Quantity Estimating: Indiana Department of Transportation-2013 Design Manual

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION—2013 DESIGN MANUAL
CHAPTER 17
Quantity Estimating
NOTE: This chapter is currently being re-written and its content will be included in Chapter108 in the future.
Design Revision
Sections Affected
Memorandum Date
13-01 Jan. 2013 Figure 17-1B
14-04 Mar. 2014 17-4.02(01)
15-04 Mar. 2015 17-2.9
15-06 Mar. 2015 17-4.10(03)
17-1.05, 17-4.06 and Figure 17-4D, 17-4.09, 17-4.10 (03),
16-16 Apr. 2016 17-5.09 and Figures 17-5G thru -5G(2) (deleted),
Figures 17-5 I and 17-5J, 17-6.0 (added)
16-22 May 2016 17-4.10(01) through 17-4.10(04)
16-11 REV Sep. 2016 17-4.10(01), 17-4.10(02), and 17-6.0
17-26 Dec. 2017 17-4.02(01)
19-05 May 2019 17-4.12 (deleted)
The design memorandum applicable revision date is noted in brackets next to each section heading
below
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 2

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 5
17-1.0 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 7
17-1.01 Guidelines for Preparing Quantity Computations ........................................................ 7
17-1.02 Computation Records ................................................................................................... 8
17-1.03 Units of Measurement .................................................................................................. 8
17-1.04 Non-Defined Work ....................................................................................................... 9
17-1.04(01) Lump Sum Pay Unit ........................................................................................... 9
17-1.04(02) Item Included in Other Work ............................................................................. 9
17-1.05 Proprietary Material [Rev. Aug. 2011, Apr. 2016] .................................................... 10
17-1.05(01) Justification ...................................................................................................... 10
17-1.05(02) Approval Process ............................................................................................. 11
17-2.0 EARTHWORK QUANTITIES ........................................................................................ 11
17-2.01 Computerized Computations ...................................................................................... 12
17-2.02 Manual Computations ................................................................................................ 12
17-2.03 Shrinkage and Swell Factors ...................................................................................... 13
17-2.04 Balancing .................................................................................................................... 13
17-2.05 Earthwork Tabulation ................................................................................................. 14
17-2.06 Linear Grading............................................................................................................ 14
17-2.07 B Borrow .................................................................................................................... 15
17-2.08 Structure Backfill [Rev. Mar 2015] ............................................................................ 16
17-2.08(01) Structure Backfill Types .................................................................................. 16
17-2.08(02) Information to be Shown on Plans ................................................................... 17
17-2.09 Flowable Backfill ....................................................................................................... 17
17-3.0 DETERMINING PIPE BACKFILL QUANTITIES ........................................................ 18
17-3.01 Background Information ............................................................................................ 18
17-3.01(01) Pipe Shape ........................................................................................................ 18
17-3.01(02) Pipe Interior Designation ................................................................................. 18
17-3.01(03) Backfill Method ............................................................................................... 18
17-3.01(04) Backfill Material .............................................................................................. 19
17-3.02 Hand Calculation of Backfill Quantities .................................................................... 19
17-3.02(01) Circular Pipe, Earth Foundation ...................................................................... 20
17-3.02(02) Circular Pipe, Rock Foundation ....................................................................... 21
17-3.02(03) Deformed Pipe, Earth Foundation ................................................................... 22
17-3.02(04) Deformed Pipe, Rock Foundation.................................................................... 23
17-3.03 Computer Program for Determining Backfill Quantities ........................................... 24
17-3.04 Video Inspection ......................................................................................................... 24
17-3.05 Information to be Shown on Plans ............................................................................. 24
17-4.0 ROADWAY QUANTITIES............................................................................................. 25
17-4.01 Pavement Materials .................................................................................................... 25
17-4.02 Subgrade Treatment.................................................................................................... 25
17-4.02(01) Subgrade Treatment Types [Rev. Jan. 2011, Mar. 2014, Dec. 2017] .............. 25
17-4.02(02) Subgrade Treatment Type Determination ........................................................ 26
17-4.02(03) Determining Pay Items and Quantities ............................................................ 27
17-4.03 Placing Pipe Under Existing Pavement ...................................................................... 27
17-4.03(01) Determining the Longitudinal Pay Limits of the Pavement
Replacement ................................................................................................................ 28
17-4.03(02) Determining Pavement Quantities ................................................................... 28
17-4.03(03) Determining Backfill Quantities ...................................................................... 29
17-4.03(04) Determining Underdrain Quantities ................................................................. 29
17-4.04 Subbase and Underdrains for Cement Concrete Pavement ........................................ 30
17-4.04(01) Subbase ............................................................................................................ 30
17-4.04(02) Underdrains ...................................................................................................... 30
17-4.05 Non-Standard Concrete Median Barrier ..................................................................... 31
17-4.06 Curb Ramp and Detectable Warning Surface [Rev. Apr. 2016] ................................ 31
17-4.07 Sodded, Paved, or Riprap Ditch ................................................................................. 32
17-4.07(01) Sodded Ditch .................................................................................................... 32
17-4.07(02) Paved Side Ditch .............................................................................................. 32
17-4.07(03) Riprap-Lined Ditch .......................................................................................... 33
17-4.08 Mailbox Assembly and Mailbox Approach ............................................................... 34
17-4.09 Monuments [Rev. Apr. 2016] ..................................................................................... 34
17-4.09(01) General [Rev. Apr. 2016]................................................................................. 34
17-4.09(02) Section Monuments [Rev. Apr. 2016] ............................................................. 35
17-4.09(03) Survey Line Control Point [Rev. Apr. 2016] ................................................... 35
17-4.09(04) INDOT Benchmark [Rev. Apr. 2016] ............................................................. 36
17-4.09(05) Correcting Plans [Rev. Apr. 2016] .................................................................. 37
17-4.09(06) Right-of-Way Marker ...................................................................................... 37
17-4.09(07) National Geodetic Survey Benchmark............................................................. 37
17-4.09(08) NGS Horizontal Control Point [Rev. Apr. 2016] ........................................... 38
17-4.09(09) United States Geological Survey Benchmark [Rev. Apr. 2016]...................... 38
17-4.10 Seeding and Sodding [Rev. May 2016] ...................................................................... 38
17-4.10(01) Seeding for Grading and Paving Project [Rev. May 2016, Sep. 2016]
..................................................................................................................................... 38
17-4.10(02) Seeding for Grading Project[Rev. May 2016, Sep. 2016] ............................... 39
17-4.10(03) Seed Mixture Type D [Added May 2016] ....................................................... 40
17-4.10(04) Seeding for Environmental Mitigation [Rev. May 2016] ................................ 40
Page 3 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-4.10(05) Wildflower Seed Mixture ................................................................................ 41
17-4.10(06) Sodding ............................................................................................................ 41
17-4.10(07) Mobilization and Demobilization for Seeding ................................................. 42
17-4.11 No-Passing-Zone Pavement Markings ....................................................................... 42
17-4.12 Spare Parts Package for Guardrail End Treatment or Impact Attenuator [Del. May
2019] ................................................................................................................................. 42
17-4.13 Temporary Traffic Barrier (TTB) ............................................................................... 42
17-4.14 High-Tension Cable Barrier System (CBS) ............................................................... 43
17-5.0 BRIDGE QUANTITIES................................................................................................... 43
17-5.01 Structural Concrete Quantities ................................................................................... 43
17-5.01(01) Cast-In-Place Concrete .................................................................................... 43
17-5.01(02) Concrete Structural Members .......................................................................... 43
17-5.01(03) Surface Seal ..................................................................................................... 43
17-5.02 Excavation Quantities ................................................................................................. 44
17-5.03 Piling [Rev. Jan. 2011] ............................................................................................... 46
17-5.03(01) Test Piles [Added Jan. 2011] ........................................................................... 46
17-5.03(02) Permanent Piles [Added Jan. 2011] ................................................................. 47
17-5.04 Steel Sheet Piling ........................................................................................................ 48
17-5.05 Backfill for a Structure ............................................................................................... 48
17-5.05(01) Backfill at Bridge Support ............................................................................... 48
17-5.05(02) Backfill for Retaining Wall .............................................................................. 49
17-5.06 Roadway Items ........................................................................................................... 49
17-5.07 Pavement Markings .................................................................................................... 50
17-5.08 Regulatory or Warning Traffic Signs ......................................................................... 50
17-5.09 Reinforced Concrete Bridge Approach (RCBA) [Rev. July 2012, Apr. 2016] .......... 51
17-5.09(01) Miscellaneous Requirements [Rev. July 2012, Apr. 2016] ............................. 51
17-5.09(02) Quantities [Rev. July 2012] ............................................................................. 51
17-5.10 Riprap and Sodding Limits at Bridge Cone ............................................................... 52
17-5.11(01) Cleaning and Painting Existing Structural Steel Members .............................. 52
17-5.11(02) New Structural Steel Members ........................................................................ 53
17-5.11(03) Paint Colors ...................................................................................................... 53
17-5.11(04) Quantities Determination ................................................................................. 53
17-6.0 TEMPORARY EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL [Add. Apr. 2016] ................ 54
17-6.01 Temporary Seeding and Temporary Mulch [Rev. Apr. 2016] .............................. 54
17-6.02 Storm Water Quality Management Budget [Add. Apr. 2016]................................ 54
17-6.03 Storm Water Quality Control Plan (SWQCP) Preparation and
Implementation [Add. Apr. 2016] ............................................................................... 55
17-7.0 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS ................................................................................... 56

FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 57
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
17-1A Proprietary-Material Transmittal Memorandum [Rev. Aug. 2011]

17-1B Programmatic Approved Proprietary Materials [Deleted Apr. 2016]
17-1C Certification for Proprietary-Material Use, No Suitable Equal Exists [Add. Aug. 2011]
17-1D Certification for Proprietary-Material Use, Essential for Synchronization [Add. Aug.
2011]
17-1E Public-Interest Finding for Proprietary-Material Use [Add. Aug. 2011]
17-2A Earthwork Computation Worksheet
17-2B End Area Template
17-2C Shrinkage and Swell Factors
17-2D Earthwork Balance Table (Road Project)
17-2E Earthwork Tabulation (Bridge Project)
17-3A Values Required for Determining Backfill Quantities
17-4A Roadway Factors
17-4B Example Tabulation of Subgrade Treatment Information to Accompany Memorandum
to Materials and Tests Division
17-4C Placing Pipe Under Existing Roadway
17-4D Quantities for Curb Ramps [Rev. Apr. 2016]
17-4E Sodded Ditch Quantities
17-4F Paved Side Ditches
17-4G Lug Intervals
17-4H Mailbox Summary Table
17-4 I Sodding Locations
17-5A Structure Excavations
17-5A(0) Limits of Surface Seal to be Shown on Plans
17-5B Cast-in-Place Concrete Retaining Wall Earthwork Quantities Limits
17-5C MSE Retaining Wall Earthwork Quantities Limits [Rev. Jan. 2013]
17-5D MSE Retaining Wall Earthwork Quantities Limits, Showing Foundation Treatment
17-5E Bridge Items in Road Plans
17-5F Sign Post and Sheet Sign Summaries (Bridge Project)
17-5G RCBA Thickness Determination [Deleted Apr. 2016]
17-5G(1) RCBA for Square Structure [Deleted Apr. 2016]
17-5G(2) RCBA for Skewed Structure [Deleted Apr. 2016]
17-5 I Riprap and Sodding Limits with Barrier Transitions on Bridge [Rev. Apr. 2016]
17-5J Riprap and Sodding Limits with Barrier Transitions on RCBA [Rev. Apr. 2016]
17-5K Bridge Painting Locations and Information [Rev. Oct. 2011]

17-7A Mathematical Formulas

CHAPTER 17
QUANTITY ESTIMATING
In addition to preparing clear and concise plans, as described in Chapter 14, the designer should
compile an accurate summary of the project quantities. This information leads directly to the
project cost estimate, which combines the computed quantities of work and the estimated unit
prices. An accurate summary of quantities is critical to prospective contractors interested in
submitting a bid on the project. In addition to the INDOT Standard Drawings and the INDOT
Standard Specifications, Chapter 17 provides additional guidelines on calculating quantities for a
highway, bridge, or traffic project.
17-1.0 GENERAL
17-1.01 Guidelines for Preparing Quantity Computations
When preparing quantity computations, the designer should consider the following guidelines.
1. Specifications. Cross check all items against the INDOT Standard Specifications to ensure
that the appropriate pay items, methods of measurement, and bases of payment are used.
If an item is not described in the Standard Specifications or recurring special provisions, a
unique special provision must be included in the contract documents to cover the item.
Chapter 19 discusses how to prepare special provisions.
2. Pay Item Code Number. Every pay item has a unique number assigned to it for data
processing. This code number is located in the computer programs CES and Estimator.
Section 20-2.01 describes these programs. Only the official pay item name and description
should be used in the contract documents, special provisions, or summary of quantities.
3. Rounding. The quantity of any item should check exactly with the figure on the
computation sheets. Indicate any rounding of the raw estimated figures on the computation
sheets. Unless stated otherwise, rounding of the calculations should not be done until the
value is incorporated into the Quantity Summary Tables.
4. Significant Digits. When calculating quantities, consider the implied correspondence

between the accuracy of the data and the given number of digits.

5. Cost Estimate. Only use the total values from the Quantity Summary Tables to develop
the cost estimate. Show all items described in the plans that will be included in the cost
estimate. The designer will be responsible for inserting these values into either CES or
Estimator.
17-1.02 Computation Records
Quantity-computation sheets may be generated by computer or by hand. Combine all computation

sheets and bind them with a cover sheet. The preparer will sign or initial and date each sheet. The
checker will also be required to sign or initial and date each sheet.
Check all values obtained through computations or use of standardized tables. For those pay items
where agreements may be reached to make payment on the basis of plan quantities, an independent
check should be performed and noted. The resolution of any differences between original and
check computations should be identified. Where computations are performed by computer, an
independent check is not required. However, check the input and review the computation output
sheet for mistakes. Also, sign and date the computer output similarly to hand computation sheets.
Retain the quantity computations within the project file.
The contractor may request copies of the quantity calculations subsequent to the letting. Requests
prior to the letting from contractors should be directed through the Legal Services Division.
17-1.03 Units of Measurement
Quantities for all contract pay items should be estimated using the measurement units shown in
the INDOT Standard Specifications or the special provisions. The values determined from the
computations should be rounded as described below and shown in the Quantity Summary Tables
and elsewhere in the plans as required.
Rounding of values should be as follows.
1. Small Quantity. For a quantity of 10 or less, round to the nearer whole unit (i.e., 3.2 to 3,
5.5 to 6, or 9.8 to 10).
2. Large Quantity. For a quantity greater than 10, round up to the next whole unit (i.e., 27.8
to 28, or 146.2 to 147).

