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Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity and Differentiability
&
DIFFERENTIABILITY
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
♦ EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 29 – 38
♦ EXERCISE - II .................................................................................................. 39 – 42
♦ EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 48 – 51
♦ EXERCISE - V ................................................................................................. 52 – 54
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Page # 2 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
JEE Syllabus :
continuity of a function, continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions,
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, [email protected]
0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 3
A. DEFINITION OF CONTINUITY
Continuity at a Point : – A function f is continuous at c if the following three conditions are met.
(i) f(x) is defined. (ii) lim f(x) exists. (iii) lim f(x) = f(c).
x →c x →c
x=a x=a
(continuous) (Discontinuous)
One-sided Continuity :
A function f defined in some neighbourhood of a point c for c ≤ c is said to be continuous at c from the
left if xlim
→c −
f(x) = f(c).
A function f defined in some neigbourhood of a point c for x ≥ c is said to be continuous at c from the
right if xlim
→c +
f(x) = f(c).
One-sided continuity is a collective term for functions continuous from the left or from the right.
If the function f is continuous at c, then it is continuous at c from the left and from the right .
Conversely, if the function f is continuous at c from the left and from the right, then xlim
→c
f(x) exists &
Continuity In An Interval :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in an open interval (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every
point ∈ (a , b).
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Page # 4 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist i.e. Limit− f(x) ≠ Limit f (x)
x →c x →c x →c +
2x 5 − 8 x 2 + 11 3 sin3 x + cos 2 x + 1
(a) (b) f(x) =
x 4 + 4x3 + 8x 2 + 8x + 4 4 cos x − 2
Sol. (a) A function representing a ratio of two continous functions will be (polynomials in this case)
discontinuous only at points for which the denominator zero. But in this case
(x4 + 4x3 + 8x2 + 8x + 4) = (x2 + 2x + 2)2 = [(x + 1)2 + 1]2 > 0 (always greater than zero)
Hence f(x) is continuous throughout the entire real line.
(b) The function f(x) suffers discontinuities only at points for which the denominator is equal to zero
i.e. 4 cos x – 2 = 0 or cos x = 1/2 ⇒ x = xn = ± π/3 + 2nπ (n = 0, ±1, ±2...)
Thus the function f(x) is continuous everywhere, except at the point xn.
2 − (256 − 7 x )1/ 8
Ex.2 The function f(x) = , x ≠ 0 is continuous everywhere then find the value of f(0).
(5x + 32)1/ 5 − 2
Sol. Since f(x) is continuous
1
.( 256 )1/ 8−1 7 ( 2)−7 7 1 7 7
7 8 = . 3 = x n − an
= . = . −4 ⇒ f(0) = . ∵ xlim − nan−1
5 1 8 ( 2) 8 2 64 64 →a x − a
.(32)1/ 5 −1
5
− 2 sin x if x ≤ −π / 2
π
A sin x + B if − < x < π/2
Ex.3 Let f(x) = 2 Find A and B so as to make the function continuous.
cos x if x ≥ π/2
Sol. At x = – π/2
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 5
π π
Replace x by – – h where h → 0 Replace x by – + h where h → 0.
2 2
π π
Lim – 2 sin − − h = 2 = Lim A sin − + h + B = B – A
h →0 2 h →0 2
So B – A = 2 ...(i)
At x = π/2
π π
Replace x by –h Replace x by +h
2 2
where h → 0 where h → 0
π π
= Lim A sin − h + B = A + B = Lim cos + h = 0
h→ 0 2 h→0 2
So A + B = 0 ...(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), B = 1, A = –1
1 1
2 − +
( x + 1) |x| x , x ≠ 0
Ex.4 Test the continuity of f(x) at x = 0 if f(x) =
0 , x=0
1 1
2 − +
|0 −h| ( 0 −h )
L.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 – h) = hlim (0 − h + 1) = hlim (1 – h)2 = (1 – 0)2 = 1
→0 − →0 →0 →0
1 1 2
2 − + 2−
f(0) = 0. & R.H.L = xlim
→0 +
f(x) = hlim
→0
f(0 + h) = lim (h + 1) |h| h
= lim (h + 1) h
= 1– ∞ = 1
h→0 h →0
Ex.5 If f(x) be continuous function for all real values of x and satisfies;
lim f(x) = f ( 3 ) x 2 − 2x + 2 3 − 3
Thus, x→ 3
where f(x) = ,x≠ 3
3−x
( 2 − 3 − x )( 3 − x )
lim f(x) = lim x − 2x + 2 3 − 3
2
= xlim = 2( Ι − 3 )
x→ 3 x→ 3 3−x → 3 ( 3 − x)
f ( 3 ) = 2 (1 − 3 ) .
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 6 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
π
(1+ | sin x | , − <x<0
a /(|sin x|)
6
Ex.6 Let f(x) = b , x = 0 Determine a and b such that f is continuous at x = 0.
e tan 2 x / tan 3 x , x>0
Sol. For x < 0,
L.H.L. = xlim
→0 −
f(x) = hlim
→0
f(0 – h) = hlim
→0
(1 + |sin (0 – h)|)a/(|sin(0 – h)|)
For x = 0, f(0) = b
tan 2h tan 2h / 2h 2
For x > 0,R.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 + h) = lim lim .
eh →0 tan 3h = eh→ 0 tan 3h / 3h 3 = e
(1/1) . (2/3)
→0 + →0
= e2/3
Acosx +Bxsinx −5
Ex.7 If f (x) = (x ≠ 0) is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of A and B . Also find f
x4
(0).
A cosx +Bxsinx −5
Now Limit
x→0 4
as x → 0 ; Numerator → A − 5 and Denominator → 0.
x
Hence A − 5 = 0 ⇒ A=5
5 sinx sin2 x
Bx sinx −5(1−cosx ) B. x − 1+cosx
Limit Limit x2
Hence x →0 = x →0
x4 x2
5 5
as x → 0 ; Numerator → B − and Denominator → 0 ⇒ B =
2 2
x cos x − 4sin 2 x
Limit xsinx −2(1−cosx )
5 5 2xsin 2
Hence l = = Limit 2 2
x →0 x →0
2 x4 2 x4
x
2sin 2 x −2cos x
xcos 2
5 Limit Limit 2
= x →0 x →0
Let x = 2 θ
2 x x3
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 7
a 2[ x ] + { x } − 1
, x≠0
Ex.8 Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = 2[ x ] + { x } (a ≠ 1)
log a , x=0
e
at x = 0, where [x] and {x} are the greatest integer function and fractional part of x respectively.
Sol. Value of function = f(0) = loge a
a 2[ 0 − h ] + { 0 − h } − 1 a 2[ 0 −h]+ { −1+(1−h )} − 1 a −1 − 1 1
L.H.L. = xlim f(x) = hlim f(0 – h) = hlim = hlim = = 1−
→0 − →0 →0 2[0 − h] + {0 − h} → 0 2[0 − h] + {−1 + (1 − h)} −1 a
2[ 0 +h]+ {0 +h} −1
lim f(0 + h) = lim a a 0 +h − 1 ah − 1
and R.H.L. = xlim f(x) = = lim = lim = loge a
→0 + h→ 0 h→0 2[0 + h] + {0 + h} h→0 0 + h h →0 h
1 + a cos 2x + b cos 4 x
if x ≠ 0
x 2 sin2 x
Ex.9 Let f (x) = If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of (b + c)3
c if x = 0
– 3a.
