ermita & Hon. Dir. Gen. Lomibao,
G.R. No. 171396 May 3, 2006
- Lansang vs. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448
- People vs. Repiroga, GR No. 138451, May 17, 2001
- Olaguer vs. Military Commission No. 34, 150 SCRA 144
- Navales vs. General Abaya, GR No. 162318, October 25, 2004
- IBP vs. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, Aug. 15, 2000
f) Habeas Corpus Cases
- Barcelon vs. Baker, 5 Phil. 87 (1905)
- Montenegro vs. Castaneda, 91 Phil 882 (1952)
- Abadilla vs. Ramos, 156 SCRA 97
- People vs. Donato, 198 SCRA 120
- Enrile vs. Judge Salazar, June 5, 1990
- In Re Petition for Habeas Corpus of Capt. Gary Alejano, et al. vs.
Gen. Cabuay, et al., GR No. 160792, 08/25/05

5. The Borrowing Power (Sec. 20, Art. VII)

- RA No. 4860 (Foreign Loans Act)

6. The Diplomatic Power (Sec. 21, Art. VII)

i. Treaty-making Power
- Distinctions between Treaty and Executive Agreements
- Gonzales vs. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 280
- Tan Sin vs. Deportation Board, 104 Phil. 868
- Bayan vs, Zamora, GR No. 138570, October 10, 2000
- Saguisag vs. Exec. Sec., GR No. 212426, Jan 12, 2016
- Vinuya vs. Romulo, GR No. 162230, Aug. 12, 2014
ii. Art. XVIII, Sec. 25
iii. Deportation of undesirable aliens
- CIR vs. Gotamco & Sons, 148 SCRA 36
- Com. of Customs vs. Eastern Sea Trading, 3 SCRA 351
- Bayan vs. Executive Secretary, GR No. 138570, Oct. 10, 2000
- Lim & Ersando vs. Hon. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 151445, 4/11/02
- Go Tek vs. Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17

7. The Budgetary Power (Sec. 22, Art. VII)

8. The Informing Power (Sec. 23, Art. VII)
9. The Veto Power (Sec. 27, Art. VII)
Read:
- Neptali Gonzales vs. Macaraig, November 19, 1990
- Bengzon vs. Drilon, April 15, 1992

10. The Power of Impoundment

- PHILCONSA vs. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506
- Araullo, et. Al, vs. Aquino III, et. al., GR No.209287, July 1, 2014

IX. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

A. The JUDICIARY
B. JUDICIAL POWER (Article VIII, Section1)
C. JURISDICTION
D. SUPREME COURT
 17

ii. Creation
iii. Composition
iv. Mode of Sitting
iv. En Banc Cases/Division Cases
v. Qualifications
vi. Tenure
vii. Powers/Administrative Functions
viii. Presidential Electoral Tribunal
ix. Consultations/Decisions
x. Fiscal Autonomy
xi. Lower Courts
xii. Writ of Amparo (A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, October 24, 2007)
xiii. Writ of habeas Corpus
xiv. Writ of Habeas Data (A.M. No. 08-1-16-SC, Feb. 2, 2008)
- Lee vs. Nerillagan, GR No. 203254, Oct 8, 2014
- Castillo vs. Cruz, GR No. 182165, 03/30/2013
- Balao, et al, vs. GMA, GR No. 186050, 12/13/2011
xv. Judicial Review
a) Requisites for the exercise
b) Effect of a declaration of unconstitutionality