3. Linearly-Measured Work. Round each linear-measure quantity up to the next whole foot.
4. Earthwork. For an individual cross-section area, round to the nearer 0.1 ft2. For an
individual end-area volume, round to the nearer 1 yd3. For a total pay quantity, round up
to the next multiple of 5 yd3.
5. Structural Concrete. Round each structural-concrete quantity to the nearest 0.1 yd3. This
includes each individual pour or structure portion and the total quantity for each concrete
class shown in bills of materials and the Bridge Summary sheet.
The values shown in the Estimate of Quantities and Cost Estimate developed by the designer
should reflect this rounding procedure. The Engineer’s Estimate and Schedule of Pay Items
developed by the Contract Administration Division’s Estimating Office will also reflect this
procedure.
17-1.04 Non-Defined Work
17-1.04(01) Lump Sum Pay Unit
Only use a lump-sum pay unit where the scope of work for the item is clearly defined, and the
amount of work has a minimal chance of changing during construction. The INDOT Standard
Specifications defines which quantities may be estimated as lump sum. Where practical, list the
quantities for the separate work that will be included within the lump-sum item. The list should
note that the separate quantities are for estimating purposes only. Where there is a significant
chance of quantity changes, the work must be by the unit and not lump sum.
17-1.04(02) Item Included in Other Work
No work should be shown as incidental to another pay item or the contract. If any work will be
included as part of another item, it must be addressed by the specifications or with a special
provision. The designer should only include an item of work in another pay item where the scope
of work for both is clearly defined and the probability of the quantity of either item changing is
minimal. Minimize the amount of work to be included in other pay items. It is impossible for
bidders, or the Department, to prepare an estimate for a project which contains incidental items for
which quantities or the scope of work is indeterminable.

17-1.05 Proprietary Material [Rev. Aug. 2011, Apr. 2016]
A proprietary material is defined through specifications that are so specific that only one product
will satisfy the requirements, or that the name of the product is actually specified. To ensure
competitive bidding, the designer should restrict the use of proprietary materials on a project.
However, if a situation occurs where the use of a proprietary material will enhance safety, control
costs, or will otherwise improve the project design, the use of a proprietary material may be
justifiable.
17-1.05(01) Justification
The designer must submit for approval one of the following certification or a public-interest
finding requests for the use of a proprietary material. This should occur at Stage 2, but not later
than Stage 3. Editable versions of the forms appear on the Department’s website at
www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/design/dmforms/, under Proprietary Materials.
1. Certification for No Suitable Existing Equal Material. If no suitable equal material exists,
a Certification should be prepared. Figure 17-1C should be used for this request.
2. Certification for Product Essential for Synchronization. A proprietary material may be

justified where it is essential for synchronization with an existing highway facility, for
which there is no equally-suitable alternative. Figure 17-1D should used for this request.
3. Experimental. A proprietary material may be justified for research purposes or for a

distinctive type of roadway. A justification for an experimental or research item should
include a work plan which details the evaluation to be conducted. For such a material to
be used on the State highway system, the procedure described in the INDOT Guidelines
for Initiating and Reporting Experimental Features Studies should be followed. Figure
17-1C should be used for this request.
4 Public-Interest Finding for Proprietary-Material Use. The designer should prepare a

Public-Interest Finding (PIF) for the use of a material if suitable alternatives exist but are
not the most cost-effective or in the public’s best interest. This should include a description
of the circumstance being addressed due to use of the proprietary material, alternative
solutions that were considered, and the reasoning why the proprietary material was chosen.
Figure 17-1E should be used for this request.
5. Programmatic Approval. A PIF is required for a product approved on a program-wide

basis if there are other suitable alternatives. A Programmatic Certification is required if no

suitable alternatives exist. Figure 17-1F should be used for this request. The justification
should include a work plan which details the evaluation to be conducted. A PIF or
Programmatic Certification should include the length of time that the approval will be in
effect. A Programmatic approval should be periodically reviewed to assess changes in the
market conditions that can make them obsolete. If a pre-approved list has fewer than three
vendors, a proprietary-product approval is required before that list can be used. The current
Programmatic Proprietary Material Approvals list available on the Highway Design &
Technical Support Division webpage, at http://www.in.gov/indot/2684.htm.
17-1.05(02) Approval Process
Each request should include Figure 17-1A, the Transmittal Memorandum. The request should be
submitted through ERMS to the project manager, who will forward the request to either the
Highway Design and Technical Support Division Director or the Bridges Division Director for
approval. FHWA approval or concurrence is as follows:
1. INDOT approval is required for each Figure 17-1C request that no suitable equal exists, or
each Figure 17-1D request for product essential for synchronization. FHWA concurrence
will be required only for a project that requires FHWA oversight.
2. FHWA approval is required for each Figure 17-1C experimental proprietary-material

request.
3. FHWA approval is required for each Figure 17-1E PIF request.
4. FHWA approval is required for each Figure 17-1E Programmatic PIF request.
5. FHWA approval is required for each Figure 17-1F Programmatic Certification request.
FHWA approval listed in 2 through 5 above is required without regard to FHWA oversight.
If the project is under construction and a proprietary material is added to the contract, the
Certification or PIF should be prepared and approved prior to completion of the change order. If
a pay item is changed to proprietary during construction, federal participation is limited to the
lower of either the contract unit price or the change-ordered unit price.
17-2.0 EARTHWORK QUANTITIES

17-2.01 Computerized Computations
Earthwork computations can be determined using a computer and special design software
packages. Earthwork quantities for a small project, approach, S-line, side road, ditch, or
additional-grading feature may require manual calculations (see Section 17-2.02). For computer
calculation of mainline earthwork quantities, the information required is as follows:
1. cross section showing existing and proposed ground surfaces;

2. shrinkage and swell factors; and
3. identification of sections not to be included (e.g., bridge section).
The computer can generate a computation of end areas and volumes for each cross section. Show
the actual computed end areas and volumes on the plans cross sections.
17-2.02 Manual Computations
For a small project, or to calculate special features on a larger project (e.g., approach, ditch), it
may be necessary to calculate the earthwork quantities manually. The following procedures apply.
1. Computation Sheet. See Figure 17-2A, Computation Sheet, for that used by the
Department. This format can be used for documenting cross-sectional areas and volumes
between cross sections.
2. End Areas. The end areas used to compute the quantities are defined by the ground lines
and typical-section template. See Figure 17-2B, End Area Template. After the cross
sections have been plotted, determine the areas of cut and fill for each cross section.
Include the waste of unsuitable soils, undercut, rock excavation, trench excavation, or
special excavation or embankment on the section. Record the cut and fill areas for each
cross section on the computation sheet.
3. Sum of End Areas. The Sum of End Areas columns are the sum of adjacent cross-section
areas for the Cut and Fill columns. The line in the figure is offset between the two end
areas. This line indicates that two areas are to be added together.
4. Length. Record the distance between stations in this column.

5. Volume Computation. Volumes for excavation (cut) and embankment (fill) are determined
using the average-end-area formula,
A +A 
V =  1 2  (D) (Equation 17-2.1)
 2 
Where: V = volume, yd3
A1 + A2 = sum of cut or fill end areas of adjacent sections from the Sum
of End Areas, yd2
D = distance between sections, ft
These values are recorded in the appropriate Volume of Cut and Volume of Fill columns
on the computation sheet.
17-2.03 Shrinkage and Swell Factors
Fill quantities calculated manually or by a computer must be adjusted by the appropriate shrinkage
factor to account for the compaction of material, loss from hauling, subsidence of the existing
ground caused by the overburden, erosion, and clearing operation. The factors used in the
calculations will depend on the soil type, quantity to be moved, and engineering judgment. Sand
and gravel have smaller shrinkage factors than clay or silt. For rock excavation, it may be
necessary to apply an expansion or swell factor. Figure 17-2C, Shrinkage and Swell Factors,
provides factors that may be used for preliminary design purposes. A more definitive value may
be available from other sources (e.g., the Geotechnical Report).
Only use one shrinkage factor for the entire project or for each individual balance within the
project. The district office may provide guidance in choosing the applicable factor(s) to be used
in the calculations. The designer may need to adjust the shrinkage factor to account for smaller
quantities.
17-2.04 Balancing
For a large project, it is desirable to approximately balance the earthwork (cut and adjusted fill)
for the project. An unbalanced project will require the contractor to haul extra material (borrow)
or remove the excess (excavation) from the project site, which will typically increase construction

costs. Balancing within the project limits can be accomplished by revising the profile grade line,
revising cut and fill slopes, revising ditch profiles, etc. To determine if balancing is appropriate,
the designer should consider the following.
1. Rural New Construction or Reconstruction. It is desirable to make a reasonable effort to

balance the earthwork quantities.
2. Rural 3R Project. The need for balancing will be determined for each project as required.
3. Other Project. For an urban-area, interchange, or partial 3R project it is impractical to

provide a balanced grading design. Therefore, it will not be necessary to balance the
earthwork.
For a long project, the designer should provide several intermediate balance points. The length of
each balance section should not exceed 2000 ft unless an interchange, rest area, or area of deep cut
or fill are included. A bridge is not included within the balance limits.
17-2.05 Earthwork Tabulation
To allow the contractor to determine the amount of excavation, borrow, etc., required the designer
should include an earthwork balance table in the plans. For a long roadway project, provide a
separate table for each balance section. Quantities for benching should be included in the
earthwork balance. This table should be included on a Road Plan and Profile sheet, typically in
the profile half of the sheet. Figure 17-2D, Earthwork Balance Table (Road Project), illustrates
the typical format that should be used. For a bridge project, one earthwork tabulation table will be
required for the entire project. Show this table on the Layout sheet. Figure 17-2E, Earthwork
Tabulation (Bridge Project) illustrates the typical format that should be used.
17-2.06 Linear Grading
The use of the linear grading pay item is generally limited to a project with a minimal amount of
earthwork. This will only include the applications as follows.
1. Preventative Maintenance, Functional, or Structural Pavement Treatment. Linear grading

consists of earth wedging at the outside edge of each shoulder where the pavement is to
receive one of these treatments. If this type of earthwork is significant enough to require
benching, linear grading should not be considered.

2. Guardrail. Linear grading consists of earth wedging behind guardrail to obtain the required
earth backup for the posts. If this type of earthwork is significant enough to require
benching, linear grading should not be considered.
3. Median. Linear grading consists of earth filling a median required for paving shoulders
and placement of a concrete median barrier where travel lanes are not being added.
All other earthwork should be paid for as common excavation and borrow.
Where linear grading is being considered, the measurement for payment will be based on the length
of roadway per linear foot measured along the centerline actually constructed to the lines and
grades shown in the typical cross section. Measurement will be made once per centerline per area.
Typical cross sections should be separated.
The pay-quantity limits should be measured along the roadway centerline, with deductions for
bridges, etc. For example, a divided-roadway project length is 25,000 ft, and includes two bridges
with a combined length of 600 ft. Linear grading is to be done in the median and beyond the
outside shoulders. The linear-grading pay length is 24,400 ft. The plans should indicate which
work is to be included in the linear-grading pay item, both by typical section and in estimated
quantities per area of linear grading, i.e., cubic yards of common excavation.
The pay unit for linear grading is linear-foot.
17-2.07 B Borrow
Where B borrow is specified, it should be considered as a separate pay item. All locations where
B borrow is to be placed should be shown on the plans. When estimating the quantity of B borrow,
the designer should consider the following.
1. Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Wall. B borrow is placed outside of the limits of
structure backfill (e.g., beyond the reinforcing straps). Section 17-4.05 provides additional
information for determining backfill material quantities for a retaining wall.
2. Unsuitable Materials. B borrow is used to replace unsuitable materials (e.g., peat) within
the roadway structure. Section 18-2.06 provides guidance for determining the locations
for the placement of B borrow with peat excavation.
3. Culvert Replacement. Where a culvert is to be removed for an existing roadway, replace

the culvert excavation material with B borrow.

17-2.08 Structure Backfill [Rev. Mar 2015]
17-2.08(01) Structure Backfill Types
Structure backfill has been subdivided into types. Each type should be specified as described
below.
1. Type 1. This type should be specified for a location as follows:
a. longitudinal or transverse structure placed under, or within 5 ft of, the back of paved
shoulder or back of sidewalk of a new rural or urban facility, or
b. such a structure for an existing rural facility where all existing pavement is to be
replaced.
a. longitudinal or transverse structure placed under, or within 5 ft of, the back of paved
shoulder or back of sidewalk for an existing urban facility where all existing
pavement is to be replaced;
b. longitudinal or transverse structure placed under, or within 5 ft of, the back of paved
shoulder or back of sidewalk for a rural or urban facility where undisturbed existing
pavement is to remain; or
c. precast-concrete three-sided or four-sided structure with height of cover of 2 ft or

greater.
3. Type 3. This type should be specified for use behind a mechanically-stabilized-earth

retaining wall.
a. trench where a utility line is present; or
b. behind a reinforced-concrete slab-bridge end bent.

a. precast-concrete three-sided or four-sided structure with height of cover of less than
2 ft;
b. filling voids in an underground facility;
c. filling in an abandoned pipe or structure; or
d. other application that does not require excavation
17-2.08(02) Information to be Shown on Plans
Structure backfill is a separate pay item. The pay-item name should include the type. The pay
unit is square yard. In estimating the quantity of structure backfill, the following should be
considered.
1. Drainage Structure. Section 17-3.0 discusses the procedure for estimating structure-
backfill quantities for a drainage structure.
2. Abutment. The quantity of structure backfill should be determined and shown similarly to
that for a concrete retaining wall, i.e., 1:1 backslope to a point 1.5 ft outside the neat lines
of the abutment footing. See Section 17-5.05(01).
3. Retaining Wall. The quantity of structure backfill should be determined and shown on the
cross sections at each retaining-wall location. Section 17-5.05(02) provides additional
information regarding retaining-wall structure backfill.
17-2.09 Flowable Backfill
Flowable backfill is a separate pay item. It is required for backfilling behind the end bents of a
reinforced-concrete slab bridge, or behind the wingwalls of a precast-concrete three- or four-sided
structure. It is also required for backfilling a new cross-culvert placed under an existing roadway.
Flowable backfill for use other than as structure backfill should be specified as either removable
flowable or non-removable flowable backfill. R should be entered in Structure Data sheet’s
Flowable Backfill column if the material is removable. N should be entered in the column if the
material is non-removable.