1 + a cos 2x + b cos 4 x
Sol. Lim as x → 0, Nr → 1 + a + b Dr → 0
x →0 x4
a cos 2x + b cos 4 x − (a + b)
for existence of limit a + b + 1 = 0 ∴ c = Lim .....(2)
x →0 x4
limit of Nr ⇒ 2a + 8b = 0 ⇒ a = – 4b
1 4
hence – 4b + b = – 1 ⇒ b= and a=–
3 3
8 sin2 x sin2 x 8
= · 2 · 2 =
3 x x 3
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Page # 8 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
a(1− xsinx )+bcosx +5
x <0
x2
Ex.10 Let f(x) = 3 x =0 . If f is continuous at x = 0, then find the values of a,
1
1+ cx +dx
3 x
x >0
x2
b, c & d .
a (1 − x sin x ) + b cos x + 5
Sol. f (0 −) = Limit
x →0
for existence of limit a + b + 5 = 0
x2
a (1 − x sin x ) − (a + 5) cos x + 5
a (1 − cos x ) + 5 (1 − cos x ) − a x sin x
= Limit x2 = Limit
x →0 x→0
x2
a 5
= + −a = 3 ⇒ a=−1 ⇒ b=−4
2 2
1/ x
x (c + d x 2 )
f (0 ) = Limit
+
1+ for existence of limit c = 0
x →0
x2
Limit 1
x dx
Limit (1 + dx)1/x = e x → 0 = ed = 3 ⇒ d = ln 3
x →0
e 2x −1−x(e 2x +1)
Ex.11 The function , f (x) = is not defined at x = 0 . What should be the value of f (x) so
x3
that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 .
= Limit
[ ] [
( e 2t −1)3 +3e 2t e 2t −1−t( e 2t +1) + 3t e 2t (e 2t +1)−e 6t −1 ]
t →0
27t 3
( e 2t −1)3 1 1
= Limit
t →0 3
+ Limit e2t × l − Limit
t →0 t →0
(e2t − 1) (e4t − 1)
27t 9 9t 2
8 8 8 Limit e 2t −1 e 4t −1 1 2
⇒ = − × ⇒ l = −1 = –
9 27 9 t →0 3 3
2t 4t
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 9
f ( x + 2) ; − 3 ≤ x < −2
f (0) ; − 2 ≤ x < −1
Hence g(x) = Hence g(x) is continuous in the interval [–3, 1].
f ( x + 1) ; − 1 ≤ x < +0
1 − x ; x≥0
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 10 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
1 1 1
Ex.14 Given the function, f (x) = x + + +......upto∞ .
x(1+x ) (1+x )(1+2x ) (1+2x )(1+3x )
Find f (0) if f (x) is continuous at x = 0 .
2 if x ≠ 0 and n → ∞
upto n terms when x ≠ 0. Hence f (x) = 1+ x
2 1
f (x) = −
1+ x 1 + nx 2 if x = 0 for continuity.
Ex.15 Let f : R → R be a function which satisfies f(x + y3) = f(x) + (f(y))3 ∀ x, y ∈ R. If f is continuous at x
= 0, prove that f is continuous every where.
Now, hlim
→0
f(x + h) = hlim
→0
f(x) + (f(h))3 = f(x) + hlim
→0
(f(h))3 = f(x) + 0 = f(x).
B. CLASSIFICATION OF DISCONTINUITY
Definition :– Let a function f be defined in the neighbourhood of a point c, except perhaps at c itself.
Then the point c is called a discontinuity of the first kind in the function f(x).
x 2 + 1 for x < 0,
x = 0,
y=
5 for
The function
−x for x > 0,
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 11
1
The function y = has no limits (neither one-sided nor
( x − 2)( x − 3)
1
two-sided) at x = 2 and x = 3 since xlim = ∞. Therefore
→0 ( x − 2)( x − 3)
x = 2 and x = 3 are discontinuities of the second kind
also the one-sided limits) do not exist; x = 0 is a discontinuity of the second kind.
It is not true that discontinuities of the second kind only
(a) In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable
x →c
discontinuity. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) & make it
x →c
continuous at x = c.
(i) Missing Point Discontinuity : where Limit f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined . e.g. f(x)
x →a
(1 − x )(9 − x 2 )
= has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 .
(1 − x )
e.g. f(x) =
x 2 − 16 , x ≠ 4 & f (4) = 9 has a break at x = 4.
x−4
(b) In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by
x →c
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Page # 12 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
1 1
(ii) Infinite discontinuity : e.g. f(x) = or g(x) = at x = 4.
x−4 ( x − 4 )2
Remark :
(i) In case of finite discontinuity the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at x = c &
LHL at x = c is called THE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY . A function having a finite number of jumps in a
given interval I is called a PIECE-WISE CONTINUOUS OR SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this interval.
(ii) All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, Exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in
their domains.
x sin x
composite gof (x) = will also be continuous at x = 0.
x2 + 2
C. THEOREMS OF CONTINUITY
THEOREM–1 If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by
F1(x) = f(x) ± g(x) ; F2(x) = K f(x) , K any real number ; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous
f ( x)
at x= c. Further, if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x= c.
g( x )
THEOREM–2 If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function
sin πx x ≠ 0
φ (x) = f(x) . g(x) is not necessarily discontinuous at x = a . e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) =
0 x=0
THEOREM–3 If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function
1 x≥0
φ (x) = f(x) . g(x) is not necessarily discontinuous at x = a . e.g. f(x) = − g(x) =
− 1 x < 0
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 13
f( x) = x 3 + 2 x − 1
y
y y
f(a) 2 (1, 2)
f(a)
k 1 (c, 0)
k
f(b) f(b) [ ] x
–1 1
[ ] x [ ] x –1 (0, –1)
c1 c2 c3 a
a b b
(Fig. 1) (Fig. 2) (Fig. 3)
f is continuous on [a, b]. (For k, f is not continuous on [a, b]. f is continuous on [0, 1] with
there exist 3 c’s.) (For k, there are no c’s.) f(0) < 0 and f(1) > 0.
3
Ex.16 Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that the polynomial function f(x) = x + 2x – 1 has a zero
in the interval [0, 1]
Sol. Note that f is continuous on the closed interval [0, 1]. Because
3 3
f(0) = 0 + 2(0) – 1 = –1 and f(1) = 1 + 2(1) – 1 = 2
it follows that f(0) < 0 and f(1) > 0. You can therefore apply the Intermediate Value Theorem to
conclude that there must be some c in [0, 1] such that f(c) = 0, as shown in Figure 3.
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Page # 14 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
1
Ex.17 State intermediate value theorem and use it to prove that the equation x−5 = has at least
x+3
one real root.
1
Sol. Let f (x) = x −5 – first, f (x) is continuous on [5, 6]
x+3
1 1 1 8
Also f (5) = 0 – =– < 0, f (6) = 1 – = >0
5+3 8 9 9
Hence by intermediate value theorem ∃ at least one value of c ∈ (5, 6)
for which f (c) = 0
1 1
∴ c−5 – =0 ∴ c is root of the equation x −5 = and c ∈ (5, 6)
c+3 x +3
Ex.18 Let f : R → R satisfy f(x) – f(y) =ex – y – 1 ∀ x, y ∈ R. Prove that f is a continuous function. Also prove
that the function f(x) has atleast one zero if f(0) < 1.
