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21st Century Literature From The Philippines
21st Century Literature From The Philippines
4. WIKA: Ayon kay Henry Gleason, “ang wika ay isang masistemang pagbalangkas
na sinasalitang tunog na pinipili at isinasaayos sa paraang arbitraryo upang
magamit ng mga taong kabilang sa isang kultura.”
5. WIKA: Ayon sa mga edukador na sina Pamela C. Constantino at Galileo S. Zafra,
“ang wika ay isang kalipunan ng mga salita at ang pamamaraan ng pagsasama-
sama ng mga ito para magkaunawaan o makapag-usap ang isang grupo ng mga
tao”
6. WIKA: Ayon kay Todd (1987), “ang wika ay isang kalipunan ng mga sagisag na
ginagamit sa komunikasyon at hindi lamang ito binibigkas kundi ito’y isinusulat
din.”
7. WIKA: Ito ay isang sistema na binubuo nang pag-unlad at paggamit ng
sistemang pang-komunikasyon na pwedeng daan sa pakikipag-ugnayan at
pagkakaisa ng mga tao.
8. LINGGWISTIKS Ito ay ang siyentipikong pag-aaral at pag-unawa ng wika.
Kabilang sa mga pinag-aaralan sa larangang ito ay ang semantika, ponolohiya, at
balarila.
9. LINGGWISTIKS UNIBERSAL Ito ay isang padron (pattern) na sistematikong
dumadaloy sa lahat ng wika sa buong mundo. Halimbawa ng linggwistiks
unibersal: Kapag sinambit ang isang uri ng wika, mayroon itong patinig at katinig.
Oral Communication in Context
Communication (from the Latin term “communis” which means to share and
inform ideas, feelings, etc.) is the act of transmitting intended meanings from
one entity or group to another through the use of mutually
understood signs and semiotic rules.
The different categories of communication include:
Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television
and other media.
Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act –
even our scent.
Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or
via other media.
Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can
communicate messages.
COMMUNICATION MODELS
October 14, 2016
1. Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication
The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren
Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949. The original model was designed to mirror the functioning
of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender,
channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel
was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the
other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with
one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of
things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form),
channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and
Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a
message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties,
communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and
commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of
communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together,
communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target
can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
October 14, 2016
1. Speaker- the source of information or message
2. Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in
words or in actions
3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or
other forms that the speaker understands
4. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker
by the receiver
5. Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the
message
6. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication
7. Channel (Medium). It refers to the way the message is sent. In public
speaking the medium is vibrations in the air between speaker and listener,
set in motion by the speaker’s voice. The message could also be written in
any language, put into some code known to both speaker and listener,
tape-recorded or videotaped, put into sign language, translated into Braille,
or even sent by smoke signal.
8. It includes all messages, verbal or nonverbal, sent by the listener to the
speaker.
9. (1) the occasion during which communication occurs, the occasion refers to
the reason why people assembled; it could be serious or festive, planned or
spontaneous, relaxed and informal, traditional or formal and (2) the
physical setting or site where communication occurs; it includes the size of
the room, the number of audience, the facilities present, the light etc.
10.These are barriers to effective communication.
The use of jargon. Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.
Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express
their emotions and some topics may be completely ‘off-limits’ or taboo.
Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
Differences in perception and viewpoint.
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the
non-verbal cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make
communication less effective.
Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or
stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what
is actually said and jump to incorrect conclusions.
Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in
different cultures, as do the way in which emotions are expressed. For
example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and
between different social settings.
VERBAL & NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
October 14, 2016
Verbal communication consist of messages being sent and received
continuously with the speaker and the listener, it is focused on the way
messages are portrayed. Verbal communication is based on language and
use of expression, the tone in which the sender of the message relays the
communication can determine how the message is received and in what
context.
Factors that affect verbal communication:
Tone of voice
Use of descriptive words
Emphasis on certain phrases
Volume of voice
The way a message is received is dependent on these factors as they give a
greater interpretation for the receiver as to what is meant by the message.
By emphasizing a certain phrase with the tone of voice, this indicates that it
is important and should be focused more on.
Along with these attributes, verbal communication is also accompanied
with non-verbal cues. These cues make the message clearer and give the
listener an indication of what way the information should be received.
Example of non-verbal cues
Facial expressions
Hand gestures
Use of objects
Body movement
In terms of intercultural communication there are language barriers which
are affected by verbal forms of communication. In this instance there is
opportunity for miscommunication between two or more parties. Other
barriers that contribute to miscommunication would be the type of words
chosen in conversation.