17-3.0 DETERMINING PIPE BACKFILL QUANTITIES
The determination of pipe-backfill quantities is based on the pipe shape, pipe-interior designation,
backfill method, and backfill material.
For additional guidance on determining pipe-backfill quantities, see the INDOT Standard
Specifications or the INDOT Standard Drawings, or contact the Production Management
Division’s Design Resources Team.
17-3.01 Background Information
17-3.01(01) Pipe Shape
The pipe shape is either circular or deformed.
17-3.01(02) Pipe Interior Designation
The interior of a pipe is either smooth or corrugated. For most pipe structures and pipe types, the
contractor will have a choice of pipe materials, of either interior designation. For the purpose of
determining backfill quantities, a corrugated interior should be assumed.
17-3.01(03) Backfill Method
The standard backfill methods are described below, and also shown on the INDOT Standard
Drawings.
1. Method 1. This method should be used for a structure to be placed under a new- or
replacement-roadway mainline or public road approach, for a structure to be placed under
a median embankment, or for a new structure to be placed under an existing roadway
mainline or public road approach.
2. Method 2. This method should be used for a structure to be placed under a drive in new or
replacement work, or under an existing drive.
3. Method 3. This method should be used for a structure to be placed under a new- or
replacement-roadway’s median trench.

17-3.01(04) Backfill Material
Unless instructed otherwise, structure backfill is required for each culvert or storm-drain structure,
except a field-entrance culvert which is to be backfilled with suitable excavated material.
The contractor may substitute coarse aggregate as an option for structure backfill for backfilling a
concrete culvert, pipe, structural plate pipe, pipe-arch, or arch. However, the backfill material
should always be identified as structure backfill. If coarse aggregate is used, the ends and top of
the trench are to be capped with geotextile as shown on the INDOT Standard Drawings. The
geotextile is not a separate pay item.
A specific backfill type should be specified only if, for example, a pipe is to be placed in the
vicinity of utilities. Then, flowable backfill should be specified. If structure backfill or flowable
backfill are both acceptable alternates, the material should be identified and quantified as structure
backfill.
See the INDOT Standard Drawings to determine the appropriate backfill materials for the structure
based on the backfill method required.
17-3.02 Hand Calculation of Backfill Quantities
Figure 17-3A identifies the values described below which are required for determining backfill
quantities.

17-3.02(01) Circular Pipe, Earth Foundation
Ct = corrugations thickness = 0.5 in.
Inside Dia. + 2Ct

Bc = H c =
12
Tc = trench cover depth over pipe
Vc = 1 ft for Bc ≤ 1.5 ft, or 1.5 ft for Bc > 1.5 ft
[
For backfill method 1 or 2, LB = 2(5) + Pvmt. Width + 2 2(Tc + H c ) , ]
where Tc = Vc. The pavement width is that of the travel lanes plus shoulders.
For backfill method 3, or method 1 in a median embankmemt,

[ ]
LB = Median Width − 2 2(Tc + H c ) − 2(5) . The median width excludes the shoulder
widths.
π ( B c )2
Ac =
4
W = 0.3Bc or 0.75 ft, whichever is greater
Wb = 2W + Bc
2H c
K = 2W + Bc +
12
2(H c + Vc )
For backfill method 3, K 3 = 2W + Bc +
12
2Tc
Wt = K +
12
All methods, backfill quantity, BBC, per linear foot from trench bottom to pipe crown:
BBC =
[0.5H c (Wb + K )] − Ac
27

Method 1 or 2 backfill quantity, BCT, per linear foot from pipe crown to top of trench:
Tc (K + Wt )
BCT =
54
Method 3 backfill quantity, BCV, per linear foot from pipe crown to top of Vc dimension:
Vc ( K + K 3 )
BCV =
54
Method 3 backfill quantity, BVT, per linear foot from top of Vc dimension to top of trench:
(Tc − Vc )(K 3 + Wt )
BVT =
54
Method 1 backfill per linear foot = BBC + BCT.

Method 1 total backfill quantity = LB(BBC + BCT).
For backfill method 2, BBC and BCT each represent different materials, so the quantities
should not be added. The total quantity for method 2’s BBC material is (LB)(BBC). The total
quantity for method 2’s BCT material is (LB)(BCT).
For backfill method 3, BBC and BCV are the same material, so the total method 3 quantity of
this material is LB(BBC+ BCV). BVT represents a different material, so it should not be added
to BBC+ BCV. The total quantity for method 3’s BVT material is (LB)(BVT).
17-3.02(02) Circular Pipe, Rock Foundation
The total backfill quantity is that required for an earth foundation plus the foundation backfill
required below the pipe. The additional volume is determined as follows:
A = 8 in. or 2/3 ft. The entry in the formula below for WF must be made in feet.
2A
WF = 2W + Bc −
12
Backfill quantity, BF, per linear foot of foundation area:

 W + WF 
BF = A b 
 2 
Total foundation-backfill quantity = (LB)(BF)
17-3.02(03) Deformed Pipe, Earth Foundation
Ct = corrugations thickness = 0.5 in.
Span + 2C t
Bc =
12
Rise + 2C t
Hc =
12
For backfill method 1 or 2, LB = 2(5) + Pvmt. Width + 2[2(Tc + H c )] ,

where Tc = Vc. The pavement width is that of the travel lanes plus shoulders.
For backfill method 3, or method 1 in a median embankment,

LB = Median Width − 2[2(Tc + H c )] − 2(5) . The median width excludes the shoulder
widths.
(Pipe Opening )(Ct )(P )

Ac =
12
W = 0.3Bc or 0.75 ft, whichever is greater
Wb = 2W + Bc
2H c
K = 2W + Bc +
12
All methods, backfill quantity, BBC, per linear foot from trench bottom to pipe crown:

BBC =
[0.5H c (Wb + K )] − Ac
27
Method 1 or 2 backfill quantity, BCT, per linear foot from pipe crown to top of trench:
Tc (K + Wt )
BCT =
54
Method 3 backfill quantity, BCV, per linear foot from pipe crown to top of Vc dimension:
Vc ( K + K 3 )
BCV =
54
Method 3 backfill quantity, BVT, per linear foot from top of Vc dimension to top of trench:
(Tc − Vc )(K 3 + Wt )
BVT =
54
Method 1 total backfill per linear foot = BBC + BCT.

Method 1 total backfill quantity = LB(BBC + BCT).
For backfill method 2, BBC and BCT each represent different materials, so the quantities
should not be added. The total quantity for method 2’s BBC material is (LB)(BBC). The total
quantity for method 2’s BCT material is (LB)(BCT).
For backfill method 3, BBC and BCV are the same material, so the total method 3 quantity of
this material is LB(BBC+ BCV). BVT represents a different material, so it should not be added
to BBC+ BCV. The total quantity for method 3’s BVT material is (LB)(BVT).
17-3.02(04) Deformed Pipe, Rock Foundation
The total backfill quantity is that required for an earth foundation plus the foundation backfill
required below the pipe. The additional volume is determined in the same manner as for a circular
pipe.

17-3.03 Computer Program for Determining Backfill Quantities
The computer program, Backfill Calculation Software, is now available on the Department’s
website at www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/standards/07Bkfl-qt.xls. Use of the program precludes
the need for hand-calculations for cross-structures as shown in the INDOT Standard Drawings.
For a circular pipe, the input data include pipe diameter, pavement or median width as required,
and Tc.
For a deformed pipe, the input data include pipe size, pavement or median width as required, Tc,
span, rise, and perimeter P. Span, rise, and P can be determined from the reference sheets included
with the program.
The following backfill quantities calculation examples are included with the program.
1. Method 1, Circular Corrugated Pipe, Rock Foundation

2. Method 1, Deformed Smooth-Interior Pipe, Earth Foundation
3. Method 1, Circular Smooth-Interior Pipe, Earth Foundation
4. Method 2, Circular Corrugated Pipe, Earth Foundation
5. Method 2, Circular Corrugated Pipe, Structural-Plate Metal, Rock Foundation
6. Method 2, Deformed Corrugated Pipe, Earth Foundation
7. Method 3, Circular Corrugated Pipe, Earth Foundation
8. Method 3, Deformed Corrug. Pipe, Structural-Plate Aluminum Alloy, Earth Foundation
9. Method 3, Deformed Corrugated Pipe, Structural-Plate Steel, Rock Foundation
17-3.04 Video Inspection
Video inspection will be required for each pipe that is inaccessible for visual inspection, or for
which visual inspection is impossible. This includes each location considered to be in a confined
space. Commercial- and private-drive pipes will not be video inspected. This is a pay item, and
should be applied as necessary to each non-underdrain pipe pay item, without regard to INDOT
Standard Specifications reference number.
17-3.05 Information to be Shown on Plans
The backfill method, material, and quantity; geotextile quantity if applicable; and video-inspection
quantity if applicable, should be shown in the Structure Data table for each pipe structure.

17-4.0 ROADWAY QUANTITIES
17-4.01 Pavement Materials
Chapter 304 discusses INDOT pavement design criteria. It also provides information for quantity
determinations of subgrades, asphalt materials, concrete materials, underdrains and geotextile
wraps. Figure 17-4A, Roadway Factors, provides factors that can be used to determine asphalt
pavement and other roadway quantities.
The following method should be used to determine quantities for shoulder corrugations. For an
Interstate route, it is sufficient to multiply the number of shoulders requiring corrugations, usually
four, by the gross project length in yards. For another type of facility, it is acceptable to multiply
the number of shoulders that require corrugations by the gross project length in yards by 0.8 to
account for the gaps in the intermittent corrugation pattern. It is not necessary to subtract the
length of gaps at bridge approach slabs and bridge decks, driveways, median crossovers, or public
road approaches when calculating the quantity. It is also not necessary to subtract the length of
non-corrugated shoulder less than 7 ft wide adjacent to a roadside barrier.
17-4.02 Subgrade Treatment
Subgrade information is included in INDOT Standard Specifications section 207. The subgrade is
defined as the top surface of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure and shoulders are
constructed. The subgrade area should be computed for all areas of new pavement or shoulders,
including cuts and fills. The width of the treatment is between points which are 2 ft, or as
determined, outside the edges of paved shoulders or back faces of curbs, as shown in Chapter 304,
or as instructed by the Office of Geotechnical Services. The lateral limits and type of subgrade
treatment should be shown on the Typical Cross Sections on the plans.
17-4.02(01) Subgrade Treatment Types [Rev. Jan. 2011, Mar. 2014, Dec. 2017]
Where subgrade treatment other than that described below is recommended by the Office of
Geotechnical Services, a special provision is required.
The subgrade treatment methods are as follows:
1. Type I. This treatment consists of 24 in. of compacted soil.
2. Type IA. Effective Sept. 2014, Type IA has been deleted from the Standard Specifications.

3. Type IB. This treatment consists of 14 in. chemical soil modification. Chemical soil
modification should not be used where groundwater is within 5 ft of the proposed subgrade
treatment elevation. Due to equipment limitations, chemical soil modification should be
limited to subgrade widths equal to or greater than 8 ft.
4. Type IC. This treatment consists of 12 in. of subgrade excavated and replaced with coarse
aggregate No. 53.
5. Type II. This treatment consists of 6 in. of the subgrade excavated and replaced with coarse
aggregate No. 53.
6. Type IIA. This treatment consists of 8 in. chemical soil modification. Chemical soil
modification should not be used where groundwater is within 5 ft of the proposed subgrade
treatment elevation. Due to equipment limitations, chemical soil modification should be
limited to subgrade widths equal to or greater than 8 ft.
7. Type III. This treatment consists of in-place compaction.
8. Type IIIA. Effective Sept. 2014, Type IIIA has been deleted from the Standard
Specifications.
9. Type IV. This treatment consists of 12 in. of the subgrade excavated and replaced with
coarse aggregate No. 53 on Type IB geogrid.
10. Type IVA. This treatment consists of 12 in. of coarse aggregate with Geocell Confining
System.
11. Type V. This treatment consists of 3 in. of subgrade excavated and replaced with 3 in.
coarse aggregate No. 53.
17-4.02(02) Subgrade Treatment Type Determination
1. Project With Subgrade Treatment Type Determined per Former Practice. The designer
should transmit a memorandum to the Office of Geotechnical Services. Such
memorandum should request that the Office of Geotechnical Services review the pavement
design to determine the subgrade treatment type or types required as described herein.
Once the Office of Geotechnical Services transmits its determination to the designer, the
designer must revise the plans, pay items, and pay quantities accordingly.

A project that did not require subgrade treatment per former practice will likely do so now.
2. Project With Subgrade Treatment Type Yet to be Determined. The preliminary field check
plans should include projected AADT figures and subgrade treatment areas tabulated for
each survey line as shown in Figure 17-4B. During the field check, the Office of
Geotechnical Services should be informed of possible shallow utilities, temporary
pavement, need for a temporary runaround, or night construction so that it can make
suitable recommendations for subgrade type. Such considerations should be documented
in the field check minutes.
The type or types of subgrade treatments described in Section 17-4.02(01) to be used will
be specified in the Geotechnical Report. If the Geotechnical Report does not specify the
subgrade treatment type, the designer should send a memorandum requesting the subgrade
treatment to the Office of Geotechnical Services.
The field check may have already been conducted, but the Geotechnical Report may not
yet have been received by the designer. For this situation, the designer should submit to
the Office of Geotechnical Services the tabulation and information regarding shallow
utilities, temporary pavement, need for a temporary runaround, or night construction so
that it can make suitable recommendations for subgrade type.
17-4.02(03) Determining Pay Items and Quantities
A divided highway may have parallel but separate subgrade treatment areas, likely of the same
type, depending upon the width of the median. An isolated area such as that on an S-line, median
crossover, or possibly a portion of the mainline, may be of a different treatment type than that of
the mainline. Quantities should be determined for each required subgrade treatment pay item.
17-4.03 Placing Pipe Under Existing Pavement
Pay quantities for backfill and pavement replacement work at an installation or replacement of a
pipe, culvert, structure, or utility line placed either transversely or longitudinally under an existing
paved roadway alignment will be determined as described below.