Since f(x) is positive for large positive x and negative of large negative x, by Intermediate Value
Theorem f(x) = 0 has atleast one root.
Ex.19 If f(x) be a continuous function in [0, 2π] and f(0) = f(2π) then prove that there exists point
c ∈ (0, π) such that f(c) = f(c + π).
Sol. Let g(x) = f(x) – f(x + π) ....(i)
at x = π; g(π) = f(π) – f(2π) ....(ii)
at x = 0, g(0) = f(0) – f(π) ...(iii)
adding (ii) and (iii), g(0) + g(π) = f(0) – f(2π)
⇒ g(0) + g(π) = 0 [Given f(0) = f(2π) ⇒ g(0) = –g(π)
⇒ g(0) and g(π) are opposite in sign.
⇒ There exists a point c between 0 and π such g(c) = 0 as shown in graph;
From (i) putting x = c g(c) = f(c) – f(c + π) = 0 Hence, f(c) = f(c + π)
D. DIFFERENTIABILITY
∆y f ( c + ∆x ) − f ( c )
lim = lim =m
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x
exists, then the line passing through (c, f(c)) with slope m is the tangent line to the graph of f at the
point (c, f(c)).
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 15
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (c, f(c)) is also called the slope of the graph
of f at x = c.
The above definition of a tangent line to a curve does not cover the possibility of a vertical tangent
line. For vertical tangent lines, you can use the following definition. If f is continuous at c and
f (c + ∆x ) − f (c )
lim =∞
∆x →0 ∆x
then the vertical line, x = c, passing through (c, f(c)) is a vertical tangent line to the graph of f. For
example, the function shown in Figure has a vertical tangent line at (c, f(c)). If the domain of f is the
closed interval [a, b], then you can extend the definition of a vertical tangent line to include the
endpoints by considering continuity and limits from the right (for x = a) and from the left (for x = b).
f (a + ∆x ) − f (a) Vertical
lim + =∞ y
∆x →0 ∆x tangent
line.
f (b + ∆x ) − f (b)
lim − =∞
∆x → 0 ∆x (c, f(c))
f ¢(a) =
Limit f ( x )−f (a) , provided the limit exists.
x→ a x−a
Here we change our point of view and let the number a vary. If we replace a in Equation 1 by a variable
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
x, we obtain f′(x) = lim ...(2)
h →0 h
Given any number x for which this limit exists, we assign to x the number f′(x). So we can regard f′ as
a new function, called the derivative of f and defined by Equation 2. We know that the value of f′(x),
can be interpreted geometrically as the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at the point (x, f(x)).
The function f′ is called the derivative of f because it has been “derived” from f by the limiting
operation in Equation 2. The domain of f′ is the set {x|f′(x) exists} and may be smaller than the
domain of f.
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Page # 16 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
change in y ∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Average rate of change = = =
change in x ∆x ∆x
As the interval over which we are averaging becomes shorter (that is, as ∆x → 0), the average rate of
change approaches what we would intuitively call the instantaneous rate of change of y with
dy
respect to x, and the difference quotient approaches the derivative . Thus, we have
dx
∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Instantaneous Rate of Change = lim = lim = f′(x)
∆ x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x
To summarize :
Instantaneous Rate of Change
Suppopse f(x) is differentiable at x = x0. Then the instantaneous rate of cange of y = f(x) with
respect to x at x0 is the value of the derivative of f at x0. That is
dy
Instantaneous Rate of Change = f′(x0) = dx
x = x0
Ex.20 Find the rate at which the function y = x2 sin x is changing with respect to x when x = π.
For any x, the instantaneous rate of change in the derivative,
dy
Sol. = 2x sin x + x2 cos x
dx
dy
Thus, the rate when x = π is = 2π sin π + π2 cos π = 2π(0) + π2 (–1) = – π2
dx x=π
The negative sign indicates that when x = π, the function is decreasing at the rate of π2 ≈ 9.9 units of
y for each one-unit increase in x.
Let us consider an example comparing the average rate of change and the instantaneous rate of
change.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 17
f( x + h)−f( x )
Also f( x + h)− f ( x )= .h[h ≠ 0]
h
If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain, then it is continuous in that domain .
1
The functions f(x) = x & g(x) = x sin ; x ≠ 0 & g(0) = 0 are continuous at x = 0 but not
x
derivable at x = 0.
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Page # 18 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Remark :
(a) Let f ′+(a) = p & f ′_(a) = q where p & q are finite then :
/ Discontinuous
Differentiable ⇒ Continuous ; Non-differentiable ⇒
Ex.22 Given f (x) = x2 . sgn (x) examine the continuity and derivability at the origin.
x 2 if x >0
h 2 −0
Sol. f (x) = 0 if x =0 f ′ (0+) = Limit
h→0
= 0
h
−x 2 if x<0
h2 − 0
f ′ (0 −) = Limit − = 0⇒ f is derivable at x = 0 ⇒ continuous at x = 0
h→0 −h
− 1 − x ; x ≤ −1
| x 2 − 1 | ; − 1< x ≤ 0
Ex.23 If f(x) = k( − x + 1) ; 0 < x ≤ 1 , then find the value of k so that f(x) becomes continuous at x = 0.
| x − 1 | ; x >1
a1/ x −a −1/ x
Ex.24 Examine the function , f (x) = x . , x≠ 0 (a > 0) and f (0) = 0 for continuity and
a1/ x +a −1/ 2
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 19
Ex.25 If f(x) = |x + 1| {|x| + |x – 1|}, then draw the graph of f(x) in the interval [–2, 2] and discuss the
continuity and differentiablity in [–2, 2]
Y (2, 9)
Sol. Here, f(x) = |x + 1| { |x| + |x – 1| }
)
,2
( x + 1)(2x − 1); − 2 ≤ x < −1 (1
+1
− ( x + 1)(2x − 1); − 1 ≤ x < 0 x
1
f(x) = ( x + 1); 0 ≤ x <1
( x + 1)(2x − 1); X
1≤ x ≤ 2 –2 –1 0 1 2
| 1 − 4x 2 | , 0 ≤ x < 1
Ex.26 If f(x) = 2 where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
| x − 2x | , 1 ≤ x < 2
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) in [0, 2).
Sol. Since 1 ≤ x < 2 ⇒ 0 ≤ x – 1 < 1 then [x2 – 2x] = [(x – 1)2 – 1] = [(x – 1)2] – 1 = 0 – 1 = –1
Y
1 3
1 − 4 x , 0 ≤ x < 2
2
1
f(x) = 4 x − 1 , ≤ x <1
2
∴ ∴ Graph of f(x) : 1
2
−1 , 1≤ x < 2
O
X
1/2 1 2
–1
1
It is clear from the graph that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 and not differentiable at x = and x = 1.
