CFD Analysis For Supersonic Flow Over A Wedge Ijariie5053
CFD Analysis For Supersonic Flow Over A Wedge Ijariie5053
CFD Analysis For Supersonic Flow Over A Wedge Ijariie5053
ABSTRACT
A wedge is triangular shaped geometrical structure. It is mostly used as supersonic airfoils and nose of supersonic
airplanes. It is typically inclined plane which is at an angle with the horizontal. This paper helps in explaining most of
the concepts related to wedge. In this paper the principle of working of wedges with the variation of half-wedge angle
and also with variation of Mach number has been done. Theoretical analysis of supersonic flow over wedge is also
done. The variation of flow parameters like Pressure, Temperature and Mach number is visualised using computational
fluid Dynamics and it’s contours and graphs has been plotted. The simulation of shockwave (attached and detached)
through CFD is also analyzed.
Key words: Wedge, Supersonic flow, Wave angle, Wedge-angle Variation, Mach number Variation, Oblique Shock,
Detached Shock Computational Fluid Dynamics, Ansys-Fluent.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Nomenclature:
5645
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
2. WEDGE
A wedge is a triangular shaped or in other words a plane inclined with an angle to the horizontal.
Fig. 1: Wedge
2.1 Shockwave
A shockwave is an extremely thin region, typically on the order of 10 -5 cm across which the flow properties can change
drastically.
When a shockwave makes an oblique angle with respect to upstream flow, it is termed as oblique shockwave. Oblique
shockwave occurs when a supersonic flow is encountered at the wedge that effectively turns the flow into itself.
Oblique shock is generally created at the nose of the wedge. Downstream of the oblique shock the properties change
drastically.
5646
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
Expressions for changes across an oblique shock in terms of the normal component of the upstream Mach number Mn,1
[ ]
( )
5647
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
[ ( )]
Mn,2 is the normal Mach number behind the shock wave. The downstream Mach number M2 can be found from Mn,2 and
the geometry of Fig 3 as
This is called θ-β-M relation and it specifies θ as a unique function of M1 and β. This relation is vital to the analysis of
oblique shock waves and results from it are plotted in Fig 4.
The θ-β-M diagram illustrates three physical phenomena associated with oblique shock waves.
1. For any given upstream Mach number M1 , there is a maximum deflection angle θmax. If the physical geometry
is such that θ > θmax , then no solution exists for a straight oblique shock. Instead, nature establishes a curved
shock, detached from the corner or the nose of the body. The value of θmax increases with increasing M1 ,
5648
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
hence, at higher Mach numbers, the straight oblique shock solution can exist at higher deflection angles.
However there is a limit; a M1 approaches infinity, θmax approaches 45.5ο (for γ = 1.4).
2. If θ = 0, then β equals either 90ο or µ. The case of β = 90ο corresponds to a normal shock wave.
3. For attached shocks with a fixed deflection angle, as the upstream Mach number M1 increases, the wave angle
β decreases, and the shock wave becomes stronger. Going in the other direction as M1 decreases, the wave
angle increases, and the shock becomes weaker. Finally, if M1 is decreased enough, the shock wave will
detached.
4. For attached shocks with a fixed upstream Mach number, as the deflection angle increases, the wave angle β
increases, and the shock becomes stronger. However, once θ exceeds θmax , the shock wave will become
detached.
3. SIMULATION OF WEDGE
Computer simulation of wedge was done using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD is method to solve complex
problems involving fluid flow.
The above conditions were taken as mentioned in the previous section and the computer simulation that is the analysis
was done using Ansys-Fluent. When we performed this analysis, we found out the variation of parameters as we did in
the case of theoretical treatment.
3.1. Modelling
The modelling of the wedge was done in Ansys Design modeller. The geometry was created using Line tool under
Draw tab in the Sketching Toolboxes. To add the dimensions for the geometry, click Dimensions under sketching
toolbox, then select General for horizontal and vertical lines and select Angle to give angle to the wedge. To create
surface form sketch, under Menu tool bar select Concept, select Surfaces from sketches, then select the sketch, apply,
then click Generate.
Dimensions
H2 0.5 m
H3 1.5 m
V1 1.259 m
A5 10, 20 & 30 degree
5650
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
3.1. Meshing
The model created by above dimensions was meshed in mesh mode of Ansys component systems. Meshing is all about
converting an infinite number of particles model of finite number of particles. The details of mesh are Physics
preference : CFD, Solver preference: Fluent. Mapped face Meshing was used with the face. Then Body Sizing, the
element size was chosen 0.05m. The number of nodes were calculated as 775 and number of elements was 720.
Then boundaries of the model was defined by Create Named Selection as Pressure Far Field, Symmetry, and wedge.
The next step of the CFD after meshing is pre processing. In pre processing appropriate boundary conditions are applied
to the meshed model. The pre processing was done in Ansys Fluent.
5651
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
3.4. Solver
The next step is solver. In solver the solution is initialized and calculation is preceded with the desired number of
iterations. It is the most important step of CFD analysis. Using Ansys-Fluent, it is possible to solve the governing
equation related to the flow physical properties.
5652
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
5654
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
5655
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
Pressure Variation
Temperature Variation
5657
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
Pressure Variation
Temperature Variation
5659
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
Pressure Variation
Temperature Variation
5660
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
4. CONCLUSION
The results from θ-β-M relation are analyzed with the help of CFD.
For any given upstream Mach number M1 , there is a maximum deflection angle θmax. If the physical geometry
is such that θ > θmax , then no solution exists for a straight oblique shock. Instead, nature establishes a curved
shock, detached from the corner or the nose of the body. Here two figures are shown
o
When θ < θmax , the shock is attached, here θ = 10o
o
When θ > θmax , the shock is detached, here θ = 30o
For attached shocks with a fixed deflection angle, as the upstream Mach number M1 increases, the wave angle
β decreases, and the shock wave becomes stronger. Here two figures are shown
o
When M1= 2 the wave angle β is 54o
o When M1= 5 the wave angle β is 30o
For attached shocks with a fixed upstream Mach number, as the deflection angle increases, the wave angle β
increases, and the shock becomes stronger. Here two figures are shown
o
When M1= 2 and θ = 10o the wave angle β is 40o
o When M1= 2 and θ = 20o the wave angle β is 54o
5661
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
5662
5053 www.ijariie.com
Vol-3 Issue-2 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396
By this paper we have explained the basic concepts connected with wedges. The study of attached and detached
shockwave has been done. The effect of increasing upstream Mach number at constant wedge angle and also the effect
of increasing wedge angle at constant upstream Mach number has been analyzed through CFD. Through this study and
analysis, we have found out the values of variation of parameters such as pressure, density, temperature and Mach
number by theoretical method and also using CFD. Thus we can conclude that values of these methods are
approximately similar to each other.
5. REFERENCE
[3] Yunus Cengel and John Cimbala,”Fluid Mechanics” 3rd edition, pp. 611-644.
[4] E.L. Houghton and P.W. Carpenter ,”Aerodynamics for engineering students” 5th edition, pp. 273-330.
5663
5053 www.ijariie.com