A

REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING (CONCRETING & CURING)
AT

UTTAR PRADESH RAJKIYA NIRMAN NIGAM LTD.

Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of The

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Starting Date of Training: 01st June 2019

End of Training: 30th June 2019

Submitted By: Report Submitted To:

NAME: YATINDRA NARAYAN VISHWKARMA Mr. ANKUR SAHU(H.O.D.)
Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
ENROLLMENT NO- E1771432200007

R.R. INSTITUTE OF MODERN POLYTECHNIC, LUCKNOW-

226201
(Batch: 2017-20)
 AKNOWLEGDEMENT

I express my satisfaction on the completion of this summer training program and project report
submission as a part of the curriculum for the degree of Diploma, Civil Engineering. I express
my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor Mr. B.K. SHUKLA SIR for his kind
guidance during the entire period of training. His consistent support and advices has helped me
to complete this training successfully. Also I thank all the members of UTTAR PRADESH
RAJKIYA NIRMAN NIGAM LTD. for their kind support. They have always been a source of
inspiration to me.

( )

Date: YATINDRA NARAYAN VISHWAKARMA

 LIST OF CONTENT

SECTION CONTENT Page No.

Section-: Introduction 1.1 Types of buildings 01

1.2 Safety induction 02
1.3 Site location 03
1.4 Form work 04

Section-2: Construction 2.1 Site clearance 05

steps of building 2.2 Surveying and layout 06
2.3 Excavation 07
2.4 Foundation 08
2.5 Concreting 09
2.6 Wall construction 10
2.7 Beams & columns construction 11
2.8 Slab construction 12

Section-3: Materials& 3.1 Materials used at site 13

equipment’s 3.2 Equipment’s used 14

Section-4: Quality 4.1 Quality control in concrete works 15

control
Section-5: Contribution 5.1 Reinforcement and casting of slab 16
5.2 Construction of retaining wall 17
5.3 Construction of shear wall 18
5.4 Tremix flooring 19
5.5 Column reinforcement & concreting 19

Section-6: Other Other images 20

images
Result Discussion 21
Conclusion 22

Future Scope 23
 SECTION-1:INTRODUCTION

The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

■ A Peaceful environment.

■ Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

■General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client

1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING:

Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as. 1.1.1-Residential
Building

1.1.2-Educational Building

1.1.3-Institutional Building

1.1.4-Industrial Building

1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living room, bed room, kitchen,
hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.

1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:These includes any building using for school, college, assembly
for instruction, education or recreation.

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1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:

These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of a person
suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building includes hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.

1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:

These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are fabricated, assembled,
processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.

1.2-SAFETY INDUCTION

Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which highlighted the need
and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures
or adopting proper working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health that
should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully
and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites will
become a safe and secure place to work in. It is important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety
for following purposes.

■ Workers safety

■ Construction progress

■ Standard procedure

■ Legal cases

Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety

■ ISO 14001-2004

■ OHSAS 18001-2007

Precautions at site for safety-

■ Wear protective equipment.

■ Do not drink or take drugs while working. ■ Do not play in the workplace

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1.2.1 Equipment used for safety at construction site-

Fig.1.0 Gloves Fig.1.1 Helmet

Fig.1.2 HarnessesFig.1.3 Nets

1.2.2.Possible types of accidents and ill health

■Construction Site Fall ■Crane Accidents

■Scaffolding Accidents ■Electrical Accidents

■Trench Collapses ■Fires and Explosions

■Welding Accidents ■Cutting Accidents

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■Structure Failure ■Building Collapse

■Supervisor Negligence ■Punch Press Malfunctions

■Compressor Accidents ■Exploding Compressor

■Gas Explosions During Welding ■Run-Over by Operating Equipment

■Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents 1.3SITE LOCAT

1.3-SITE LOCATION

VRINDAVAN YOJNA SECTOR-13, LUCKNOW

1.3.1Advantages of this site

■ Land.

■ Store.

■ Parking space.

■ Health unit.