2
2 x 2 sin π x x≤1
Ex.27 Let f (x) = [ 3 be a differential function . Examine whether it is twice differentiable in R.
x + ax + b x > 1
2
f ′(1+ )=3+2a 2π + 3 2π + 3
Sol. differentiability of f gives : a + b + 1 = 0and −
]⇒a = − and b =
f ′(1 )=−2π 2 2
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Page # 20 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
x3 if x < 1
Ex.28 Suppose f (x) = . If f '' (1) exist then find the value of a2 + b2 + c2.
ax 2 + bx + c if x ≥ 1
∴ a+b+c=1 ....(1)
3x 2 if x < 1
f ' (x) = for continuity of f ' (x) at x = 1 f ' (1–) = 3; f ' (1+) = 2a + b
2ax + b if x ≥ 1
hence 2a + b = 3 ....(2)
6 x if x < 1
f '' (x) = f '' (1–) = 6; f '' (1+) = 2a for continuity of f '' (x) 2a = 6 ⇒ a = 3
2a if x ≥ 1
Ex.29 Check the differentiability of the function f(x) = max {sin–1 |sin x|, cos–1 |sin x|}.
π
x , nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
Sol. sin–1 |sin x| is periodic with period π ⇒ sin–1 |sin x| = 2
π
π − x , nπ + ≤ x ≤ nπ + π
2
π
Also cos–1 |sin x| = – sin–1 |sin x|
2
π π
2 − x, nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
4
π π π π
x, 2 − x , nπ ≤ x ≤ nπ +
2
x,
nπ + < nπ +
4 2
⇒ f(x) = max π π ⇒ f(x) =
π − x, x − π 3π
, nπ + ≤ x ≤ nπ + π π − x, nπ + < x ≤ nπ +
2 2 2 4
π π 3π π 3π
⇒ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0, , , , π......... x − 2 , nπ +
4
< x ≤ nπ + π
4 2 4
nπ
⇒ f(x) is not differentiable at x = .
4
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 21
2x
Ex.30 Let f(x) = cos–1 2 . Define f′(x) for every x ∈ R stating clearly the point where f(x) is not
1+ x
differentiable.
2x 1 2(1 + x 2 ) − 4 x 2 2(1 − x 2 )
Sol. f(x) = cos–1 , x ∈ R ⇒ f′(x) = – · ; f′(x) = –
1+ x
2
2x
2 (1 + x 2 )2 | 1 − x 2 | (1 + x 2 )
1− 2
1+ x
Since xlim
→1−
f′(x) and xlim
→1+
f′(x) have finite values which are unequal, f′(1) does not exist.
2
− 1+ x2 if − 1 < x < 1
non existent if x = ± 1
Similarly f′(–1) does not exist. hence f′(x) =
2
if x > 1 or x < −1
1+ x
2
Ex.31 Find the interval of values of k for which the function f(x) = |x2 + (k – 1) |x| – k| is non differentiable
at five points.
Sol. f(x) = |x2 + (k – 1) |x| – k| = |(|x| – 1) (|x| + k)|
Also f(x) is an even function and f(x) is not differentiable at five points.
So |(x – 1) (x + k)| is non differentiable for two positive values of x.
⇒ Both the roots of (x – 1) (x + k) = 0 are positive.
⇒ k<0⇒ k ∈ (–∞, 0).
1
(1 + { x }) 1 { x }
{x}
, x ≠ Integer
Ex.32 Let f(x) = e . Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f(x) at any
2
, x = Integer
e
1
(1 + { x }) 1 { x }
{ x}
, x ≠I
Sol. f(x) = e
2
, x =I
e
2
Let x = I0 be any arbitrary integers f(I0) =
e
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Page # 22 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
1
(1 + {I − h}) {I0 −h} (1 + 1)1 1 2
f (I0− ) = hlim f(I0 – h) = lim 0 = =
→0 h → 0 e e e
1/ h
1/ h (1+h )1 / h 1 (1+h )1 / h 1 (1+h )1/ h
(1 + h)1/ h lim
h→ 0
lim
h→ 0 h
−1
lim
h→0 h
−1
lim
(1+h )1/ h − e
f(I0 + h) = hlim (I + h) = lim
= e e
=e e
=e e
=e h →0 eh
→0 0 h →0 e
1 h2 h3 1 h h2
1
ln(1+h ) h − + −.... −h − + −.....
h 2 3 2 3 4
Now (1 + h)1/h = e h =e
= e.e
1 h h2
− h 2 − 3 + 4 −.... 2
e −1 1 − h + h −.... ( −1)
2 3 4
1 h h2
−h − + −.... lim
2 3 4 h→ 0 1 h h2
−1
e −h − + −.... −
1
lim 2 3 4
⇒ f (I0+ ) = e h →0 h =e
=e 2
Since f(I0 + 0) ≠ f(I0 – 0) ⇒ f(x) is discontinuous at any integeral point and hence non-differentiable.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 23
A third possibility is that the curve has a vertical tangent line when at x = a, lim |f′(x)| = ∞
x →a
This means that the tangent lines become steeper and steeper as x → a. Figure (a, b, c) illustrates the
three posibilities that we have discussed.
y y y
0 x x x
a 0 a 0 a
(a) A corner (b) A discontinuity (c) A Vertical tangent
Right hand & Left hand Derivatives By definition : f ′(a) = Limit f(a + h)−f(a)
h→0 h
(i) The right hand derivative of f ′ at x = a denoted by f ′+(a) is defined by :
f(a + h)−f(a)
f ′+(a) = Limit
h→0 +
, provided the limit exists & is finite.
h
(ii) The left hand derivative of f at x = a denoted by f ′_(a) is defined by :
f(a − h)−f(a )
f ′ _(a) = Limit
h→0 +
, Provided the limit exists & is finite.
−h
We also write f ′+(a) = f ′(a+) & f ′_(a) = f ′(a-) .
f′(a) exists if and only if these one-sided derivatives exist and are equal.
xe1/x
,x≠0
Ex.33 If a function f is defined by f(x) = 1 + e1/x show that f is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
0 ,x=0
xe1/ x e1/ x x
Sol. We have f(0 + 0) = lim = lim = lim 1/ x =0
x →0 + 0 1 + e1 / x x →0 + 0 1 + e 1 / x x →0 + 0 e +1
xe1/ x
f(0 – 0) = lim =0
x →0 −0 1 + e1 / x
xe1/ x
−0
f ( x ) − f (0 ) 1 + e1/ x e1/ x 1
Again f′(0 + 0) = lim = lim = lim = lim −1 / x =1
x →0 + 0 x−0 x →0 + 0 x x →0 + 0 1 + e1/ x x →0 + 0 e +1
xe1/ x
f ( x ) − f (0 ) −0 e1/ x
= lim 1 + e
1/ x
f′(0 – 0) = lim = lim =0
x →0 −0 x−0 x →0 −0 x x →0 −0 1 + e1/ x
Since f′(0 + 0) ≠ f′(0 – 0), the derivative of f(x) at x = 0 does not exist.
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Page # 24 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
π π π
Ex.34 A function f(x) is such that f x + = – |x| ∀ x. Find f′ , if it exists.
2 2 2
π π
π π + f + h − f π − | h | − π
π
Given that f x + = f′ 2 2 = 2 2 = −1
2 = hlim
Sol. – |x| ⇒
2 2 →0 h h
π π
f − h − f π − | −h | − π π
π−
⇒ and f′ = lim 2 2 = 2 2 =1 ⇒ f′ doesn’t exist.