17-4.03(01) Determining the Longitudinal Pay Limits of the Pavement Replacement
The following equations, along with the INDOT Standard Drawings, should be used to determine
the longitudinal pay limits, L, in linear feet, of the pavement replacement.
1. Structure of 30 in. Diameter/Span or Smaller.
d Bc
L = 5.5 + + [Equation 17-3.1]
6 12
where d = vertical distance from flow line to profile grade, feet

Bc = inside diameter or span, inches
2. Structure of Diameter/Span of Greater Than 30 in.
d
L = 4+ + 0.13Bc [Equation 17-3.2]
6
17-4.03(02) Determining Pavement Quantities
The pavement material to be placed should match the existing pavement section as closely as
possible. If the existing section is shallower than the minimum section shown on the INDOT
Standard Drawings, such minimum section should be specified. The designer will determine the
existing pavement section from the most recent approved pavement design or existing typical cross
sections details. If the existing asphalt pavement section cannot be determined, the minimum
HMA section shown on the INDOT Standard Drawings with 440 lb/yd2 HMA Base should be
specified. If the existing concrete pavement section cannot be determined, a minimum PCCP
section of 9 in. depth should be specified. The same new pavement section should be used for
both travelway and shoulders.
1. Asphalt Pavement. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement quantities should be determined for
Surface, Intermediate, or Base courses. The thickness of each course should approximate
that in place with consideration given to current practice in determining course thicknesses.
If a thicker section than the minimum is required, the additional thickness should consist
of HMA Base 25.0 mm. The courses and lay rates should be shown on the plans.

The pay unit is ton. The type should be determined as described in Section 304-8.02.
Quantities should be determined for each course and summed to obtain a total quantity of
HMA for structure installation to be shown on the plans on the Structure Data sheet in the
Pavement Replacement, HMA columns.
2. Concrete Pavement. The required portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) quantity is
the travelway and shoulder widths times L as determined above. The pay unit is square
yard. The same pay item should be specified without regard to the required pavement
depth. The required depth should be shown on the plans. The new subbase should match
the existing thickness and type, whether the existing subbase is open graded or dense
graded. The PCCP quantity should be shown on the plans on the Structure Data sheet in
the Pavement Replacement, PCCP column.
3. Composite Asphalt over Concrete Base. HMA of the thickness in place should be placed
on PCCP of the minimum or greater thickness if required. The HMA material should
consist of HMA for Structure Installation as required. The new subbase should match the
existing thickness and type, whether the existing subbase is open graded or dense graded.
The quantities should be determined and shown on the plans as described in Items 1 and 2
above.
17-4.03(03) Determining Backfill Quantities
Quantities for backfill should be determined based on the section shown in the INDOT Standard
Drawings, and as described in Section 17-3.01(03). The backfill quantities should be shown on
the Structure Data sheet in the appropriate Backfill column. If no Structure Data sheet is included
with the plans, the backfill quantities should still be shown on the plans.
17-4.03(04) Determining Underdrain Quantities
Underdrains, if present where placing a pipe under existing pavement, should be perpetuated. The
only pay quantity will be for the linear measure of underdrains based on the existing configuration.
The pay item is Underdrain, Patching and the pay unit is linear foot. Quantities should not be
determined for underdrain pipe, aggregate for underdrains, geotextile for underdrains, HMA for
underdrains, outlet protector if required, video inspection for underdrains, and all other incidentals
for underdrains. This work is included in the cost of the pay item Underdrain, Patching.

17-4.04 Subbase and Underdrains for Cement Concrete Pavement
17-4.04(01) Subbase
The subbase under portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) consists of two aggregates, Coarse
Aggregate No. 8 on top of Coarse Aggregate No. 53. The INDOT Standard Specifications
provides the criteria for thickness of these aggregates. The bottom layer of this composite subbase
should be designated on the plans as a separation layer. Include this separation layer in a PCCP
mainline, S-line, or approach pavement except a drive. For estimating and payment purposes,
combine the quantities for both aggregate types and designate them together as Subbase for PCCP.
For additional guidance, see Chapter 304 and the INDOT Standard Specifications, section 302.
17-4.04(02) Underdrains
Underdrains are required under new pavement. Locate the underdrain in the pavement structure
as shown in Chapter 304 and provide a detail in the construction plans. For additional guidance,
see Chapter 304 and the INDOT Standard Specifications. Where underdrains are used, include
the following pay items.
1. Underdrain. The underdrain will consist of the pay items as follows:
a. Pipe, Type 4, Circular, (size) in.;
b. Geotextile for Underdrains; and
c. Aggregate for Underdrains. Only the aggregate placed below the subgrade is included
as aggregate for underdrains.
2. Underdrain Outlets. Underdrain outlets will consist of the pay items as follows:
a. Pipe Underdrain Outlet, (size) in.;

b. Outlet Protector, (type) ; and
c. Delineator Post.

17-4.05 Non-Standard Concrete Median Barrier
A non-standard concrete median barrier may be required on a horizontal curve, superelevation

transition, or other locations where the barrier height varies from the standard dimensions, or
where the median barrier is attached to a concrete footing or wall cap. Identify these locations on
the plans and include the pay items Concrete, Class A and Reinforcing Steel, on the plans. Also,
include a special provision in the contract.
A short length of irregular concrete median barrier section used in conjunction with the standard
shape, a barrier at an approach to a bridge pier, sign foundation, or other similar support should be
considered concrete median barrier and quantified as concrete barrier.
17-4.06 Curb Ramp and Detectable Warning Surface [Rev. Apr. 2016]
The pay limit for a curb ramp should include the ramp, blended transition, turning space, flared
side and return curb as required. Where a turning space is shared by more than on curb ramp the
turning space should only be measured for payment once.
Quantities for curb or combined curb and gutter within the curb ramp limits should not be included
in the curb ramp quantity. These quantities should be incorporated into the project’s appropriate
curb or curb-and-gutter quantities. Quantities for sidewalk required outside the curb ramp pay
limit, should be incorporated into the project concrete sidewalk quantities. If flared sides are sod
instead of concrete, such sodding should be incorporated into the project sodding quantities. The
following pay items apply to curb ramps.
1. Curb Ramp, Concrete (SYS). Include the area of the ramp, blended transition, turning
space, flared side, and return curb.
2. Detectable Warning Surface (SYS). Include the area of the detectable warning surface for
the full width of the ramp, or blended transition, or turning space, as appropriate.
The pay item Detectable Warning Surface, Retrofit, should be included where a detectable warning
surface is replaced or placed without construction of a new curb ramp. The pay limits of the
detectable warning surface, retrofit should only include the detectable warning surface area. The
Detectable Warning Surface, Retrofit pay item will include the removal, disposal, and replacement
of portions of the concrete ramp, concrete base, including border, detectable warning surface, thin
set mortar, and fine aggregate (where required) for filling joints.
Figure 17-4D, Quantities for Curb Ramp, illustrates the pay limits for curb ramps.

17-4.07 Sodded, Paved, or Riprap Ditch
A longitudinal-ditch slope of flatter than 1% will be seeded. A slope of 1% or steeper but flatter
than 3% will require sodding. A slope of 3% or steeper will require a paved side ditch or riprap
lining. However, in an area of poor soil, a slope of flatter than 3% may be paved or lined with
riprap. A riprap ditch is typically used in a rural area and should be avoided in an urban area. The
final ditch-protection type will be determined at the field check in consultation with the district
office. The following discusses how to estimate the quantities for each ditch type.
17-4.07(01) Sodded Ditch
A standard sodded ditch is that which is parallel to the pavement profile grade line. A special
sodded ditch is that which varies in elevation with respect to the pavement profile grade line.
Depending on the side slopes, either ditch type may be used within the clear zone. Do not use a
ditch with side slopes of 3:1 or steeper within the clear zone.
A ditch should be sodded to a point 1 ft above the flow line. Figure 17-4E, Sodded Ditch
Quantities, provides the factors that can be used to determine the sodding quantities for a 4-ft wide
sodded ditch based on various side slopes.
17-4.07(02) Paved Side Ditch
The INDOT Standard Drawings and Figure 17-4F, Paved Side Ditch, illustrate the types of paved
side ditch used by the Department. To determine the type of paved side ditch, use the criteria
provided in Section 30-3.03(02).
When computing quantities, the designer should consider the following.
1. Limits. Where a paved side ditch meets a sodded or unsodded ditch flowing in the same
direction, extend the limits of the paved side ditch 25-ft beyond the theoretical point of
termination. A longer distance may be required under special circumstances.
2. Measurement. Paved side ditch is measured from station to station in meters. For a grade
of 20% or flatter, increase the measured distance from the plans by 5% to compensate for
grade. For a grade steeper than 20%, increase the measured distance by 10%.
3. Transition. A paved-side-ditch transition is required at an intersection with an earth ditch

or pipe culvert. Convert the transition to an equivalent length of the type of paved side

ditch specified. A transition of 10 ft or shorter is also required between two different types
of paved side ditches. The transition is provided for in the pay length of the larger type of
paved side ditch type specified.
4. Cutoff Wall. A cutoff wall is required at the beginning and end of each paved side ditch.
Each cutoff wall is considered to be equivalent to 8 lft of the paved-side-ditch type
specified at a location. Therefore, add an additional 8 lft to the measured paved-side-ditch
quantity for each cutoff wall required.
5. Lug. A lug is provided to prevent sliding on a steep slope. Each lug is considered
equivalent to 8 lft of the paved-side-ditch type specified at a location. Therefore, add an
additional 8 lft to the measured paved-side-ditch quantity for each lug required. Lugs
should be provided at the locations as follows:
a. 10 ft downslope from a grade change;
b. 10 ft downslope from the intersection of two different types of paved side ditches;
c. at the downslope end of a transition between two different types of paved side
ditches; or
d. at the intervals shown in Figure 17-4G, Lug Intervals.
6. Sodding. Provide sodding next to a paved side ditch as shown in Figure 17-4F, Paved Side
Ditches. To determine the sodding quantity, use a factor of 2.6 yd2 per linear foot of paved
side ditch. This factor is applicable for all paved-side-ditch types.
17-4.07(03) Riprap-Lined Ditch
When designing a riprap-lined ditch, consider the following:
1. Revetment riprap may be used for a slope of 3% or steeper, but 10% or flatter. Class I or
class II riprap should be used for a slope steeper than 10%.
2. At a bridge cone, use the riprap type specified for the bridge cone.
3. Where a riprap ditch meets a sodded or unsodded ditch flowing the same direction, extend
the limits of the riprap 25 ft beyond the theoretical point of termination.

4. Place geotextile under the riprap.
5. Show the ditch details on the plans.
6. Use uniform riprap for a ditch which is within the clear zone.
17-4.08 Mailbox Assembly and Mailbox Approach
A project on a rural non-Interstate-route will require mailbox assemblies. Section 51-11.0 provides
guidance on the design and location of a mailbox approach. If mailbox locations are not shown
on the topographic survey, the designer should not assume that mailboxes are not present on the
route. In the absence of survey information, the designer should check for mailboxes at the field
check review. The use of the videolog will also aid in determining the location and number of
mailboxes.
Figure 17-4H, Mailbox Summary Table, illustrates the mailbox quantities that should be used. If
the designer is certain that mailboxes are not located within the project limits, there is no need to
include the work in the plans.
17-4.09 Monuments [Rev. Apr. 2016]
17-4.09(01) General [Rev. Apr. 2016]
A monument is set to perpetuate the location of a disturbed public land survey or grant corner
within a right of way, to reestablish an alignment monument that may be disturbed during
construction or created from a PR line, or to establish and define a vertical reference point.
Monuments used by the Department are shown in the INDOT Standard Drawings series E 615-
SCMN, E 615-SLBM, and E 615-SLMN and are defined as follows.
1. Monument Type A. Use this type with vitrified brick or asphalt surface on concrete base.
2. Monument Type B. Use this type with an asphalt pavement.
3. Monument Type C. Use this type where a monument is required outside the pavement
area.
4. Monument Type D. Use this type with a concrete pavement.

5. Benchmark Post. Use this type to establish a Department benchmark.
6. Section Corner Monument. Use this type to perpetuate the location of a public land survey
or grant corner.
It is the responsibility of the designer to select the type of monument that best suits the location
where a monument is required.
17-4.09(02) Section Monuments [Rev. Apr. 2016]
The following will apply.
1. Location. Provide a monument at each section corner, quarter-section corner, and grant
corner that lies within the right of way for a new facility, or for a facility to be reconstructed
except as described in item 2 below.
2. Responsibilities. The district office will request the county surveyor to establish each
public land survey and grant corner located within the right of way that is not already
defined by a monument at the time of construction. If the county surveyor fails to establish
each such point as requested, the district office will eliminate each monument provided for
this purpose from the contract. Those section corner, quarter-section corner or grant corners
that lie within the right of way that were previously monumented, but will be destroyed
during construction, must be re-established.
3. Plans. Designate each monument by type and show it on the plans with an arrow to its
approximate location.
17-4.09(03) Survey Line Control Point [Rev. Apr. 2016]
A survey or design alignment is used as the basis for the descriptions of acquired right of way.
With respect to right-of-way descriptions, it is as significant as a section corner. A survey line
control point and survey and design alignment monuments must be set by an Indiana registered
land surveyor. A partial 3R project or a project not requiring additional right of way is exempt
from this requirement. The following will apply.
1. Monumenting PI, PC, and PT. The following will apply.

a. Where a PI appears within the right of way, provide a monument at the PI.
b. Provide a monument for each PC and PT.
c. Designate each monument by type and show it on the plans with an arrow to its
approximate location.
d. Place a monument at the intersection of the main line with the “S” line.
2. Monumenting Beginning and End Point of Project. Place a monument on the survey and/or
design alignment centerline at each of these points.
3. Monumenting POT and POC. The following will apply.
a. It is not necessary to monument each POT and POC. These intermediate points are
to be monumented as necessary so the maximum interval between adjacent
monuments does not typically exceed one quarter mile.
b. Where practical, a monument required to define a POC or POT should coincide

with a POC or POT established during the original survey.
c. Designate each POC and POT monument by type and station and show it on the
plans with an arrow to its approximate location.
17-4.09(04) INDOT Benchmark [Rev. Apr. 2016]
One benchmark should be provided at least every 1.5 mile. Benchmarks should be located as
follows.
1. Structure. Include a benchmark tablet on each bridge. Where twin structures or dual
structures are constructed in the same vicinity, a benchmark is only required on one
structure. Benchmark tablets should be installed at locations with continuous, deep
foundations such as abutment, pier or pile cap. Avoid locations such as curbs, sidewalks,
bridge decks, and railings. Location must accommodate the establishment of an accurate
elevation of the bench mark. Benchmark tablets set as noted above or in a benchmark post
should not be paid for directly.