■ Transportation facilities.

1.4-FORM WORK

Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains sufficient strength to
carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it hardens to required shape & size.

1.4.1- Significance of formwork

A-Formwork constitutes 30% of cost & 60% of time in concrete construction.

B-Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on type of formwork system.
C-Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is not done properly.

D-Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to receive concrete.

E-Accident happen because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.

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1.4.2.- Safety in using formwork

A-Components are light in weight for manual holding.

B-Loose or hanging components are minimal.

C-Appropriate use of tools.

D-Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.

1.4.3. Types of formwork

A-Flex systemGood

company ply is used

A.1Components of flex system-

■H beam primary or secondary. ■CT prop. ■Foue way head. ■Folding tripod.

■Assembly wedge clamp. ■Supporting head. ■Beam forming head. ■Quick deck system.

B-Aluform system

Panels with aluminium frame and plywood fitted in it. Used in raft, shear wall and columns.

Components of aluform system.

■Alufo panel. ■Framing clamp. ■Tie rod.

■Wig nut.■Steel waler. ■CT prop.

■Foot adopter. ■Head adopter. ■Brackets for safety.

C-Aluminium formwork

Aluminium formwork is widely used by Construction Company at site.

Components of aluminium formwork-

■Kicker. ■Rocker. ■Wall panel. ■Slab corner.

■External and internal corner. ■Prop length. ■Prop head. ■Stub pin.

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Formwork used at construction site:

Fig.1.5 Aluminum Formwork Fig.1.6 Flex type of formwork

Fig.1.7 Fitting of aluminium panels in formwork using wig nut

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 SECTION-2

CONSTRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS

2. 1Site clearance. 2. 2Surveying and layout. 2. 3Excavation.

2. 4Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel. 2. 5Concreting. 2. 6wall construction.

2. 7Beam and Columns. 2. 8Finishing and whitewashing.

2. 1SITE CLEARANCE

A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground. These
conditions determine where on the plot it may be located. There are also convenants that are legally
binding regulations. These may be setting height of building, prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop
network towers etc. Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of house
location a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a certificate of occupancy is also
required for some loaning and legal processes.

2. 2SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level of surface. It is also
used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.Generally at site survey is carried out by
following two instruments.A-Total station B-Auto level

A-Total Station A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and
building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic
distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument
we can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and also Data Processing.

1. Field work is carried out very fast.

2. Accuracy of measurement is high.

3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

B-Auto level- It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the elevations of various pointsAuto
level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the level of ground to retaining
wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all marking was made to fix the level of particular
elevations then casting of slab was performed.

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Transferring of surface level to retaining wall:

1 – Set the auto level at the building floor level.

2 – Level the instrument.

3 – Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.

4 – Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such a way so that reading
of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.

2. 3.EXCAVATION

Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated soil was transferred
using dumpers.

Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

1-There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.

2-Dewatering should be done before construction work.

3-During rainy season excavation work should be avoided

2. 4. FOUNDATION

Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation wall. Gravel or crushed
stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely in the
ground. Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided

■Isolated Footing-

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square or
rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely used footing.
Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing
forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when columns are
not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars
placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings
may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated footing.

8
■Combined footing

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be permissible to extend
the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this
will result in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to
provide a common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it. Combined footings
under two or more columns are used under closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where
individual footings, if they were provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other.
This footing is called “combined footing”.

A view of Isolated and Combined footings at construction site

Fig.1.8 ISOLATED FOOTINGS Fig.1.9 COMBINED FOOTINGS

■Raft footing or Mat footing

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used when very heavy
loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having very low and differential bearing
capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are several types of raft
foundation in use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types

Raft footings are provided in following cases-

■When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control buoyancy.

■When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

■When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.

■Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided and it serves as footing as well
as floor.

9
2.5 CONCRETING

After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.

During concreting following equipment’s are used-

■Concrete mixer. ■Mounted concrete pump.

■Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).