2 h→0 − h − h 2
n
f ( a + 1 n)
Ex.35 Let f be differentiable at x = a and let f (a) ≠ 0. Evaluate Lim .
n→ ∞
f (a )
n
f ( a + 1 n)
Sol. l = Lim (1∞ form)
n →∞
f ( a)
f (a +1 n)− f (a ) f ( a + h )− f ( a ) 1
Lim n Lim · f '( a )
n→∞
f (a ) h→0 h f (a ) f (a )
l= e = e = e (put n = 1/h)
1 if |x|≥ 1
|x| 2
Ex.36 A function f is defined as , f (x) = . If f (x) is derivable at x =1/2 find the values
a+bx 2 if |x|< 1
2
of 'a' and 'b'.
1 1
if x ≥
1 1 1 x 2
|x| if x ≥ or x ≤ −
2 2
1 1
Sol. f (x) = = − if x ≤ −
x 2
1 1
a + bx 2 if − < x <
2 2 1 1
a + bx 2 if − < x <
2 2
1
−2 1
1 1 1 1 − 2 + h
1+ f + h − f + h
f ' = 2 = Lim 2 2 Lim − 2h
2 Lim 2 = Lim
h →0 1
= h →0
1
=–4
h →0 h h→0 h h + h h + h
2 2
2
1 1 1 b
1− f − h − f a + b − h − 2 a + − 2 − bh + h
2
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 25
b 1−
for existence of limit a + = 2 ....(1) ⇒ 2 = b
f '
4
1− 1+
∴ f' = b = f' = – 4 ∴ a – 1 = 2⇒ a = 3
2 2 Hence a = 3 and b = – 4
1. If f(x) & g(x) are derivable at x = a then the functions f(x) + g(x), f(x) − g(x), f(x). g(x) will also
be derivable at x = a & if g (a) ≠ 0 then the function f(x)/g(x) will also be derivable at x = a.
If f and g are differentiable functions, then prove that their product fg is differentiable.
Let a be a number in the domain of fg. By the definition of the product of two functions we have
(fg) (a) = f(a) g(a) (fg) (a + t) = f(a + t) g(a + t).
f (a + t ) − f (a ) g(a + t ) − g(a)
Thus (fg)′ (a) = lim g(a + t ) + f (a) .
t →0 t t
The limit of a sum of products is the sum of the products of the limits. Moreover, f′(a) and g′(a)
exist by hypothesis. Finally, since g is differentiable at a, it is continuous there ; and so
f (a + t ) − f ( a ) g(a + t ) − g(a)
(fg)′(a) = lim lim g(a + t ) + lim f (a )
t →0 t t →0 t →0 t
= f′(a)g(a) + g′(a)f(a) = (f′g + g′f) (a).
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Page # 26 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a & g(x) is not differentiable at x = a , then the product function
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x and g(x) = x .
3. If f(x) & g(x) both are not differentiable at x = a then the product function ;
F(x) = f(x) . g(x) can still be differentiable at x = a e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = x.
4. If f(x) & g(x) both are non-deri. at x = a then the sum function F(x) = f(x) + g(x) may be a
differentiable function . e.g. f(x) = x & g(x) = −x .
x 2 sin 1
x if x ≠0
e.g. f(x) =
0 if x =0
G. FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
Ex.38 Let f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x) for all x, y ∈ R+ and f(x) be differentiable in (0, ∞) then determine f(x).
Given f(xy)= xf(y) + yf(x)
Sol. Replacing x by 1 and y by x then we get x f(1) = 0 ∴ f(1) = 0, x ≠ 0 (∵ x, y, ∈ R+)
h h h
f x1 + − f ( x ) xf 1 + + 1 + f ( x ) − f ( x )
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x
= lim = lim
x x
Now, f′(x) = lim
h →0 h h→0 h h →0 h
h h h
xf 1 + + f ( x ) f 1 +
x x x
+ lim
f (x) f ( x)
= lim = hlim
→ 0 h h → 0 x = f′(x) +
h →0 h x
x
f ( x ) f (1)
On integrating w.r.t.x and taking limit 1 to x then − = f′(1) (ln x – ln 1)
x 1
f(x)
⇒ – 0 = f′(1) ln x ∵ f(1) = 0) ∴ f(x) = f′(1) (x ln x)
x
Alternative Method :
Given f(xy) = xf(y) + yf(x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x treating y as constant, f′(xy) . y = f(y) + yf′(x)
Putting y = x and x = 1, then
xf ′( x ) − f ( x ) f ′(1) d f ( x ) = f ′(1)
f′(xy). x = f(x) + xf′(x) ⇒ = ⇒
x2 x dx x x
Integrating both sides w.r.t.x taking limit 1 to x,
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 27
h
f x1 + − f ( x.1)
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x
Now, f′(x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
h
−1 h h
x +h−1
e x +h .e − x f ( x ) + e x f 1 + − 2 x (e − x f ( x ) + e −1f (1)) h
+ x f 1 + h − f ( x ) − e x −1f (1)
x e f ( x ) e
= lim = lim x
h→0 h h →0 h
h
x f 1 + h
h−
e
e − 1
h
x
= f(x) hlim + e(x – 1) lim
→ 0 h→0 h (∵ f(1) = 0)
h x.
x
f′(1) e x−1.e
= f(x) . 1 + ex –1
. = f(x) + (∵ f′(1) = e)
x x
ex 1 d 1
f′(x) = f(x) + ⇒ e–xf′(x) – e–x f(x) = ⇒ (e–x f(x)) =
x x dx x
On integrating we have e–xf(x) = ln x + c at x = 1, c = 0 ∴ f(x) = ex ln x
Ex.40 Find a function continuous and derivable for all x and satisfying the functional relation,
f (x + y) . f (x − y) = f2 (x) , where x & y are independent variables & f (0) ≠ 0 .
Sol. Put y = x and x = 0 to get f (x) . f (− x) = f2 (0) ..... (1)
f 2(0 )
f( x+h)−f( x ) f( x+h)−
Limit f( x+h).f ( −x )−f (0)
2
f ( −x ) 1
Now f ′ (x) = Limit = Limit = .
h→0
h h→0
h f( −x ) h →0
h
h h h h h
1 f + + x .f − + x −f 2 (0) 1 f 2 − f 2 (0 )
= Limit 2 2 2 2 = Limit 2
f (− x) h→0 f( −x ) h→0
h h
h h
f 2 + f (0) f 2 − f (0)
1 f( x ) f ′(0)
= Limit = . 2 f (0) . f ′ (0) = f(x)
2f( −x ) h →0 h 2 f(0)
2f ( x )
2
f ′( x ) f ′(0)
⇒ = =k ⇒ Result
f( x ) f (0 )
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Ex.41 Let f be a function such that f(x + f(y)) = f(f(x)) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(h) = h for 0 < h < ε
where ε > 0, then determine f”(x) and f(x).
Sol. Given f(x + f(y)) = f(f(x) + f(y)) .....(1)
Put x = y = 0 in (1), then f(0 + f(0)) = f(f(0)) + f(0) ⇒ f(f(0)) = f(f(0)) + f(0)
∴ f(0) = 0 ....(2)
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Now f’(x) = lim (for 0 < h < ε)
h→0 h
f ( f (h)) f (h) h
= lim {from (1)} = lim (∵ f(h) = h) = lim = 1.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
Ex.42 Let f : R+ → R satisfies the functional equation f(xy) = exy – x – y {ey f(x) + ex f(y)} ∀ x, y ∈ R+.
If f′(1) = e, determine f(x).
