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  • Allen Thermodynamics

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    Aditya Singh
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    This document contains multiple examples of thermodynamics problems and their solutions. It discusses key concepts like entropy, the three laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, and using thermodynamics to predict spontaneity of reactions. The examples cover calculation of entropy change, identification of intensive/extensive properties, interpretation of p-V diagrams, and determination of enthalpy change for ideal gas processes.

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    Thermodynamics notes

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    Allen thermodynamics

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    This document contains multiple examples of thermodynamics problems and their solutions. It discusses key concepts like entropy, the three laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, and using thermodynamics to predict spontaneity of reactions. The examples cover calculation of entropy change, identification of intensive/extensive properties, interpretation of p-V diagrams, and determination of enthalpy change for ideal gas processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views30 pages

    Allen Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Aditya Singh
    This document contains multiple examples of thermodynamics problems and their solutions. It discusses key concepts like entropy, the three laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, and using thermodynamics to predict spontaneity of reactions. The examples cover calculation of entropy change, identification of intensive/extensive properties, interpretation of p-V diagrams, and determination of enthalpy change for ideal gas processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 30

    Paaras Thakur

    Thermodynamics
    Lecture 8
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    IIT JEE
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    JEELIVE

    22,500
    Example When one mole of an ideal gas is compressed to half of its initial volume and
    simultaneously heated to twice its initial temperature, the change in entropy is
    (a) CV ln 2 (b) Cp ln 2
    (c) R ln 2 (d) (CV − R) ln 2
    Example The entropy change can be calculated by using the expression S = Q rev/T. When
    water freezes in a glass beaker, choose the correct statement amongst the
    following.
    (a) ΔS (system) decrease but ΔS (surroundings) remains the same.
    (b) ΔS (system) increase but ΔS (surroundings) decreases.
    (c) ΔS (system) decrease but ΔS (surroundings) increases.
    (d) ΔS (system) decrease and ΔS (surroundings) also decreases.
    Example The entropy (S°) of the following substances is:
    CH4(g) 186.2 J K−1 mol−1; O2(g) 205.0 J K−1 mol−1;
    CO2(g) 213.6 J K−1 mol−1; H2O(l) 69.9 J K−1 mol−1
    The entropy change (ΔS°) for the reaction: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ⟶ CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) is

    (a) −312.5 J K−1 mol−1


    (b) −242.8 J K−1 mol−1
    (c) −108.1 J K−1 mol−1
    (d) −37.6 J K−1 mol−1
    Example The direct conversion of A to B is dicult; hence it is carried out by the following
    shown path:

    where eu is entropy unit, then ΔS(A → B) is

    (a) +100 eu
    (b) +60 eu
    (c) −100 eu
    (d) −60 eu (IIT-JEE 2006)
    Example Statement 1: There is a natural asymmetry between converting work to heat and
    converting heat to work.
    Statement 2: No process is possible in which the sole result is the absorption of
    heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion into work.

    (a) Statement 1 is True. Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is a correct explanation


    for Statement 1.
    (b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is NOT a correct
    explanation for Statement 1.
    (c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False.
    (d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True. (IIT-JEE
    2008)
    Example Among the following, the intensive property is (properties are)
    (a) molar conductivity.
    (b) electromotive force.
    (c) resistance.
    (d) heat capacity. (IIT-JEE 2010)
    Example A sample of argon gas at 1 atm pressure and 27°C expands reversibly and
    adiabatically from 1.25 dm3 to 2.50 dm3. Calculate the enthalpy change in this
    process. CV for argon is 12.48 JK–1 mol–1. IIT
    2000
    Example
    Example For an ideal gas, consider only p−V work in going from an initial state X to the final
    state Z. The final state Z can be reached by either of the two paths shown in the
    below gure. Which of the following choice(s) is(are) correct? [Take ΔS as change in
    entropy and w as work done.]
    Example For the process H2O(l) ⟶ H2O(g) at T = 100°C and 1 atmosphere pressure, the
    correct choice is
    Example
    Combining 1st and 2nd Law
    Third Law of Thermodynamics

    The Third Law allows us to define absolute entropies of substances and to define
    the standard entropy of a reaction.

    “The entropy of perfect crystals of all pure elements & compounds is zero at the
    absolute zero of temperature.”

    As far as thermodynamics is concerned, choosing this common value as zero is a


    matter of convenience. The molecular interpretation of entropy, however, justifies
    the value S = 0 at T = 0.
    Third Law of Thermodynamics

    Thus absolute value of entropy (unlike the absolute value of enthalpy) for any
    pure substance can be calculated at any given temperature . In standard state
    (298 K, 1 atm), it is standard absolute entropy Sº .
    Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
    A system parameter to predict the spontaneity of chemical reaction was introduced
    by Gibbs so that entropy calculation for the surrounding need not be carried out.
    IIT JEE
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