During concreting work following instructions should be followed-

■There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

■There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

■There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

2.6 WALL CONSTRUCTION

In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and half brick walls are
made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick because it was a high rise building. All the walls
were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and provide horizontal stability to
building and reduces the deflection.

Fig.2.0 Workers at site during forming work for RCC wall construction

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10.2.7BEAMS AND COLUMNS

In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams proper reinforcement should
be done for positive as well as negative bending moments. In such type of structures short columns are
constructed with minimum eccentricity. In square or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm
diameter bars must be used and spacing should not be more than as per code IS 456:2000.

Fig.2.1 Fixed type beam constructed at site with positive as well as negative reinforcement

2.8 SLAB

Slabs are of following types-

■One way slabIn one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect ratio
should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated is provided only in shorter
direction and in other direction distribution steel is provided.

■Two way slabIn two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab aspect ratio
should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer directions and
at the supports negative reinforcement is also provided.

■Detailing of reinforcement in two way slab is as following

Fig 2.2 Dimension of slab

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 SECTION-3

MATERIALS

3.1MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE

At the construction site following materials were being used

3.1.1. Cement

The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This paste first sets i.e. it
becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction, called hydration, between the cement and
water. On setting & hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus
provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grade of
cement. The grades of cement are as-

■33 Grades

■43 Grades

■53 Grades

■At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.

■The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)

3.1.2. Aggregate

Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is very rarely used
in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will
be costly to use neat cementin construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong &
durable hard materials. They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper
as cement.

Types of aggregates:

■Fine Aggregate

■Coarse Aggregate

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■Fine aggregate (sand)-

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron (.075mm) I.S.
sieve is known as fine aggregate.

Fig.2.3 FINE AGGREGATE OLACED NEAR RMC PLANT

Function of fine aggregate-

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the coarse
aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and increase the
workability of the concrete mix.

■Coarse aggregate

The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is known as
coarse aggregates.

■At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.

Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix design).

Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.

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3.1.3 Reinforcement:#8mm dia lateral #20mm dialongitudional bars

The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its strength is called
reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear, bending moment, torsion and compression.

■Function of reinforcement-

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression and week in
tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the concrete members. At the site contractor using
the high strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm,
16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design.

At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement bars were being used.
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars. The bars were of brand
TATATISCON.

■The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal expansion
of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value

3.1.4 Fly ash

At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by burning of coal in thermal
power plants.

The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-

■It is free of cost.

■It’s consumption reduces environmental pollution.

■It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

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3.1.5 Admixtures-

Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce water content.
Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711
(MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture was being used to increase workability and to reduce
quantity of water in concrete mix.

Types of admixtures-

■Accelerators

■Retarders

■Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers

■Air entraining agents

■Bonding admixtures

3.1.6 Other materials-

■ Stone dust

■Fly Ash

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3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED

Fig.2.4 Concrete pump Fig2.5 Rotary mixer for transporting R.M.C.

Fig2.6 CraneFig2.7 Boom pump

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 SECTION-4

QUALITY CONTROL

Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply with
requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality characteristics of a unit,
compares them with the established standards, and analyses the differences between the results obtained
and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct any differences.

■Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials, poor design, poor
detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement, improper concrete mix, excess water,
inadequate compaction, substandard forms, inadequate curing, inadequate cover, poor construction
practices, poor supervision and above all lack of technical knowledge.

4.1QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE WORKS

Since concrete keeps a very important place in modern building construction works, so it is necessary to
test and inspection of concrete work at site.

Following points should be kept in mind while concreting.

■There should proper compacting of poured concrete because every 1% void reduce the strength of
concrete by 20%.

■There should be proper curing of concrete work for at least 7to10days because it helps in gaining the
strength.

■Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab

■There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial setting time etc. ■There
should be proper portioning of materials while preparing R.M.C.

4.1.1Quality control works in concreting at site

■Needle vibrator was being used for compaction.

■RMC plant was being operated for concrete mixing.

■A lab was established for testing.