Sol. Given that; f(xy) = exy – x – y {ey f(x) + ex f(y)} ∀ x, y ∈ R+ ...(i)
Putting x = y = 1, we get f(1) = e–1 {e1 f(1) + e1 f(1)} ⇒ f(1) = 0 ...(ii)
h
f x1 + − f ( x )
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) x
Now, f′(x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
h h
x 1+ − x − 1+ 1+ h
x h h
h −1− + x h
e x
e x
f ( x ) + e x f 1 + − f ( x ) e f(x) +
h
e x f 1+ − f ( x)
x x
= lim = lim
h→0 h h →0 h
h
h −1− + x h
h −1
h
h −1− + x h e x f 1+
− f (1)
f ( x )(e )+ e x f 1+ − f (1) f ( x )(eh − 1) x
= x = hlim + lim {∵ f(1) = 0}
lim →0 h h→0 h
h→0 h .x
x
h
f 1 + − f (1)
e .f ′(1)
x −1
x e − 1
h
ex
= f(x) + ∵ hlim = f ′(1) and lim = 1 = f(x) + . f′(1) {∵ f′(1) = e}
x →0 h h →0 h ex
x
x
e ex
∴ f′(x) = f(x) + ⇒ = f′(x) – f(x)
x x
1 e x f ′( x ) − f ( x ).e x e x f ′( x ) − f ( x ).e x d f ( x )
⇒ = As by quotient rule we can write x 2
=
x e2x (e ) dx e x
1 d f (x)
∴ =
x dx e x
f ( x)
Integrating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get, log |x| + c = or f(x) = ex{log | x | + c}
ex
Since f(1) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 Thus f(x) = ex log | x |.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 29
1 1
5. If y = where t = , then the number
t +t−2
2
x −1
of points of discontinuities of y = f(x), x ∈ R is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite
Sol.
(1 + px ) − (1 − px )
,−1 ≤ x < 0
x
2. f(x ) = 2x + 1 is
,0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x−2
continuous in the interval [–1, 1], then ‘p’ is equal to:
(A) –1 (B) – 1/2 (C) 1/2 (D) 1
Sol.
6. The equation 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 has
(A) no solution
(B) at least one real solution in [0, π/4]
(C) two real solution in [0, π/4]
(D) None of these
Sol.
1
3. Let f(x) = x + [ x] when – 2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Then
2
(where [ * ] represents greatest integer function) 7. If f(x) = x ( x − x + 1) , then indicate the correct
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2 alternative(s)
(B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1 (A) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = –1 (B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(D) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 (C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Sol.
(D) None of these
Sol.
2
4. Let f(x) = sgn (x) and g(x) = x (x – 5x + 6).
The function f(g(x)) is discontinuous at
(A) infinitely many points (B) exactly one point
(C) exactly three points (D) no point
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Page # 30 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Sol.
x(3e1/ x + 4)
, x≠0
8. If f(x) = 2 − e1/ x then f(x) is
0 , x=0
(A) continuous as well differentiable at x = 0
(B) continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(C) neither differentiable at x = 0 not continuous at x = 0
(D) none of these
Sol.
12. Let f(x) be defined in [–2, 2] by
max ( 4 − x 2 , 1 + x 2 ) ,−2 ≤ x ≤ 0
f(x) = then f(x)
min ( 4 − x 2 , 1 + x 2 ) , 0 < x ≤ 2
–1
13. The number of points at which the function
10. The function f(x) = sin (cos x) is f(x) = max. {a – x, a + x, b} – ∞ < x < ∞, 0 < a < b
(A) discontinuous at x = 0 (B) continuous at x = 0 cannot be differentiable is
(C) differentiable at x = 0 (D) none of these (A) 1 (B) 2
Sol. (C) 3 (D) none of these
Sol.
x2 − 1
, 0<x≤2
x2 + 1
1 3
11. If f(x) = (x − x2 ) , 2 < x ≤ 3 , then
4
9 (| x − 4 | + | 2 − x |) , 3 < x < 4
4 14. If f(x) is differentiable everywhere, then
(A) f(x) is differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3 (A) | f | is differentiable everywhere
2
(B) f (x) is non–differentiable at x = 2 & x = 3 (B) | f | is differentiable everywhere
(C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 3 but not at x = 2 (C) f | f | is not differentiable at some point
(D) f(x) is differentiable at x = 2 but not at x = 3. (D) f + | f | is differentiable everywhere
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Sol. Sol.
x 2 if x is irrational
20. Let f(x) = then
2 max f ( t ),0 ≤ t ≤ x,0 ≤ x ≤ 1 1 if x is rational
17. Let f(x) = x – x and g(x) = . (A) f(x) is discontinuous for all x
sin πx, x > 1
Then in the interval [0, ∞) (B) discontinuous for all x except at x = 0
(A) g(x) is everywhere continuous except at two points (C) discontinuous for all x except at x = 1 or – 1
(B) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at two points (D) none of these
(C) g(x) is everywhere differentiable except at x = 1 Sol.
(D) none of these
Sol.
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Page # 32 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
3 2
26. Let f(x) = x – x + x + 1 and
max{f(t)} for 0 ≤ t ≤ x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
1 g(x) = then
3 − x + x2 for 1 < x ≤ 2
x 1 + sin , x>0
x (A) g(x) is continuous & derivable at x = 1
1 (B) g(x) is continuous but not derivable at x = 1
23. If f(x) = − − x 1 + sin , x < 0 , then f(x) is
x (C) g(x) is neither continuous nor derivable at x = 1
0 , x=0 (D) g(x) is derivable but not continuous at x = 1
Sol.
(A) continuous as well diff. at x = 0
(B) continuous at x = 0, but not diff. at = 0
(C) neither continuous at x=0 nor diff. at x=0
(D) none of these
Sol.
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Page # 34 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
36. Let f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x, y, where f(0) ≠ 0. Sol.
If f′(0) = 2, then f(x) is equal to
(A) Aex (B) e2x (C) 2x (D) None of these
Sol.
37. A function f : R → R satisfies the equation 40. Let f(x) = [cos x + sin x], 0 < x < 2π where [x]
f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) for all x, y ∈ R, f(x) ≠ 0. Suppose denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
that the function is differentiable at x = 0 and f′(0) = 2 the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) is
then f′(x) = (A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
(A) f(x) (B) 2 f(x) (C) – f(x) (D) – 2 f(x) Sol.
Sol.
sin(ln | x |) x ≠ 0
sin{cos x} π 42. The function f(x) =
, x≠ 1 x=0
π 2
x− (A) is continuous at x = 0
39. If f(x) = 2 , then f(x) is (B) has removable discontinuity at x = 0
π (C) has jump discontinuity at x = 0
1 , x=
2 (D) has discontinuity of IInd type at x = 0
Sol.
(where { * } represents the fractional part function)
π
(A) continuous at x =
2
π
(B) Lim f(x) exists, but f is not continuous at x =
x→
π 2
2
(C) Lim f(x) does not exist (D) Lim f(x) = 1
π π
x→ x→
2 2
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|x −3| 1 Sol.
43. The set of all point for which f(x) = +
| x − 2 | [1 + x]
is continuous is
(where [ * ] represents greatest integer function)
(A) R (B) R – [–1, 0]
(C) R – ({2} ∪ [–1, 0]) (D) R – {(–1, 0) ∪ n, n ∈ Ι}
Sol.
