Field Exposure Report Yn
Field Exposure Report Yn
I express my satisfaction on the completion of this summer training program and project report
submission as a part of the curriculum for the degree of Diploma, Civil Engineering. I express
my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor Mr. B.K. SHUKLA SIR for his kind
guidance during the entire period of training. His consistent support and advices has helped me
to complete this training successfully. Also I thank all the members of UTTAR PRADESH
RAJKIYA NIRMAN NIGAM LTD. for their kind support. They have always been a source of
inspiration to me.
( )
Future Scope 23
SECTION-1:INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
■ A Peaceful environment.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client
1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING:
Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as. 1.1.1-Residential
Building
1.1.2-Educational Building
1.1.3-Institutional Building
1.1.4-Industrial Building
1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living room, bed room, kitchen,
hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.
1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:These includes any building using for school, college, assembly
for instruction, education or recreation.
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1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:
These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a person
suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building includes hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.
1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:
These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are fabricated, assembled,
processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.
1.2-SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which highlighted the need
and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures
or adopting proper working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health that
should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully
and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites will
become a safe and secure place to work in. It is important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety
for following purposes.
■ Workers safety
■ Construction progress
■ Standard procedure
■ Legal cases
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
■ ISO 14001-2004
■ OHSAS 18001-2007
■ Do not drink or take drugs while working. ■ Do not play in the workplace
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1.2.1 Equipment used for safety at construction site-
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■Structure Failure ■Building Collapse
1.3-SITE LOCATION
■ Land.
■ Store.
■ Parking space.
■ Health unit.
■ Transportation facilities.
1.4-FORM WORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains sufficient strength to
carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it hardens to required shape & size.
B-Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on type of formwork system.
C-Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.
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1.4.2.- Safety in using formwork
A-Flex systemGood
■H beam primary or secondary. ■CT prop. ■Foue way head. ■Folding tripod.
■Assembly wedge clamp. ■Supporting head. ■Beam forming head. ■Quick deck system.
B-Aluform system
Panels with aluminium frame and plywood fitted in it. Used in raft, shear wall and columns.
C-Aluminium formwork
■External and internal corner. ■Prop length. ■Prop head. ■Stub pin.
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Formwork used at construction site:
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SECTION-2
2. 1SITE CLEARANCE
A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground. These
conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There are also convenants that are legally
binding regulations. These may be setting height of building, prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop
network towers etc. Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house
location a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a certificate of occupancy is also
required for some loaning and legal processes.
Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level of surface. It is also
used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.Generally at site survey is carried out by
following two instruments.A-Total station B-Auto level
A-Total Station A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and
building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic
distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument
we can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and also Data Processing.
B-Auto level- It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the elevations of various pointsAuto
level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the level of ground to retaining
wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all marking was made to fix the level of particular
elevations then casting of slab was performed.
7
Transferring of surface level to retaining wall:
4 – Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such a way so that reading
of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.
2. 3.EXCAVATION
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated soil was transferred
using dumpers.
2. 4. FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall. Gravel or crushed
stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely in the
ground. Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided
■Isolated Footing-
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square or
rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used footing.
Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing
forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are
not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars
placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings
may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated footing.
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■Combined footing
Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be permissible to extend
the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this
will result in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to
provide a common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it. Combined footings
under two or more columns are used under closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where
individual footings, if they were provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other.
This footing is called “combined footing”.
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used when very heavy
loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low and differential bearing
capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are several types of raft
foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types
■When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control buoyancy.
■Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it serves as footing as well
as floor.
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2.5 CONCRETING
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half brick walls are
made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a high rise building. All the walls
were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and provide horizontal stability to
building and reduces the deflection.
Fig.2.0 Workers at site during forming work for RCC wall construction
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10.2.7BEAMS AND COLUMNS
In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper reinforcement should
be done for positive as well as negative bending moments. In such type of structures short columns are
constructed with minimum eccentricity. In square or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm
diameter bars must be used and spacing should not be more than as per code IS 456:2000.
Fig.2.1 Fixed type beam constructed at site with positive as well as negative reinforcement
2.8 SLAB
■One way slabIn one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect ratio
should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided only in shorter
direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.