2. Non-Structure. Where the spacing of structures is in excess of 1.5 miles, show benchmark
posts on the plans and space them such that the maximum spacing between benchmarks is
1.5 miles. Benchmark posts should be paid for per INDOT Standard Specifications.
3. Plans. Designate each benchmark post or tablet on the plans with a note as follows:
Benchmark Post (or Tablet) Required

Station _______ + _______
Offset distance ________ Direction (Lt. or Rt.) _______
17-4.09(05) Correcting Plans [Rev. Apr. 2016]
The district construction engineer will notify the district Capital Program Manager, project
manager, and district Survey Manager in which the project is located, for approval prior to any
monument being eliminated from the contract or if the location of a monument is proposed to be
changed. The as-built plans are to reflect any changes made to the monument locations shown in
the construction plans.
17-4.09(06) Right-of-Way Marker
See Section 85-7.0 for information.
17-4.09(07) National Geodetic Survey Benchmark
Each National Geodetic Survey (NGS) benchmark disturbed by highway construction must be re-
established. It is the responsibility of the Contractor to secure the replacement disk for such a
benchmark. In addition, the construction plans should include the note as follows:
N.G.S. Benchmark Post No. __________,

Station __________, (Rt.) (Lt.) shall be re-established by the Contractor.
Procedures for re-establishing soon-to-be disturbed or destroyed bench marks should follow the
guidelines established in the NGS Bench Mark Reset Procedures document and can be obtained
at the link provided below:
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/Benchmark_4_1_2011.pdf

17-4.09(08) NGS Horizontal Control Point [Rev. Apr. 2016]
The designer is responsible for notifying the NGS if a NGS horizontal control point (formerly
triangulation point) will be destroyed due to proposed highway construction. This notification will
be made by the Highway Design and Technical Support Division director and should be made at
the time the plans are sent to the district office. Sufficient detail of the mark should be provided
with notification to ensure positive identification. Said notifications will be made to the following:
NOAA, National Geodetic Survey, N/NGS43

Bldg. SSMC3, Room 8545
1315 East-West Highway
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Phone: 301-713-3242
It is not necessary to show a monument in the plans for use in re-establishing a NGS horizontal-
control point.
17-4.09(09) United States Geological Survey Benchmark [Rev. Apr. 2016]
Each United States Geological Survey (USGS) benchmark disturbed by highway construction
must also be re-established. Information on resetting such may be obtained by contacting the
following:
National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Office

U.S. Geological Survey
Ohio Mapping Partnership Office
6480 Doubletree Avenue
Columbus, OH 43229
Phone: (614)-430-7768
17-4.10 Seeding and Sodding [Rev. May 2016]
Permanent seeding and sodding requirements can be found in the INDOT Standard Specifications,
section 621.
17-4.10(01) Seeding for Grading and Paving Project [Rev. May 2016, Sep. 2016]

1. Rural Area of 1 ac or Larger. An area within the right of way that is not sodded or paved
should be seeded as follows.
a. Seeding. Use Seed Mixture R as specified in the INDOT Standard Specifications.

Estimate the quantity assuming an application rate of 205 lb/ac.
b. Mulching. Use the pay item Mulching Material and estimate it at a rate of 2 T/ac.
c. Fertilizer. For estimating purposes, assume an application rate of 800 lb/ac. Use
the pay item Fertilizer and include the supplemental description “for permanent
seeding.”
2. Urban Area of 1 ac or Larger. An area within the right of way that is not sodded or paved
should be seeded as follows.
a. Seeding. Use Seed Mixture U as specified in the INDOT Standard Specifications.

b. Mulching. Use the pay item Mulching Material and estimate it at a rate of 2 T/ac.
c. Fertilizer. For estimating purposes, assume an application rate of 800 lb/ac. Use the
pay item Fertilizer and include the supplemental description “for permanent
seeding.”
3. Rural Area of Smaller Than 1 ac. For an area within the right of way which is not sodded
or paved, use the pay item Mulched Seeding R. Estimate the area and pay quantity in
square yards.
4. Urban Area of Smaller Than 1 ac. For an area within the right of way which is not sodded
or paved, use the pay item Mulched Seeding U. Estimate the area and pay quantity in
square yards.
17-4.10(02) Seeding for Grading Project[Rev. May 2016, Sep. 2016]
1. Shoulder Point to Shoulder Point. The area between the outside shoulder points should be
seeded as follows.

a. Seeding. Use Seed Mixture P as specified in the INDOT Standard Specifications.
b. Fertilizer. For estimating purposes, assume an application rate of 400 lb/ac. Use
the pay item Fertilizer and include the supplemental description “for permanent
seeding.”
2. Shoulder Point to Right-of-Way Line. The area between the outside shoulder point and
the right-of-way line should be seeded according to the requirements for a grading and
paving project as discussed in Section 17-4.10(01).
17-4.10(03) Seed Mixture Type D [Added May 2016]
Seed Mixture Type D is intended for ditch applications where seasonal or chronic saturated soils
exist. Estimate the quantity assuming an application rate of 16 lb/ac. Fertilizer is not used. This
mixture should be specified for use only on maintenance contracts. The use on other contract types
should be coordinated with the Environmental Services Division landscape architect.
17-4.10(04) Seeding for Environmental Mitigation [Rev. May 2016]
Where environmental mitigation is required by the environmental document, or as determined

from a field check, specify one of the following seed mixtures.
1. Seed Mixture Grass. The following will apply.
a. Type 1. Specify this mixture where a special grass is required in addition to the
regular seed mixture. The pay item is Seed Mixture Grass Type 1. For estimating
purposes, assume an application rate of 235 lb/ac.
b. Type 2. This mixture is to be furnished at the contractor’s expense instead of the

regular seed mixture in an urban area that has been disturbed beyond the
construction limits.
2. Seed Mixture Legume. The following will apply.
a. Type 1. Specify this mixture where a special legume mixture is required in addition
to the regular seed mixture. The pay item is Seed Mixture Legume Type 1. For
estimating purposes, assume an application rate of 230 lb/ac.

b. Type 2. This mixture is to be furnished at the contractor’s expense instead of the
regular seed mixture in a rural area that has been disturbed beyond the construction
limits.
c. Signs. Include “Do Not Spray” signs where this mixture is specified.
17-4.10(05) Wildflower Seed Mixture
Where a wildflower seed mixture is specified, prepare the necessary special provisions so that at
least three alternatives of equal cost, type, and growing condition are available for the contractor
to select. These alternates may be designated by alternate vendors’ formulations, by the designer’s
own non-proprietary formulations, or any combination thereof that results in three equal
alternatives. Ensure that alternate component varieties for non-proprietary formulations allow the
contractor to make substitutions for component varieties that may be in short supply. If the
designer has any questions regarding application rates, method of measurement, or pay item
descriptions, he or she should contact the Production Management Division’s landscape architect.
17-4.10(06) Sodding
In determining the need for sodding, the designer should consider the following.
1. Sod. Sod should be included as described as follows:
a. in an earth ditch with longitudinal slope of 1% or steeper but flatter than 3%;
b. along a paved side ditch (see INDOT Standard Drawings);
c. at a bridge-cone area near a bridge structure as shown in Figure 17-5 I, Riprap and
Sodding Limits with Barrier Transitions on Bridge, or Figure 17-5J, Riprap and
Sodding Limits with Barrier Transitions on RCBA;
d. in a median ditch of a divided highway; see Figure 17-4 I, Sodding Locations; and
e. at side-slope break points; see Figure 17-4 I.
2. Nursery Sod. Nursery sod will be required for all exposed surfaces within the right of way
of a developed area (i.e., commercial, industrial, residential). A maintained lawn expected
to be disturbed by construction a rural area will also require nursery sod.

3. Estimates. Estimate the area of sod and nursery sod in square yards.
4. Water. To estimate the amount of additional water required for sod and nursery sod,
assume a rate of 4 gal./yd2. The pay unit is kilogallon, symbol kGAL.
17-4.10(07) Mobilization and Demobilization for Seeding
If pay items for seeding are required, at least one each of the pay item Mobilization and
Demobilization for Seeding is required. If the project includes a temporary runaround, add at least
one additional unit to the estimate. Additional units may be added as required for the likely
progression of work (e.g., for the various construction phases).
17-4.11 No-Passing-Zone Pavement Markings
If a no-passing zone extends beyond the project limits, striping quantities should include required
solid-yellow lines and adjacent broken-yellow lines to the ends of such no-passing zone.
17-4.12 Spare Parts Package for Guardrail End Treatment or Impact Attenuator [Del. May
2019]
17-4.13 Temporary Traffic Barrier (TTB)
The total pay quantity of each type of TTB should be computed only once, regardless of how may
traffic-maintenance phases it is to be used in, or how many times it must be moved.
The length of the longitudinal portion of TTB should be taken from the beginning point of where
it is required to the ending point of where it is required. Gaps required to accommodate public
road approaches or drives should be subtracted out. The length of each such gap should be taken
as the approach or drive width plus its radii. The lengths of each flared portion should be measured
along the flare.
A construction-zone energy-absorbing terminal, if required for use with TTB type 1 or type 3, is a
separate pay item to be quantified only once, regardless of how many traffic-maintenance phases
it is to be used in, or how many times it must be moved. The length of each construction-zone
energy-absorbing terminal, if required for use with TTB type 2 or 4, should be taken as 37.58 ft

where used along an outside shoulder, or 12.5 ft where used along a median shoulder. Such lengths
should be included in the linear quantities of TTB.
Delineation, and anchoring or other means required to control deflection, are included in the TTB
quantities, so they should not be considered when determining the pay quantities.
17-4.14 High-Tension Cable Barrier System (CBS)
1. Plans. The longitudinal and transverse CBS locations should be shown on the plans. A
geotechnical investigation of the soil conditions will be required for the approximate
locations of the safety terminal and the representative locations of the intermediate line-
post foundations at the respective sites throughout the entire length of the proposed barrier
installation. The geotechnical-investigation results should be incorporated into the contract
documents.
2. Quantities. The length of each end terminal should be included in the quantities for CBS.
A safety terminal should be included for each end of each CBS run. One spare-parts set
should be included. The plans should show all necessary linear-grading work to be done
in the median. The quantities should be included in a pay item for linear grading. A traffic-
control plan should be included, along with a pay item for maintaining traffic.
17-5.0 BRIDGE QUANTITIES
17-5.01 Structural Concrete Quantities
17-5.01(01) Cast-In-Place Concrete
Measure concrete quantities, in cubic yards, based on the theoretical volume for the class and use
specified. Do not deduct for the volume of piles, joint material, or reinforcing steel within the
concrete.
17-5.01(02) Concrete Structural Members
Prestressed I beams and bulb-tee beams will be measured by the linear foot. There is no
measurement per each or lump sum. Prestressed box beams will be measured by the square yard.
17-5.01(03) Surface Seal

The manner of showing the limits of surface seal on the plans, and the pay quantity of surface seal,
should be determined based on attached Figure 17-5A(0). The quantity in square feet (square
meters) should be shown where appropriate on the Bridge Summary of Quantities.
For a bridge with concrete structural members, the tops of all such members, and the outside faces
of the fascia members should also be surface sealed. This quantity is included in the concrete-
structural-member quantities. It should not be calculated, nor included in the surface-seal quantity
shown on the Bridge Summary of Quantities.
17-5.02 Excavation Quantities
Structure excavation can consist of several types of excavation. In addition to the INDOT
Standard Specifications, Figure 17-5A, Structure Excavations, and the following discuss the
various structure-excavation types and how to determine the applicable quantities.
1. Class X Excavation. Specify the pay item Excavation, X, where solid rock, loose stones,
boulders of more than 0.5 yd3 in volume, concrete footings from old structures not shown
on the plans, timber grillages, piles, or other similar materials are encountered within the
limits of foundation excavation. The volume of class X excavation is determined as
follows:
Class X Excavation = (L )(W )(D )

27
Where: L = length of footing, ft

W = width of footing, ft
D = depth of class X excavation, ft (See Figure 17-5A)
D extends from the bottom of the footing to the top of the rock elevation.
2. Wet Excavation. Specify the pay item Excavation, Wet, where foundation excavation is
encountered below a horizontal plane designated on the plans as the upper limit of wet
excavation. The limits for wet excavation quantities are defined as the theoretical volume
bounded by the bottom of the footing, the upper limit of wet excavation and vertical planes
which are 1.5 ft outside the neat lines of the footing and parallel thereto. The elevation of
the upper limit of wet excavation is the low-water elevation plus 1 ft. The volume of wet
excavation is determined as follows:

Wet Excavation = (L + 3)(W + 3)D
27

D = depth of wet excavation, ft (See Figure 17-5A)
Additional quantities may be required outside these limits for the following conditions.
a. The plans show a cofferdam with dimensions that exceed 1.5 ft outside the footing
and the cofferdam is not a pay item. The theoretical volume for wet excavation
will be based on the dimensions of the cofferdam as shown in the plans.
b. A foundation seal is required. The wet-excavation limits will be extended to the

bottom elevation of the foundation seal.
c. The volume of any class X excavation encountered within the limits of wet
excavation is not to be subtracted from the wet excavation. The volume of class X
excavation should be included as a separate pay quantity.
If a portion of the present structure lies wholly or partially within the limits of wet
excavation, do not alter the pay quantities for wet excavation.
3. Dry Excavation. The volume of dry excavation is the amount of excavation required from
the top of wet excavation to the top of proposed ground line. Only include the pay item
Excavation, Dry, if the quantity exceeds 250 yd3. Where dry excavation is not included as
a pay item, the quantity is included the concrete quantity. The volume of dry excavation
is determined as follows:
Dry Excavation = (L + 3)(W + 3)D

27

D = depth of dry excavation, ft (See Figure 17-5A)
4. Waterway Excavation or Common Excavation. The volume of waterway or common

excavation is the amount of excavation required from the existing ground line to the
proposed ground line. If this excavation is in the main-channel area, the pay item is
Excavation, Waterway. Otherwise it is Excavation, Common. If it is as common

excavation, add this quantity to the previously computed quantity for the road work. If
extensive channel work is required, compute the waterway excavation separately.
5. Foundation Excavation (Unclassified). If there are no other types of structure excavation,

the excavation pay item required at each end bent is Excavation, Foundation, Unclassified.
The volume of foundation excavation (unclassified) is determined as follows:
Foundation Excavation (Unclassified) = (L + 3)(W + 3)D

27
Where: L = length of footing or end bent cap, ft

W = width of footing or end bent cap, ft
D = depth of excavation from the natural ground line to bottom of the
foundation, ft
17-5.03 Piling [Rev. Jan. 2011]
17-5.03(01) Test Piles [Added Jan. 2011]
The geotechnical report will specify the test method for determining the nominal driving resistance
of a driven pile as dynamic formula, dynamic-pile load, or static load. If the number of hours
required before restriking can occur is not provided in the geotechnical report, 0 should be entered
in the appropriate recurring special provision’s appropriate blank.
The appropriate test-piling-related pay items are as follows.
1. Dynamic-Formula Method, INDOT Standard Specifications Section 701.05(a).
a. Test Pile, Indicator, Production. One such pile per support is required.
b. Test Pile, Indicator, Restrike. A quantity of one each is required for each test pile.
If the geotechnical report does not specify a number of hours before restrike can occur, the
pay items for indicator test pile and indicator test pile restrike are not required.
In addition to the criteria shown in the INDOT Standard Specifications, the designer should
consider the following.