(A) Lim
x →0
f(x) does not exist
45. If [x] and {x} represents integral and fractional (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
a 2[ x ]+ { x } − 1 (C) f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0 (D) f(0) = 1
parts of a real number x, and f(x) = , x ≠ 0, Sol.
2[ x ] + { x}
f(0) = loge a, where a > 0, a ≠ 1, then
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0
(B) f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(C) xlim
→0
f(x) does not exist (D) None of these
Sol.
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Page # 36 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
x n − sin x n
54. Consider f(x) = Limit for x > 0, x ≠ 1,
n→∞ x n + sin x n
f(1) = 0 then
51. f is a continuous function on the real line. Given (A) f is continuous at x = 1
2 (B) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1
that x + (f(x) – 2) x – 3 . f(x) + 2 3 – 3 = 0. then (C) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
the value of f( 3 ) (D) f has a removable type of discontinuity at x = 1.
(A) can not be determined (B) is 2 (1 – Sol.
3)
2( 3 − 2)
(C) is zero (D) is
3
Sol.
2
52. If f(x) = sgn (cos 2x – 2 sin x + 3) then f(x) [{| x |}]ex {[x + {x}]}
for x ≠ 0
(where sgn ( ) is the signum function) 2
55. Given f(x)= (e1/ x − 1)sgn(sin x) then, f(x)
(A) is continuous over its domain
0 for x = 0
(B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity (where {x} is the fractional part function; [x] is the
(D) has irremovable discontinuity. step up function and sgn(x) is the signum function of x)
Sol. (A) is continuous at x = 0
(B) is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(D) has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0
Sol.
–1 –1
[ x]
53. Let g(x) = tan |x| – cot |x|, f(x) = {x},
[ x + 1]
h(x) = |g (f (x) ) | then which of the following holds
good ?
(where { * } denotes fractional part and [ * ] denotes
the integral part)
(A) h is continuous at x = 0
(B) h is discontinuous at x = 0
– +
(C) h(0 ) = π/2 (D) h(0 ) = –π/2
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 37
|x|
59. Let f(x) = for x ≠ 0 & f(0) = 1 then ,
sin x
1+ x − 1− x (A) f(x) is conti. & diff. at x = 0
57. Consider f(x) = , x ≠ 0 ; g(x) = cos
{x} (B) f(x) is continuous & not derivable at x = 0
(C) f(x) is discont. & not diff. at x = 0
1
f (g( x )) for x<0 (D) None of these
π 2 Sol.
2x, – < x< 0, h(x) = 1 for x=0
4
f ( x) for x>0
then, which of the following holds good
(where { * } denotes fractional part function)
(A) ‘h’ is continuous at x = 0
(B) ‘h’ is discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(g(x)) is an even function
(D) f(x) is an even function
Sol. 60. Given
2
−5
[ x ]+[ − x ]
|x|
x a
loga (a | [ x ] + [ − x ] |) for | x |≠ 0 ; a > 1
f(x)= 1
then
3+a
|x |
0 for x=0
(where [*] represent the integral part function)
(A) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) f is cont. & diff. at x = 0
(C) the differentiability of ‘f’ at x = 0 depends on the
value of a
(D) f is cont. & diff. at x = 0 and for a = e only.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 39
1
1 –1 1
(A) f(x) = (B) f(x) = tan
1+ 2x x
1
ex −1 1
(C) f(x) = 1 (D) f(x) =
ln | x |
ex +1
Sol. 4. The points at which the function,
f(x) = |x – 0.5| + |x – 1| + tan x does not have a
derivative in the interval (0, 2) are
(A) 1 (B) π/2 (C) 3 (D) 1/2
Sol.
x if x ∈ Q x if x ∈ Q (A) lim
x →1
g(x) exists, but g is not continuous at x = 1
(C) h(x) = (D) k(x) =
0 if x ∉ Q − x if x ∉ Q
(B) lim
x →1
f(x) does not exist and f is not continuous
Sol.
at x = 1.
(C) gof is continuous for all x
(D) fog is continuous for all x
Sol.
| x −3| ,x ≥ 1
x 2 3 x 13
3. The function f(x) = − + , x < 1 is
4 2 4
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Page # 40 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Sol.
2x − 3 3
3 − cot −1 2
for x > 0
6. Given f(x) = x then
{ x 2 } cos( e1/ x ) for x < 0
7. Let f(x) = [x] + x − [ x ] . Then 10. Let f(x) = nlim (sin x)2n, then f is
→∞
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
+ (A) continuous at x = π/2
(A) f(x) is continuous on R
(B) discontinuous at x = π/2
(B) f(x) is continuous on R
(C) discontinuous at x = 0
(C) f(x) is continuous on R – Ι
(D) discontinuous at x = 1 (D) discontinuous at an infinite number of points
Sol. Sol.
n 1
8. If f(x) = ∑a
k =0
k | x |k , where a ’s are real constants,
i
11. Let f(x) =
[sin x]
then
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 41
Sol. x
15. Indicate all correct alternatives if, f(x) = – 1,
2
then on the interval [0, π]
1
(A) tan (f(x)) & are both continuous
f ( x)
1
(B) tan (f(x)) & are both discontinuous
f ( x)
–1
(C) tan (f(x)) & f (x) are both continuous
12. The function f(x) = 1− 1− x 2 1
(D) tan (f(x)) is continuous but is not
(A) has its domain –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 f ( x)
(B) both f′(0–) and f′(0) are finite Sol.
(C) is continuous and differentiable at x = 0
(D) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
Sol.
1 − xn
13. Let f(x) = lim . Then 16. f(x) = |[x] x| in – 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, then f(x) is
n→∞ 1 + x n
(where [ * ] denotes greatest integer ≤ x)
(A) f(x) is a constant in 0 < x < 1
(A) cont. at x = 0 (B) discont. x = 0
(B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1
(C) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1 (C) not diff. at x = 2 (D) diff. at x = 2
Sol.
(D) None of these
Sol.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 43
3 x 2 + ax + a + 3
1. If the function f(x) = is continuous 4. Suppose that f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 and
x2 + x − 2
at x = –2. Find f(–2).
f(x)
Sol.
, x≠3
h(x) = x − 3 then
K , x=3
| ax + 3 | if x ≤ −1
| 3x + a | if − 1 < x ≤ 0
f(x) = bsin2x
− 2b if 0 < x < π
x
2
cos x − 3 if x ≥ π
Sol.
x2 x2
5. Let y n (x) = x2 + + +..........+
1 + x2 (1 + x 2 )2
x2
and y(x) = nLim
→ ∞ yn(x)
(1 + x 2 )n−1
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Page # 44 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Sol.
1 + x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
9. Let f(x) = 3 − x , 2 < x ≤ 3 . Determine the form of
g(x) = f[f(x)] & hence find the point of discontinuity
of g, if any.
Sol.
1 − sin πx 1
1 + cos 2πx , x<
2
1
7. Let f(x) = p, x = . Determine the
2
2x − 1 1
, x>
4 + 2x − 1 − 2 2
value of p, if possible, so that the function is continuous
10. Let [x] denote the greatest integer function &
at x = 1/2
f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
Sol.