17
 SECTION -5

CONTRIBUTION

5.1REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT AND CASTING OF SLAB:

At there I was involved while placement of reinforcement bar for monolithic construction of concrete slab
with beam. Reinforcement in the slab with alternate bent up bars provided at supports in order to provide
negative reinforcement at support in two way slab. In concreting, concrete pump, needle vibrator etc.
were used

Fig.no. 2.7 Reinforcement placing for slab

5.2IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

■In the retaining wall two sided reinforcement was provided with 16mm steel bars with 200mm c/c
spacing.

■The retaining wall was constructed without shear key.

■The retaining wall was constructed without shear key.

Fig2.8 RETAINING WALL AFTER

CONSTRUCTION

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5.3- IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHEAR WALL

At the site all the walls were provided with two sided reinforcement and constructed by concrete which
may work as shear wall during earthquake or wind blow. In general buildings lift pit acts as shear wall
and reduces horizontal deflection of building during horizontal loading.

5.4- TREMIX FLOORING

Tremix flooring is a special type of flooring mostly being done in the industrial sector. It provides better
wearing and tearing properties. Since the building was also designed for underground parking facility so
tremix flooring was done for this purpose. In this process any type of reinforcement was not provided,
only concreting was done by M35 concrete with required slope. All Mason tools and tackles required to
available at site.

Some special tools required for tremix flooring are as follows-

1. Vacuum de-watering Pump 2. Floater machine

3. Tremix skin 4. Double beam screed vibrator

19
 SECTION- 6

Other images of construction site

20
 RESULT DISCUSSION

5.6 IMPACT VALUE OF AGGREGATE

 The Aggregate Impact Values are

Percentage Result
< 10 % Exceptionally Strong
10 – 20 % Strong
10 – 30 % Satisfactory for Road Surface
>35 % Weak for Road Surface

Obtained Value is 6.93 % Which is Less than 10 % therefore aggregate is

Expect Strong

5.7 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE

The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in road construction ranges from about
2.5 to 2.9. Water absorption values ranges from 0.1 to about 2.0 percent for aggregates
normally used in road surfacing.

Therefore our result obtained = 0.6 %

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 CONCLUSION

 We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.
As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done.
 As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the
practical work.
 Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to
shorter span of panel.
 In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end
condition, corresponding bending moment.
 The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly
ratio.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

 A further research for development of new technologies in composite such as slim-floor slab
semi continuous connection to the column, new steel sheet or system to.
 Minimize the time of reaction and assembly is desirable.
 Preparation of miniature specimens for testing may be thought of to avoid costly
experimentation generally carried out on full size models to know the exact behavior of steel
concrete composite structural element. A numerical analysis of the same will also be highly
desirable to correlate the data and result.
 The use of precast concrete and even the pre stressed concrete component in certain
composite structure application may prove fruitful as it has potential due the economy that
can be achieved by these component in term of time labour and money

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 LIST OF FIGURE

S.No. Figure Page No.

1 Fig.No-1.0 Gloves 03
2 Fig.No- 1.1Helmet 03
3 Fig.No- 1.2 Harnesses 03
4 Fig.No-1.3 Nets 03
5 Fig.No-1.5 Almunium Formwork 06
6 Fig.No-1.6 Flex Type Formwork 06
7 Fig.No-1.7 Wig Nut 06
8 Fig.No-1.8 Isolated footing 09
9 Fig.No- 1.9 Combined footing 09

10 Fig.No- 2.0 Formwork for R.C.C Wall 10

11 Fig.No-2.1 Fixed Beam 11
12 Fig.No-2.2 Dimension of Slab 11
13 Fig.No-2.3fine aggregate placed near R.M.C. 13
plant
14 Fig.No-2.4 Concrete Pump 16
15 Fig.No-2.5 Rotary mixture for transportation of 16
R.M.C
16 Fig.No-2.6Boom pump 16
17 Fig.No-2.7Reinforcement placing for slab 18
18 Fig.No-2.8Retaining wall after construction 19
19 Other images of construction site 20