2. Dynamic Pile-Load Test, INDOT Standard Specifications Section 701.05(b).
a. Test Pile, Dynamic, Production. The required number and locations of such piles
per support or structure will be shown in the geotechnical report.
b. Test Pile, Dynamic, Restrike. A quantity of one each is required for each test pile.
c. Dynamic Pile Load Test. A quantity of one each is required for each test pile.
3. Static-Load Test, INDOT Standard Specifications Section 701.05(c).
a. Test Pile, Static Load, pile size, Non-Production. The required number of such
piles per support or structure will be shown in the geotechnical report.
b. Static Pile Load Test. A quantity of one each is required for the test pile.
If this test method is specified, the static-load test-pile location area should be shown on
the plans. The geotechnical report will also specify the dynamic-pile-load test for the same
piles. The pay items for test pile, dynamic restrike, and dynamic pile load test will also be
required.
If the geotechnical report specifies epoxy-coated or reinforced-concrete-encased piling, the portion

of the production test pile that is to be so treated should be quantified as an epoxy-coated or
reinforced-concrete-encased pile. The remainder of the pile length should be quantified as a test
pile, as described above.
Quantities should not be included for restock piling. This is for construction-oversight personnel
use at the conclusion of pile-driving operations.
17-5.03(02) Permanent Piles [Added Jan. 2011]
1. Exposed or Buried Piles. Piles which consist of an exposed portion and a buried portion
should be measured as two pay items. The buried portion of a steel-pipe pile is Pile, Steel
Pipe, (pipe-well thickness) in, (diameter) in. The exposed portion is Pile, Steel Pipe,
Epoxy Coated, (pipe-well thickness) in, (diameter) in.
2. Pay Items. The pay items defined in the INDOT Standard Specifications should be used.
The pay item names will include information on the pile diameter or size, the type of
encasement, reinforcing-steel requirements, and the wall thickness of the steel shell.

3. Measurement. The minimum pile tip elevation shown on the General Plan sheet for a
stream crossing is established to provide adequate penetration to protect against scour and
does not necessarily indicate the penetration needed to obtain the required bearing. The
estimated elevation needed to obtain the required bearing is shown only in the Geotechnical
Report. The billed length of piling should be computed based on the lower of the minimum
tip elevation shown on the General Plan sheet or the estimated bearing elevation shown in
the Geotechnical Report.
4. Incidental Items. Do not include separate pay items for pile encasement, reinforcing steel,
or concrete filling. These are included in the pay items for the piles.
5. Oversized Predrilled Pile Holes. For an integral end bent structure, include a special
provision to define the additional payment breakdown required for oversized predrilled
holes and uncrushed gravel backfill. The piles themselves should be measured as described
in the INDOT Standard Specifications. Include the special provision where the blow count
(N) exceeds 35 blows per foot within the 10-ft interval below the bottom of the cap.
17-5.04 Steel Sheet Piling
Steel sheet piling required for railroad protection should be shown on the plans. Sheet piling with
a higher section modulus than that specified may be required by the railroad company or by the
contractor’s bearing design. Sheet piling is cut to 10 ft below the final ground elevation, and left
in place after construction is complete. The sheeting is not required for permanent support, but
disturbance caused by its removal may be damaging. Steel sheet piling to be left in place is
measured by the square foot.
The specified section modulus should be included in the pay item name.
17-5.05 Backfill for a Structure
17-5.05(01) Backfill at Bridge Support
1. End Support.
a. Beam or Girder Type Superstructure. Backfill behind an end bent should consist
of coarse aggregate wrapped in a geotextile as shown in the INDOT Standard

Drawings. An end bent drain pipe should also be included. A structure over water
should have the outlet located on the downstream side wherever possible.
b. Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridge. Flowable backfill should be used to backfill

behind an end bent as shown in the INDOT Standard Drawings. End bent drain
pipes will not be required.
2. Interior Support.
a. Railroad or Roadway Grade Separation Structure. The area to a point 1.5 ft outside
the neat lines of each footing should be backfilled with structure backfill as shown
on the INDOT Standard Drawings. The neat-line limits and estimated quantities
should be shown on the Layout sheet for each support location.
b. Bridge Over Waterway. The area to a point 1.5 ft outside the neat lines of each
footing should be backfilled with common fill or borrow material.
17-5.05(02) Backfill for Retaining Wall
Chapter 410 provides the design criteria and warrants for the placement of a retaining wall.
Figure 17-5B, Cast-in-Place Concrete Retaining Wall Earthwork Quantities Limits; Figure 17-5C,
MSE Retaining Wall Earthwork Quantities Limits; and Figure 17-5D, MSE Retaining Wall
Earthwork Quantities Limits Showing Foundation Treatment, each illustrate the typical pay limits
for excavation and backfill material quantities for a retaining wall. The contractor may select an
alternate wall design. However, the earthwork quantities should be calculated based on the
outermost neat-line construction limits for the wall type shown on the plans.
All excavation quantities required for placement of retaining walls should be incorporated into the
project’s earthwork quantities tabulation and balancing. The required pay items for a cast-in-place
concrete wall are common excavation and structure backfill. The required pay items for an MSE
wall are common excavation, structure backfill, and B borrow.
17-5.06 Roadway Items
Where bridge construction is to be included within road-project limits, the bridge designer should
provide the road designer with a Layout sheet and a General Plan sheet indicating the proposed
roadway construction near the bridge. In addition, the bridge designer will be responsible for

providing the road designer with the quantities for the pay items listed in Figure 17-5E, Bridge
Pay Items in Road Plans, so that they can be included with the roadway quantities.
17-5.07 Pavement Markings
A bridge project should include pay items and quantities for traffic-lane stripes, edge lines, and
signs. A detail or a table illustrating permanent pavement-marking limits and quantities should be
shown in the plans; see INDOT Typical Plan Sheets. The designer should consider the following.
1. Edge and Center Lines. Determine the quantity for solid-white edge lines and for broken-
yellow center lines directly from the plans.
2. No-Passing Zones. The quantity for solid-yellow lines to denote a no-passing zone is an
undistributed item. New solid-yellow lines for a no-passing zone should be provided for
the entire no-passing zone, even if the no-passing zone extends beyond the limits of the
bridge project. Approximate lengths may be determined during the field check. However,
actual limits will be determined by the district Office of Traffic.
17-5.08 Regulatory or Warning Traffic Signs
The designer, in conjunction with district-office personnel during the field check review, should
determine whether new traffic signs will be required or if the present ones can be reset.
The method of determining quantities for new regulatory or warning traffic signs is as follows.
1. Posts. Sign posts are measured by the linear ft and specified by type.
2. Signs. Sheet signs are measured by the area, in square feet, according to the sheeting type
and thickness.
Figure 17-5F, Sign Post and Sheet Sign Summary (Bridge Project), illustrates the signing tables
that should be placed on the Bridge Summary sheet or on the Approach Details sheet. For a project
with a small number of signs, the totals may be omitted.
Sign codes, description, size, location, post length, and type are listed in the tables according to
the guidelines in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the INDOT Standard Drawings
and Section 502-1.0. The type and quantity of posts should be determined as shown on the INDOT
Standard Drawings.

17-5.09 Reinforced Concrete Bridge Approach (RCBA) [Rev. July 2012, Apr. 2016]
17-5.09(01) Miscellaneous Requirements [Rev. July 2012, Apr. 2016]
The designer should provide complete RCBA details on the bridge plans.
1. Dimensions. The RCBA length, width, skew, thickness, and bill of materials should be
determined and shown on the plans. The length and width should be also shown on the
General Plan sheet. INDOT Standard Drawings Series E 609-RCBA contains information
on the spacing of reinforcement and connection to the bridge deck. The Standard
Drawings are intended for new construction. The RCBA width should equal the bridge
clear-roadway width and RCBA extensions utilized as needed.
2. Anchoring. The RCBA should be anchored to the end of the superstructure where integral
end bent construction is used. Where a bridge deck expansion joint is used at the end of
the superstructure, an alternate anchoring detail should be utilized.
3. Polyethylene Fabric. Two layers of polyethylene fabric, each of minimum thickness 0.02
in., should be placed between the RCBA and the dense-graded subbase where the RCBA
is anchored to the superstructure.
4. Terminal Joint. If the approach roadway is PCCP, a terminal joint as shown on INDOT
Standard Drawings Series E 503-BAJT should be provided at the roadway end of the
RCBA. No such joint is required if the approach roadway pavement is HMA.
5. Extension for Bridge-Railing Transition. An extension should be provided under each

bridge-railing transition as shown on INDOT Standard Drawings Series E 609-TBAE. The
extension should be considered part of the RCBA, and not part of the transition.
17-5.09(02) Quantities [Rev. July 2012]
Quantities for the following pay items should be included on the Bridge Summary sheet, in the
Summary of Bridge Quantities table, separate from other bridge quantities.
1. RCBA of the required thickness, including extensions for bridge railing transitions, per
square yard.

2. Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars in the RCBA and extensions, per pound.
3. Dense-graded subbase placed under the RCBA and extensions, per cubic yard.
17-5.10 Riprap and Sodding Limits at Bridge Cone
Figure 17-5 I, Riprap and Sodding Limits with Barrier Transitions on Bridge, and Figure 17-5J,
Riprap and Sodding Limits with Barrier Transitions on RCBA, illustrate the placement of riprap
and sodding at a bridge cone to control erosion. Figure 17-5 I illustrates the placement where the
barrier transitions are on the bridge and Figure 17-5J where they are on the RCBA. Riprapping
the surfaces of the bridge cones and fill slopes adjacent to the RCBA is recommended for a new
bridge at a stream crossing. Where mowing equipment experiences difficulty traversing riprap
drainage turnouts for a grade separation structure (e.g., at an interchange), the bridge cone surfaces
may be sodded instead.
For a bridge rehabilitation project, the designer should review proposed erosion control techniques
(e.g., erosion control mat, riprap drainage turnout, sodded flume, curb inlet/piping) with the
Bridges Division Bridge Rehabilitation Department and the district office.
17-5.11 Structural Steel Painting [Rev. Oct. 2011]
If possible, the number of bridge sites in one contract should be limited to three or four. This will
result in more contracts, but it should result in more-competitive bidding. It will also provide a
better opportunity of completing the contract within the temperature and humidity restrictions and
within the construction season.
17-5.11(01) Cleaning and Painting Existing Structural Steel Members
Bridge cleaning and partial-bridge cleaning on an existing bridge are designated by QP type. The
QP designation refers to the contractor’s certification level. If the structure was built in 1995 or
later, the QP-1 designation should be used. If all or a portion of the structure to be cleaned was
built in 1994 or earlier, the QP-2 designation should be used. The Department’s Bridge Inventory
Log Book’s year built should be used to determine the QP type.