[x +1]
(exp{(x + 2)n4}) 4 − 16
, x<2
f(x) = 4x − 16
1 − cos(x − 2)
A , x>2
(x − 2)tan(x − 2)
(b) If f(x)= [
g( x ), x ≤ 1
h( x ), x > 1
, find ‘a’ so that f is continuous.
Sol. tan 6 x
6 tan 5 x π
if 0<x<
5 2
π
11. The function f(x) = b + 2 if x=
2
a |tan x|
π
(1+ | cos x |) b if <x<π
2
Determine the values of ‘a’ & ‘b’, if f is continuous
at x = π/2.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 45
π
12. Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x =
2
1 − sin3 x
if x<
π π
−1
( 2
)−1
2 − sin 1 − {x} sin (1 − {x})
3 cos 2 x 2 for x ≠ 0
where f(x) = a if x=
π 15. Let f(x) =
(
2 {x} − {x}3 )
2 π
b(1 − sin x ) π for x = 0
if x> 2
( π − 2x )2 2
Sol. where {x} is the fractional part of x.
Consider another function g(x); such that
f ( x ) for x ≥ 0
g(x) =
2 2 f ( x ) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x)
at x = 0.
Sol.
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Page # 46 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
2 + cos x 3
21. The function f(x) = 3 − is not defined
x sin x x 4
at x = 0. How should the function be defined at x = 0
to make it continuous at x = 0.
Sol.
18. Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function
ax − b for x ≤1
f(x) = 3x for 1< x < 2
2
bx − a for x≥2
x
Now if g(x) = n 2 − cot (x – a) for x ≠ a, a ≠ 0, a > 0.
a
19. A function f : R → R is defined as –1
If g is continuous at x = a then show that g(e ) = – e.
ax 2 + bx + c + enx Sol.
f(x) = nLim
→∞ where f is continuous on
1 + c.enx
R. Find the values of a, b and c.
Sol.
sin2 ( π.2 x )
g(1) = Lim
x →1 be a continuous function
ln (sec( π.2 x ))
at x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f(1) – h(1).
Assume that f(x) and h(x) are continuous at x = 1.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 47
n
x x x
n f ( x ) + tan n − f ( x ) + tan n . sin tan
2 2 2
g(x) = Limit
n→∞ n =k
x
1 + f ( x ) + tan n
2
π
for x = and the domain of g(x) is (0, π/2).
4
(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function) (b) Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R
Find the value of k, if possible, so that g(x) is
such that f(0) = f(1). Prove that there exists a point
continuous at x = π/4. Also state the points of
discontinuity of g(x) in (0, π/4), if any. 1 1
Sol. c in 0, such that f(c) = f c +
2 2
Sol.
Find xLim find the value of ‘a’ & ‘g(0)’ so that the function g(x)
→ 0 (3h(x) + f(x) – 2g(x))
is continuous at x = 0.
Sol.
Sol.
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Page # 48 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 49
1 1 Sol.
− +
| x | x
7. Let f(x) = xe ; x ≠ 0, f(0) = 0, test the
continuity & differentiability at x = 0.
Sol.
2[ x ]
11. Given f(x) = cos–1 sgn Discuss the
3x − [ x]
continuity & differentiability of f(x) at x = ± 1.
(where sgn ( * ) denotes the signum function & [ * ]
denotes the greatest integer function)
Sol.
+
8. If f(x) = |x – 1|. ([x] – [–x]), then find f ’(1 ) &
–
f ’(1 ) (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
Sol.
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Page # 50 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Sol. Sol.
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20. Let f be a function that is differentiable every (c) For what values of x, f ’(x) fails to exist.
where and that has the following properties Sol.
(i) f(x +h) = f(x) . f(h) (ii) f(x) > 0 for all real x.
(iii) f ‘(0) = – 1
Use the definition of derivative to find f ’(x) in terms
of f(x).
Sol.
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Page # 52 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
x
2. Determine the constants a, b & c for which the 1 + | x | , | x | ≥ 1
function, f(x) = x . [REE 2000, 3]
,| x | <1
1 − | x |
(1 + ax )1/ x for x < 0 Sol.
function f(x) = b for x = 0 is continuous
1/ 3
( x + c ) − 1
for x > 0
( x + 1)1/ 2 − 1
at x = 0. [REE 99,6]
Sol.
e1/(x −1) − 2
, x ≠1
f(x) = e1/(x−1) + 2 at x=1. [REE 2001 (Mains), 3]
1, x =1
Sol.
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CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 53
{x + a if x < 0
10. f(x) = | x − 1| if x ≥ 0 and g(x) = 2
x + 1
( x − 1) + b
if x < 0
if x ≥ 0
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
Page # 54 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Sol. Sol.
π π
( x − 1)n −x − 2, x≤−
2
14. Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are π
ln cosm ( x − 1)
17. If f(x) = − cos x, − < x ≤ 0 then
2
integers m ≠ 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
x − 1, 0< x ≤1
Lim
derivative of |x – 1| at x = 1. If x →1+ g(x) = p, then ln x, x >1
π
[JEE 2008, 3] (A) f(x) is continuous at x = – [JEE 2011, 4]
2
(A) n = 1, m = 1 (B) n = 1, m = –1 (B) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(C) n = 2, m = 2 (D) n > 2, m = n (C) f(x) is differentiable at x = 1
Sol. (D) f(x) is differentiable at x = – 3/2
Sol.
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY Page # 55
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. B
9. B 10. B 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. D
17. C 18. B 19. D 20. C 21. D 22. B 23. B 24. C
25. D 26. C 27. C 28. C 29. C 30. D 31. C 32. D
33. C 34. D 35. D 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. B
41. D 42. D 43. D 44. B 45. C 46. D 47. A 48. B
49. C 50. B 51. B 52. C 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. D
57. A 58. D 59. C 60. B 61. A 62. D 63. D 64. D
+ –
1. –1 2. a = 0, b = 1 3. f(0 ) = – 2 ; f(0 ) = 2 hence f(0) not possible to define
4. (a) –2, 2, 3 (b) K = 5 (c) even 5. yn (x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y(x) is dicontinuous at x = 0
+ π – π
14. A = –4, B = 5, f(0) = 1 15. f(0 ) = ; f(0 ) = ⇒ f is discont. at x = 0 ;
2 4 2
+ –
g(0 ) = g(0 ) = g(0) = π/2 ⇒ g is cont. at x = 0
1
16. the function f is continuous everywhere in [0, 2] except for x = 0, ,1&2
2
1
19. c = 1, a, b ∈ R 20. 5 21.
60
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
Page # 56 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
π
n (tan x ) if 0 < x < 4
24. k = 0 ; g(x) = π π . Hence g(x) is continuous everywhere.
0 if ≤x<
4 2
39 1 ( n 2)2
25. g(x) = 4(x + 1) and limit = – 27. a = , g(0) =
4 2 8
1 + –
16. a ≠ 1, b = 0, p = and q = – 1 17. If a ∈ (0, 1) f ’(0 ) = – 1; f ’(0 ) = 1 ⇒ continuous but not derivable
3
1− 1+
α π π 1
20. f ’(x) = – f(x) 21. f ’(0) = 22. (a) f ’(0) = 0, (b) f ’ 3 = – and f ’ 3 = , (c) x = n∈I
1− k 2 2 2n +1
2 2 + –
1. D 2. a = ln ;b= ; c=1 3. Discontinuous at x = 1; f(1 ) =1 and f(1 ) = –1
3 3
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]