Read:
- Disini, et al., vs. Sec. of Justice, et al., GR No. 203335, Feb. 11,
2014 ( constitutionality of The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012)
- Tocao vs. CA, GR No. 127405, September 20, 2001
- De Leon vs. CA, GR No. 127182, December 5, 2001
- Unilever Phil., Inc. vs Tan, GR No. 179367, Jan. 29, 2014
- ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corp. vs. COMELEC, G.R No. 133486,
Jan. 28, 2000
- Sps. Pador vs. Brgy. Capt. Arcayan, et al., GR No. 183460, Mar
12, 2013
- Sec. De Lima, et al., vs. Gatdula, GR No. 204528, Feb 19, 2013
- In the Matter of the Petition for Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data
in favor of Noriel Rodriguez, vs. GMA, et al., GR No. 191805 & GR
No. 193160, Nov. 15, 2011
- Mangila vs. Pangilinan, GR No. 160739, July 17, 2013
- Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap vs. Robredo, GR No.
200903, July 22, 2014
- CSC vs. Ramoneda-Pita, A.M. No. P-08-2531, April 11, 2013
- OCA vs. Macusi, Jr.,A.M. No. P-13-3105, Sept 11, 2013
- Drilon vs. Lim, 235 SCRA 135, Aug. 4, 1994
- Miranda vs. Aguirre, GR No. 133064, September 16, 1999
- Firestone Ceramics vs. CA, 334 SCRA 465
- Fabian vs. Desierto, GR No. 129742, September 16, 1998
- Villavert vs. Desierto, GR No. 133715, February 13, 2000
- Tugade vs. CA, 85 SCRA 226
- Nacuray vs. NLRC, GR Nos. 114924-27, March 18, 1997
- In Re: Mateo Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, Nov. 9, 1998
- Meralco vs. Pasay Transportations Co., 57 Phil. 600
- Prudential Bank vs. Castro, 158 SCRA 646
- Nitafan vs. CIR, 152 SCRA 284
- In Re Gonzales, A.M. Nos. 88-4-5433, April 15, 1988
- Bengzon vs. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133, April 15, 1992
- De Vera vs. Pelayo, 335 SCRA 281, July 6, 2000
- Yao vs. CA, 344 SCRA 202, Oct. 24, 2000
- Fortich vs. Corona, GR No. 131457, August 19, 1999
- Garcia vs. People, GR No. 106531, November 18, 1999
- People vs. Bugarin, 273 SCRA 384
- Hernandez vs. CA, 228 SCRA 429
- Maceda vs. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 469
 18

- Martinez vs. CA, GR No. 123547, may 21, 2001

- People vs. Pilotin, 65 SCRA 635
- In Re: Cunanan, 94 Phil 534
- Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316
- In Re: Demetrio Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001
- In the Matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial Independence
against the Abolition of the JDF and Reduction of Autonomy,
UDK-15143, Jan. 21, 2015
- Hontiveros-Baraquel, et al., vs. Toll Regulatory Board, et al., GR
No. 181293, Fe. 23, 2015

E. THE JUDICIAL & BAR COUNCIL (Sec. 8 (1), Art. VIII)

i. Composition
- Chavez vs. JBC, et al., GR No. 202242, April 16, 2013
ii. Appointment/Tenure/Salary
iii. Functions

X. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS (Article IX-A, Section 1)

 The Commissions
 Common Provisions
 Qualifications
 Appointment and Term of Office
 Rotational Scheme
 Decisions
 Vacancy
 Inhibitions/Disqualifications
 Removal
 Fiscal Autonomy

A. The Civil Service Commission (Sec. B, Art. IX)

i. Scope of the Civil Service

ii. Composition
iii. Objectives/Powers/Functions
iv. Classes of Service
v. Merit System
vi. Policy Determining/Primarily Confidential/Highly Technical
vii. Disqualifications
viii. Security of Tenure
ix. Removal
x. The Administrative Code of 1987 (EO No. 292)

Read:
- Camporedondo vs. NLRC, GR No. 129049, August 6, 1999
- SC vs. NLRC 168 SCRA 122
- Lopez vs. CSC, 194 SCRA 269
- Torregoza vs. CSC, 211 SCRA 230
- Leyson vs. Ombudsman, GR No. 134990, April 27, 2000
- Cruz vs. CSC, GR No. 144464, November 22, 2001
- Ontiveros vs. CA, GR No. 145401, May 7, 2001
- Hon. Alma de Leon vs. CA, et al. GR No. 127182, Jan. 22, 2001
- PAGCOR vs. Rilloroza, GR No. 141141, June 25, 2001
- Abella vs. CSC, GR No. 152574, November 17, 2004
 19