■Two way slabIn two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect ratio
should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer directions and
at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided.
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SECTION-3
MATERIALS
3.1.1. Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets i.e. it
becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the cement and
water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus
provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of
cement. The grades of cement are as-
■33 Grades
■43 Grades
■53 Grades
■At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.
3.1.2. Aggregate
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is very rarely used
in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will
be costly to use neat cementin construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong &
durable hard materials. They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper
as cement.
Types of aggregates:
■Fine Aggregate
■Coarse Aggregate
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■Fine aggregate (sand)-
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron (.075mm) I.S.
sieve is known as fine aggregate.
The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the coarse
aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the
workability of the concrete mix.
■Coarse aggregate
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is known as
coarse aggregates.
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3.1.3 Reinforcement:#8mm dia lateral #20mm dialongitudional bars
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is called
reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion and compression.
■Function of reinforcement-
Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and week in
tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the site contractor using
the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm,
16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design.
At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement bars were being used.
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars. The bars were of brand
TATATISCON.
■The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal expansion
of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value
At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by burning of coal in thermal
power plants.
The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-
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3.1.5 Admixtures-
Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce water content.
Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711
(MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture was being used to increase workability and to reduce
quantity of water in concrete mix.
Types of admixtures-
■Accelerators
■Retarders
■Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers
■Bonding admixtures
■ Stone dust
■Fly Ash
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3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED
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SECTION-4
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply with
requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality characteristics of a unit,
compares them with the established standards, and analyses the differences between the results obtained
and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct any differences.
■Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials, poor design, poor
detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement, improper concrete mix, excess water,
inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate curing, inadequate cover, poor construction
practices, poor supervision and above all lack of technical knowledge.
Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction works, so it is necessary to
test and inspection of concrete work at site.
■There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void reduce the strength of
concrete by 20%.
■There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7to10days because it helps in gaining the
strength.
■Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab
■There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial setting time etc. ■There
should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.
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SECTION -5
CONTRIBUTION
At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic construction of concrete slab
with beam. Reinforcement in the slab with alternate bent up bars provided at supports in order to provide
negative reinforcement at support in two way slab. In concreting, concrete pump, needle vibrator etc.
were used
■In the retaining wall two sided reinforcement was provided with 16mm steel bars with 200mm c/c
spacing.
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5.3- IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHEAR WALL
At the site all the walls were provided with two sided reinforcement and constructed by concrete which
may work as shear wall during earthquake or wind blow. In general buildings lift pit acts as shear wall
and reduces horizontal deflection of building during horizontal loading.
Tremix flooring is a special type of flooring mostly being done in the industrial sector. It provides better
wearing and tearing properties. Since the building was also designed for underground parking facility so
tremix flooring was done for this purpose. In this process any type of reinforcement was not provided,
only concreting was done by M35 concrete with required slope. All Mason tools and tackles required to
available at site.
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SECTION- 6
20
RESULT DISCUSSION
Percentage Result
< 10 % Exceptionally Strong
10 – 20 % Strong
10 – 30 % Satisfactory for Road Surface
>35 % Weak for Road Surface
The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in road construction ranges from about
2.5 to 2.9. Water absorption values ranges from 0.1 to about 2.0 percent for aggregates
normally used in road surfacing.
21
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.
As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done.
As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the
practical work.
Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to
shorter span of panel.
In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end
condition, corresponding bending moment.
The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly
ratio.
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FUTURE SCOPE
A further research for development of new technologies in composite such as slim-floor slab
semi continuous connection to the column, new steel sheet or system to.
Minimize the time of reaction and assembly is desirable.
Preparation of miniature specimens for testing may be thought of to avoid costly
experimentation generally carried out on full size models to know the exact behavior of steel
concrete composite structural element. A numerical analysis of the same will also be highly
desirable to correlate the data and result.
The use of precast concrete and even the pre stressed concrete component in certain
composite structure application may prove fruitful as it has potential due the economy that
can be achieved by these component in term of time labour and money
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LIST OF FIGURE