17-5.11(02) New Structural Steel Members
Regardless of whether the steel is regular or weathering, cleaning and painting of new structural-
steel members is included in the furnishing of new structural steel. No painting-related pay items
should be specified.
For weathering steel, the portions of new structural-steel members to be caulked and painted are
shown in Standard Drawings.
17-5.11(03) Paint Colors
Standard paint colors are provided in the Standard Specifications. After consultation with the
project manager, one of these colors should be specified for the final coat, and the color number
from the Standard Specifications placed in the appropriate blank on the Bridge Painting Locations
and Information table, Figure 17-5K,. Light blue or light green is typically specified. Colors not
listed in the Standard Specifications should be specified only after consultation with the project
manager. Reasons for using non-standard colors include a request from an LPA, desire to match
surroundings, etc. A non-standard color requires a longer lead time for the contractor to procure
the paint and for the paint to be tested.
An editable version of the Bridge Painting Locations and Information table, Figure 17-5K is
available on the Department’s Editable Documents website, at
www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/design/dmforms/, under Bridges. The completed table should be
included on the plans.
17-5.11(04) Quantities Determination
Pay items for cleaning and painting structural-steel members should be specified only for existing
structural steel. If only the bearings, end diaphragms, beam ends, etc., are to be cleaned and
painted, such work should be identified on the plans. The pay items specified should be those
regarding partial painting. The pay unit for cleaning bridge steel, painting bridge steel, or painting
bridge steel, partial, is lump sum.
A pay item for maintaining traffic should be included. Corresponding pay items for other traffic
maintenance appurtenances, such as construction signs, temporary traffic barrier, attenuator truck,
etc., should also be included. The designer should discuss the need for the inclusion of other site-
specific work such as clearing, tree trimming, guardrail removal and replacement, working

platform, or other unique items that may be required, with the district Office of Construction’s
project engineer or supervisor who typically handles painting contracts.
17-6.0 TEMPORARY EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL [Add. Apr. 2016]
17-6.01 Temporary Seeding and Temporary Mulch [Rev. Apr. 2016]
The designer should be alert to recognize each work area where soil will be disturbed by
construction operations, and is likely to remain in an uncovered state, especially on a multi-phase
project, for an extended period of time. Temporary seeding and mulch are used to reduce erosion
and sedimentation damage by means of stabilizing a disturbed area where additional work is not
scheduled for at least 7 calendar days. The cost of the items will be included in the total dollar
amount for Storm Water Management Budget. The following will apply.
1. Seeding. The quantity for Temporary Seed Mixture should be estimated assuming an
application rate of 150 lb/ac. The area used for the temporary seeding should be determined
based on the contract type as follows:
a. Bridge Contract. The quantity is based on 1.5 times the area of permanent seeding
b. Road Contract. The quantity is based on 2 times the area of permanent seeding.
c. Maintenance, Traffic, or Preservation. A pay quantity should not be included unless

soil disturbance is known. Quantities should then be based on the same area as the
permanent seeding.
2. Mulching. The quantity for Temporary Mulch should be estimated using the same area
used for temporary seeding. Estimate the quantity assuming an application rate of 2.5
tons/ac.
On a slope of 3:1 or steeper but flatter than 2:1 Temporary Mulch Stabilization, Type A, B or C is
required in addition to Temporary Mulch. On a slope of 2:1 or steeper, a Manufactured Surface
Protection Product is required. See section 205 of the INDOT Standard Specifications for the
various types of mulching stabilization and manufactured surface protection products.
17-6.02 Storm Water Quality Management Budget [Add. Apr. 2016]

Most contracts will include two pay items Storm Water Quality Management Budget and Storm
Water Quality Control Plan (SWQCP). Once the necessary temporary and erosion and sediment
control measures and quantities are determined, the established prices should be applied to each
item and the total dollar amount entered as the Storm Water Management Budget pay item.
Establish prices are included in RSP 205-R-636 until such time as the RSP is incorporated into the
Standard Specifications. Specialty measures that do not have established prices, such as turbidity
curtains, will require a unique special provision, and should be included in the contract as
individual pay items.
For contracts that are anticipated to extend over a single construction season, the dollar amount
should be increased by 10% for each season
17-6.03 Storm Water Quality Control Plan (SWQCP) Preparation and Implementation
[Add. Apr. 2016]
The SWQCP Preparation and Implementation pay item includes all narrative information, plan
sheets, sequencing, and implementation information necessary for storm water management
utilized on the contract. The SWQCP Preparation and Implementation also includes the costs for
the Storm Water Quality Manager (SWQM), at level indicated for the contract, and the costs for
weekly Storm Water inspections for the contract.
Guidelines for quantifying SWQCP Preparation and Implementation Pay Items Associated with
RSP 205-R-636
In the absence of more accurate data, the following should be used for estimating purposes. The
total should be entered as the lump sum amount for the SWQCP Preparation and Implementation
pay item.
Storm Water Quality Control Plan $15,000

Storm Water Management inspections $400 per week of the contract term
Attendance of SWQM at scheduling meetings $400 per each 2-week period from beginning
of the contract to the intermediate completion
date.
SWQM Level 1 or Level 2 $500 for SWQM Level 1
$1000 for SWQM Level 2

17-7.0 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
Figure 17-7A provides mathematical formulas to be used for various quantity determinations.

This figure deleted [Oct. 2017]
Figure 17-1A, Proprietary Material Transmittal Memorandum has been deleted as an IDM figure.
The document is available from the Department’s Editable Documents webpage at
http://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/design/dmforms/ , under Proprietary Materials.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL TRANSMITTAL MEMORANDUM

Figure 17-1A
This figure deleted [Mar. 2016]
The current Approved Proprietary Materials list can be found on the Department’s website at
http://www.in.gov/indot/2684.htm
APPROVED PROPRIETARY MATERIALS

Figure 17-1B
These figures deleted [Oct. 2017]
Figures 17-1C, 17-1D, 17-1E, and 17-1F, related to requests for proprietary material use have been
deleted. These documents are available from the Department’s Editable Documents webpage at
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL USE

Figures 17-1C, 17-1D, 17-1E, and 17-1F

Figures 17-1C, 17-1D, 17-1E, and 17-1F

Figures 17-1C, 17-1D, 17-1E, and 17-1F

Figures 17-1C, 17-1D, 17-1E, and 17-1F
EARTHWORK COMPUTATION
ROUTE DES. NO. PAGE NO. OF____

BY DATE SUBJECT
CHKD BY DATE
CUT, SUM FILL, SUM

VOL.
AREA CUT AREA FILL END END LENGTH VOL. CUT
STATION FILL
(ft2) (ft2) AREAS AREAS (ft) (cys)
(cys)
(ft2) (ft2)
Recommended shrinkage factor to be used for divided-roadway project:
0 < cys < 1000 / 100 lft = 25%
1000 ≤ cys < 2000 / 100 lft = 20%
≥ 2000 cys / 100 lft = 15%
Recommended shrinkage factor to be used for two-lane-roadway project:

0 < cys < 500 / 100 lft = 25%
500 ≤ cys < 1000 / 100 lft = 20%
≥ 1000 cys / 100 lft = 15%
The recommended shrinkage factor to be used for a shoulder-widening project is 30% to 35%.
The recommended swell factor to be used for a rock fill is 30% to 35%.
SHRINKAGE AND SWELL FACTORS
Figure 17-2C
Earthwork Balance
Fill +____12 cys
Common Excavation2345 cys
Unclassified Excavation2345 cys
Rock Excavation2345 cys
Borrow or Waste cys
Peat Excavation cys
Benching235 cys
Notes:
1 For shrinkage and swell factors to be used, see Figure 17-2C.
2 When the project is on new alignment, increase both the excavation and fill quantities to
include any benching required. See Figure 107-6B for typical benching procedures.
3 Where benching is required for construction of a new embankment over an existing

embankment, no direct payment is made for benching.
4 Excavation for subgrade treatment is not included in the excavation quantities.
5 If applicable, include a note that the ________ excavation quantity includes ______ cys
of unsuitable material and/or _______ cys of benching.
EARTHWORK BALANCE TABLE

(Road Project)
Figure 17-2D
Earthwork Tabulation
Fill +20% ________ cys
Common Excavation  ________ cys
Usable Waterway Excavation (______ %)  ________ cys
Surplus Foundation Excavation  ________ cys
Borrow or Waste ________ cys
Total Waterway Excavation ________ cys
Benching (Estimated)  ________ cys
 Excavation for subgrade treatment is not included in the above excavation

quantities.
 Show the actual usable portion on the plans (______ %). Estimate the percentage
during the field check. If no other information is available, use 70%.
 Includes earth volume displaced by substructure concrete or structure backfill at

foundation excavations. If this volume < 100 cys, do not include it in the
earthwork tabulation.
 Include all material excavated to shape the channel under the structure, reduced
by the estimated concrete volume of existing piers or abutments above the
channel-clearing line. Abutment backfill above the clearing line should be
included in waterway excavation.
 Benching is to be shown on the cross sections. Benches are to be 8 ft to 10 ft wide

where practical. Volume should be estimated and shown in the earthwork
tabulation. The benching quantity is not included in the common-excavation
quantity.
EARTHWORK TABULATION,
BRIDGE PROJECT
Figure 17-2E
Asphalt Mixtures Compacted Aggregate
Pavement Aggregate
Factor Factor
Thickness Thickness
1 in. 110 lb/yd2 = 0.055 T/yd2 3 in. 0.167 T/yd2
1.25 in. 140 lb/yd2 = 0.070 T/yd2 4 in. 0.222 T/yd2
1.5 in. 165 lb/yd2 = 0.083 T/yd2 5 in. 0.278 T/yd2
1.65 in. 180 lb/yd2 = 0.090 T/yd2 6 in. 0.333 T/yd2
2 in. 220 lb/yd2 = 0.110 T/yd2 7 in. 0.389 T/yd2
2.25 in. 250 lb/yd2 = 0.125 T/yd2 8 in. 0.444 T/yd2
2.5 in. 275 lb/yd2 = 0.138 T/yd2 9 in. 0.500 T/yd2
2.75 in. 300 lb/yd2 = 0.150 T/yd2 12 in. 0.667 T/yd2
3 in. 330 lb/yd2 = 0.165 T/yd2 B Borrow for Draintile
3.25 in. 360 lb/yd2 = 0.180 T/yd2 Pipe Dia. Factor
3.5 in. 385 lb/yd2 = 0.193 T/yd2 6 in. 0.257 yd3/lft
4.5 in. 495 lb/yd2 = 0.248 T/yd2 8 in. 0.269 yd3/lft
8 in. 880 lb/yd2 = 0.440 T/yd2 10 in. 0.278 yd3/lft
Asphalt for 0.63 gal./yd2 = 12 in. 0.304 yd3/lft
Prime Coat 0.0028 T/yd2 18 in. 0.502 yd3/lft
Asphalt for 0.08 gal./yd2 =
Aggregate for Underdrains
Tack Coat 0.00025 T/yd2
Riprap Pipe Dia. Factor
Riprap 1.5 T/yd3 6 in. 0.090 yd3/lft
Water for Sodding 8 in. 0.110 yd3/lft
Water 4 gal./yd2 = 0.004 kgal/yd2 10 in. 0.136 yd3/lft
Pavement Markings Shoulder Drains
Flat Terrain 24.8 T/mi
Permanent Rolling
30.2 T/mi
Broken 0.25 lft/ft Terrain
Centerline Hilly
35.5 T/mi
Terrain
ROADWAY QUANTITIES FACTORS
Figure 17-4A
Design-Year Treatment
Line
AADT Area, SYS
“A” 20,000 10,000
“S-1-A” 300 500
“S-2-A” 400 950
EXAMPLE TABULATION OF SUBGRADE TREATMENT

INFORMATION TO ACCOMPANY MEMORANDUM
TO MATERIALS AND TESTS DIVISION
Figure 17-4B
Sidewalk TS Sidewalk
Return Curb
As Required
Flared Side
LEGEND
Curb
TS Turning Space
Detectable Warning Surface Crosswalk Markings
Area to be paid for as

Curb Ramp, Concrete
Ramp
CURB RAMP, CONCRETE
Sidewalk TS Sidewalk
Return Curb
As Required
Flared Side
LEGEND
Curb
TS Turning Space
Detectable Warning Surface Crosswalk Markings
Area to be paid for as

Detectable Warning Surfaces or
Detectable Warning Surfaces, Retrofit
Ramp
DETECTABLE WARNING SURFACE
CURB RAMP PAY ITEMS
Figure 17-4D
Sodding Factor
Foreslope Backslope
(syd/lft)
6:1 4:1 1.56
4:1 4:1 1.33
4:1 3:1 1.22
3:1 3:1 1.11
3:1 2:1 1.00
Notes:
1. Sodding factor assumes a 4-ft wide ditch bottom.
2. Sodding factor assumes sodding is placed to a height of 1 ft
above the flow line.
3. For sodding next to a paved side ditch, use a sodding factor of
0.3 syd/lft.
SODDED-DITCH QUANTITIES
Figure 17-4E
Grade Range Interval
3% ≤ Grade < 5% 200 ft

5% ≤ Grade < 8% 150 ft
8% ≤ Grade < 10% 100 ft
10% or greater 50 ft
LUG INTERVALS
Figure 17-4G
MAILBOX APPROACHES *
MAILBOX
LOCATION ASSEMBLIES
WIDTH REQUIRED
DESCRIPTION
C (ft)
LT or RT L BOX SINGLE DOUBLE
STATION
Paved Shoulder,
LT 106+41 10 -- 1
Mailbox Beyond Drive
Paved Shoulder,
RT 106+54 10 1 --
Mailbox Before Drive
Paved Shoulder,
LT 124+32 8 2 1
Mailbox Beyond Drive
* See the INDOT Standard Drawings.
SAMPLE MAILBOX SUMMARY TABLE
Figure 17-4H
Embankment
Material
Control Line 1
(Top of Wall)
MSE Wall
Panels
Structure
Backfill
Type 3
1
B Borrow
1
H Ground
Reinforcement
2’ Min.
Leveling Pad
Control Line 1
(Top of Leveling
Pad) L
MSE RETAINING WALL EARTHWORK QUANTITIES LIMITS
Figure 17-5C
Spec. Ref. Item Unit Quantity
203 Excavation, Waterway cyd
211 B Borrow cyd
211 Structure Backfill cyd
211 Flowable Backfill cyd
302 Dense Graded Subbase cyd
503 Terminal Joint lft
601 Bridge Railing Transition, TGB each
601 Bridge Railing Transition, WGB each
609 Reinforced Concrete Bridge Approach, _____ in. syd
703 Reinforcing Steel lb
704 Grates, Basins, and Fittings, Cast Iron lb
715 Pipe, Type 4, Circular, 6 in. lft
715 Pipe, Type 5, Circular, 12 in. lft
203 Surplus Foundation Excavation [not a pay item] cyd
BRIDGE PAY ITEMS IN ROAD PLANS
Figure 17-5E
SIGN POST SUMMARY
SIGN LOCATION NO. OF POST TOTAL
CODE STATION AND LINE LT. or RT. POSTS TYPE LENGTH (lft)
TOTAL A
TOTAL B
TOTAL 1
TOTAL 2
Note: Sign location and post lengths are approximate. Exact location and length to be determined in the field in
accordance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
SHEET SIGN SUMMARY

SIGN NO. OF SHEETING THICKNESS TOTAL
SIGN DESCRIPTION
CODE SIGNS TYPE* (in.) AREA (sft)
TOTAL I 0.080
TOTAL II 0.080
TOTAL I 0.100
TOTAL II 0.100
TOTAL I 0.125
TOTAL II 0.125
*Type I – “Enclosed lens” reflective sheeting

Type II – “Encapsulated lens” reflective sheeting
SIGN POST AND SHEET SIGN SUMMARIES

(Bridge Project)
Figure 17-5F
See INDOT Standard Drawing Series E 609-RCBA
RCBA
Figure 17-5G, -5G(1), and -5G(2)
RCBA
Figure 17-5G, -5G(1), and -5G(2)
RCBA
Figure 17-5G, -5G(1), and -5G(2)
8'-0"
A A
4'-0"
1'-0"
Revetment
Geotextile
SECTION A-A
Approach Slab
Limits of
Riprap
1'-6"
Toe of Slope
B
2'-0"
4' Sodding Strip (Typ.)
3' (Typ.) 3'-0"

Toe of Slope (Typ.) B
SECTION B-B
8' Riprap Drainage Turnout (Typ.)
RIPRAP AND SODDING LIMITS WITH BARRIER TRANSITIONS ON BRIDGE
Figure 17-5I
A A
8'-0"
4'-0"
1'-0"
Revetment
Geotextile
SECTION A-A
Approach Slab
Limits of
Riprap
1'-6"
B Toe of Slope
4' Sodding Strip (Typ.) 2'-0"
Toe of Slope (Typ.) B 3' (Typ.)
3'-0"
8' Riprap Drainage Turnout (Typ.) SECTION B-B
RIPRAP AND SODDING LIMITS WITH BARRIER TRANSITIONS ON APPROACH SLAB
Figure 17-5J
Bridge Painting Locations and Information
Contract No.
Route NBI Ref.
Structure Structure Number County Feature Crossed Location of
Number Number Post
Number Spans
Drainage
New- Roadway
Contract Lengths of Strl.- Existing Year Tons of Surf. Area New- Clean &
Year Paint Drain Casting
Structure Steel Spans Primer Last Strl. Strl. Steel, Color No. Paint
Built 2 Color Extensions,
Number ft-in. * Type Painted Steel ** ft ** (5-digit no.) Castings, each
(name) each
* Length shown is approximate. ** The quantities shown are approximate only.