- UP vs. Regino, 221 SCRA 598

- Samson vs. CA, 145 SCRA 654
- CSC vs. Dela Cruz, GR No. 158737, August 31, 2004
- General vs. Roco, GR Nos. 143366 & 143524, Jan. 29, 2001
- Montecillo vs. CSC, GR No. 131954, June 28, 2001
- CSC & PAGCOR vs. Salas, GR No. 123708, June 19, 1997
- Vistan vs. Nicolas, 201 SCRA 524
- Cabagnot vs. CSC, 223 SCRA 59
- Abalos vs. CSC, 196 SCRA 81
- Jacinto vs. CA, GR No. 124540, November 17, 1997
- Central Bank vs. CSC, 171 SCRA 744

B. The Commission on Elections

 Composition
 Powers/Functions
 En Banc and Division Cases
 The Party-List System Act (RA 7941)
 Election Law Doctrines

Additional Readings:
Villarosa vs. Festin, GR No. 212953, Aug. 5, 2014
Vinzons-Chato vs HRET & Panotes, GR No. 204637, Apr 16, 2013
Locsin vs. HRET, GR No. 204123, Mar 19, 2013
Typoco vs. COMELEC, GR No. 136191, November 29, 1999
Zarate vs. COMELEC, GR No. 129096, November 19, 1999
Gallardo vs. Judge Tabamo, 218 SCRA 253
Mastura vs. COMELEC, 285 SCRA 493
Loong vs. COMELEC, GR No. 133676, April 14, 1999
Cipriano vs. COMELEC, GR No. 158830, August 10, 2004
LDP vs. COMELEC, GR No. 161265, February 24, 2004
Sandoval vs. COMELEC, GR No. 133842, January 26, 2000
SWS vs. COMELEC, GR No. 147571, May 5, 2001
Sanidad vs. COMELEC, 181 SCRA 529
Makalintal vs. COMELEC, GR No. 157013, July 10, 2003
Mitmug vs. COMELEC, 230 SCRA 54
Akbayan Youth vs. COMELEC, GR No. 147066, March 26, 2001
Javier vs. COMELEC, 144 SCRA 194
Edding vs. COMELEC, 246 SCRA 502
Acosta vs. COMELEC, 290 SCRA 578
Ambil vs. COMELEC, GR No. 143398, October 25, 2000
Cawasa vs. COMELEC, GR No. 150469, July 3, 2002
AKLAT vs. COMELEC, GR No. 162203, April 14, 2004
De Jesus vs. People, 120 SCRA 760
People vs. Judge Inting, 187 SCRA 788
Sambarani vs. COMELEC, GR No. 160427, September 15, 2004
Reyes vs. COMELEC, GR No. 207264, Oct 22, 2013
Cagas vs. COMELEC, GR No. 209185, Oct. 25, 2013
Goh vs. COMELEC, GR No. 212584, Nov. 25, 2014

C. The Commission on Audit

 Composition/Appointment
 Powers and Functions
 Jurisdiction

Read:
- Sambeli vs. province of Isabela, 210 SCRA 80
 20

- DBP vs. COA, 231 SCRA 202

- Orocio vs. COA, 213 SCRA 109
- Feliciano vs. COA, GR No. 147402, January 14, 2004
- Albert vs. COA,, GR No. 126557, March 6, 2001
- De Jesus vs. COA, GR No. 149154, June 10, 2003
- Gaminde vs. COA, G.R. No. 140335, Dec. 13, 2000
- Espinas, et al., vs. COA, GR nO. 198271, April 1, 2014