The Contractor shall determine the quantities upon which to base its bid.
BRIDGE PAINTING LOCATIONS AND INFORMATION
Figure 17-5K
17-7A
17-7A
17-7A
CHAPTER 19
Standard Contract
Documents and Unique
Special Provisions
NOTE: This chapter is currently being re-written and its content will be included in Chapter 108 in the
future.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 3

19-1.0 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................... 4
19-1.01 Standards Committee.................................................................................................... 4
19-1.02 Contract Documents ..................................................................................................... 5
19-1.03 Hierarchy of Contract Documents ................................................................................ 5
19-1.03(01) Standard Specifications ...................................................................................... 6
19-1.03(02) Supplemental Specifications .............................................................................. 6
19-1.03(03) Plans ................................................................................................................... 7
19-1.03(04) Special Provisions .............................................................................................. 7
19-1.03(05) Instructions to Bidders and Schedule of Pay Items ........................................... 9
19-2.0 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND RECURRING PLAN
DETAILS .................................................................................................................................. 10
19-2.01 Standard Recurring Special Provisions and Recurring Plan Details .......................... 10
19-2.02 Contract-Specific Recurring Special Provisions ........................................................ 10
19-2.03 Unique Special Provisions.......................................................................................... 11
19-2.04 Finalization of Menu and Special Provisions ............................................................. 11
19-3.0 INSTRUCTIONS FOR UNIQUE SPECIAL PROVISION USE .................................... 11
19-3.01 Preparing a Unique Special Provision ........................................................................ 12
19-3.01(01) Structure of a Unique Special Provision .......................................................... 17
19-3.01(02) Format of Unique Special Provision ................................................................ 19
19-3.01(03) Terminology ..................................................................................................... 20
19-3.02 Unique Special Provision Review Process ................................................................. 23
19-3.03 Submittal of Approved Unique Special Provision ..................................................... 24
FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 25

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
19-3A Example of a Restrictive Type Unique Special Provision

19-3B Example Special Provision which Directly Revises the Standard Specifications
19-3C Example Special Provision which Does Not Directly Revise the Standard Specifications
19-3D Unique Special Provision Process
2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 19 Page 3

CHAPTER 19
STANDARD CONTRACT DOCUMENTS AND

UNIQUE SPECIAL PROVISIONS
Chapter 14 provides the Department’s procedures for the preparation of construction plans. This
Chapter describes the Department’s standard contract documents, including the Standard
Specifications, Supplemental Specifications, Standard Drawings, Recurring Special Provisions,
Recurring Plan Details, and Schedule of Pay Items. This Chapter also provides guidelines for
preparing Unique Special Provisions if the standard documents do not address the needs of the
project.
19-1.0 GENERAL
19-1.01 Standards Committee
The mission of the Department’s Standards Committee is to develop, review, and recommend for
approval all substantive additions and revisions to the Department’s standard documents used for
design and construction of projects. These documents include this Manual, the INDOT Standard
Specifications and the INDOT Standard Drawings.
The Standards Committee meets regularly to review and act on proposed changes to the standard
documents. The Committee consists of representatives from the Department entities as follows:
1. Director, Construction Management Division – Committee Chairperson

2. Contract Administration Division
3. Construction Management Division, Office of Materials Management
4. Construction Management Division, Office of the State Construction Engineer
5. Construction Management Division, Office of Construction Technical Support
6. One representative from a district construction office
7. One representative from a district production office
8. Highway Operations Division, Office of Traffic Engineering
9. Planning Division, Office of Pavement Engineering
10. Production Management Division, Office of Roadway Services
11. Production Management Division, Office of Structural Services
12. Construction Management Division, Specifications Engineer – Secretary (non-voting)

A Federal Highway Administration representative is present to provide comments on proposals for
use on the National Highway System. The FHWA representative is a non-voting member.
A proposal for consideration by the Standards Committee may be submitted through the Secretary
for possible inclusion on the Committee’s agenda.
19-1.02 Contract Documents
All bid and contract documents should complement and agree with each other to provide a clear,
concise package that can be readily understood by bidders, contractors, and field personnel. A
conflict between contract documents can result in change orders and claims which can delay
construction and increase project cost.
In developing and assembling the contract documents for a project, the designer should ensure that
all the documents are compatible. If the designer believes one of the standard documents may cause
a conflict, the Project Manager should be notified.
19-1.03 Hierarchy of Contract Documents
The Standard Specifications, Supplemental Specifications, Standard Drawings, Special Provisions,

Recurring Plan Details, construction plans, and supplementary documents are essential parts of the
contract. A requirement occurring in one is as binding as though occurring in all. They are intended
to compliment each other and are used to describe and provide complete instructions for the work to
be accomplished.
The designer should perform quality control checks to reduce or eliminate discrepancies between the
contract documents. However, discrepancies between documents will occur. The Standard
Specifications define the following contractual hierarchy of relationships between the documents in
order of precedence, as follows:
1. Instructions to Bidders and description of pay items listed in the Schedule of Pay Items;
2. Special Provisions;
3. Plans, including Standard Drawings and Recurring Plan Details;
4. Supplemental Specifications;
5. Standard Specifications.
If there is a discrepancy in dimensions, calculated dimensions govern over dimensions scaled from
the plans.

The order of precedence is from the least-standardized document to the most-standardized
document. Each group of documents is discussed in detail below, listed from most standardized to
least standardized, since each successive document type may represent a modification of the
previous documents.
19-1.03(01) Standard Specifications
The Standard Specifications consist of the standard contract language adopted by the Department for
a construction project. They are incorporated into each contract by reference. They provide the
Department’s criteria for the following:
1. the contractor’s duties;

2. control of material quality;
3. the contractor’s and Department’s contractual relationship; and
4. measurement and payment for pay items.
The Standard Specifications are published by the Construction Management Division and are
available either from the Department’s website or on CD. The Department also prints a limited
number of copies for use by Department field personnel only. New editions are not published on a
regular schedule. They are instead issued as warranted due to the number of changes authorized by
the Standards Committee. If a new edition is issued, it will be published in March and become
effective beginning with contracts let on or after September 1 of that year. The designer is
responsible for ensuring that contract documents are developed using the edition of the Standard
Specifications applicable to the project based on the contract letting date.
19-1.03(02) Supplemental Specifications
Supplemental Specifications are revisions to the Standard Specifications which have been adopted
by the Department since the last publication of the Standard Specifications. The intent is that they
will be incorporated into the Standard Specifications’ next revision. Complete sets of Supplemental
Specifications are added to the contract documents for each project and are intended for general use.
Beginning with the Standard Specifications 2008 edition, Supplemental Specifications are not being
used. Instead, required revisions to the Standard Specifications necessary before the next edition is
published are incorporated into contracts through Recurring Special Provisions.

19-1.03(03) Plans
Plans include the approved construction plans, profiles, typical cross sections, working drawings, the
Standard Drawings, and applicable Recurring Plan Details, or exact reproductions thereof, which
show the location, character, dimensions, and details of the work to be done on a project.
1. Recurring Plan Details. Recurring Plan Details are either standard details that have been
adopted since the last update of the Standards Drawings or are details that are included in a
contract to complement a Recurring Special Provision.
As new or revised Standard Drawings are adopted by the Department, they will be included
in contracts as Recurring Plan Details. The Department will determine for which letting the
Recurring Plan Details will become effective. The Recurring Plan Details will then be
included in the next update of the Standard Drawings set and will be deleted as Recurring
Plan Details.
Recurring Plan Details that are included in a contract to complement a Recurring Special
Provision may never become part of the Standard Drawings. Such Recurring Plan Details
are discussed further in Section 19-1.03(04), item 1.
2. Standard Drawings. The Standard Drawings provide standardized construction details for
various elements that are consistent from project to project (e.g., guardrail, fencing, drainage
details, bridge elements, signs). They provide information on how to lay out or construct the
various design elements. The complete set of Standard Drawings is included by reference as
part of the plans in each construction contract. The Standard Drawings are typically updated
once each year with the new set becoming effective for contracts let on or after September 1
of each year.
Standard Drawings are available on the Department’s website. Plan details required for a
project which are not included in the Standard Drawings must be developed by the designer
for inclusion in the plans.
19-1.03(04) Special Provisions
Special provisions are specifications in addition to the Standard Specifications that describe
conditions and requirements for special situations on a specific project. Special provisions are added
to the contract documents for a specific project and are not binding for a contract other than the one
for which they are included.

A special provision serves one of two functions in the contract documents as follows:
1. directly modifies the existing Standard Specifications by adding, deleting, or revising

language in an existing section, or by adding a new section; or
2. adds a stand-alone specification to the contract that does not directly modify the Standard
Specifications.
The two distinct types of special provisions are Recurring Special Provisions, which are further
subdivided into Standard Recurring Special Provisions and Contract-Specific Recurring Special
Provisions; and Unique Special Provisions.
1. Recurring Special Provision. A Recurring Special Provision is a specification created by the

Department to describe work not included in the Standard Specifications. It is typically used
in multiple contracts over a period of time. A Recurring Special Provision is typically
created as a revision to the Standard Specifications as the result of action by the Standards
Committee. Passage of a Standard Specifications revision by the Committee will often
result in the need to issue the revision as a Recurring Special Provision prior to the next
edition of the Standard Specifications, at which time the Recurring Special Provision may be
adopted into the Standard Specifications.
A Recurring Special Provision may require the inclusion of a Recurring Plan Detail in the
contract to complement the special provision. The Department maintains a menu of all
current Recurring Special Provisions and Recurring Plan Details that is updated as new
provisions are adopted and existing provisions are revised or deleted. The Special Provision
Menu is available on the Department's website and includes a basis for use for each
provision.
In preparing a project for submittal of plans and contract documents, the designer is
responsible for calling out the appropriate Recurring Special Provisions and Recurring Plan
Details from the menu. The designer must ensure that the provisions selected are applicable
for the specific project before their inclusion in the contract documents. Section 19-2.0
provides further guidance on the use of the Special Provision Menu.
a. Standard Recurring Special Provision. A Standard Recurring Special Provision can

either be a direct modification of the Standard Specifications or a completely new
specification for work not addressed in the Standard Specifications. Standard
Recurring Special Provisions are not to be modified by the designer and are included
in a contract, in their entirety, as the Department-approved version for the contract
letting date. If the language of a Recurring Special Provision must be revised to suit

a specific contract need, the designer must submit the revised provision as a Unique
Special Provision.
b. Contract-Specific Recurring Special Provision. A Contract-Specific Recurring

Special Provisions, or fill-in-the-blanks special provisions, requires project-specific
information to be entered by the designer. Each Contract-Specific Recurring Special
Provision has defined fields to be completed by the designer with information
specific to that project. No other portion of the provision is to be edited by the
designer. As with a Standard Recurring Special Provision, if the language in the
non-editable fields of a Contract-Specific Recurring Special Provision must be
revised, the designer must submit the revised provision as a Unique Special
Provision.
2. Unique Special Provision. A Unique Special Provision is a specification that pertains only
to a specific situation on a project that is not covered by an existing standard document. A
Unique Special Provision is intended only for a single use in a specific contract. The
Department tracks the use of Unique Special Provisions and considers creation of a new
Recurring Special Provision if the same general specification requirements begin to occur in
several Unique Special Provisions.
If a project-specific situation that is not described by an existing standard document, a

Unique Special Provision must be written and submitted by the designer. Section 19-3.0(01)
discusses guidelines for preparing a Unique Special Provision.
19-1.03(05) Instructions to Bidders and Schedule of Pay Items
Instructions to Bidders are formal instructions issued to bidders as part of or by reference in the
bidding documents. These include instructions regarding the procedures for the bidder to follow in
preparing and submitting a bid, as well as other special requirements. The instructions are set based
on Departmental needs and State and Federal codes. They should be understood by the designer, but
the designer is typically not responsible for preparing or revising such instructions. If a contract-
specific instruction is required (e.g., mandatory pre-bid meeting), the designer should add this as a
Unique Special Provision.
The Contract Information book’s Schedule of Pay Items includes the description of each pay item in
the contract and the unit of measure for the pay item. Each pay item listed in the Schedule of Pay
Items should have a related specification in the contract documents that uses the same pay-item
description and the same unit of measure as the pay item shown in the Schedule of Pay Items. It is
the designer’s responsibility to ensure this compatibility of pay items and specifications.

19-2.0 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND RECURRING PLAN
DETAILS
The Special Provision Menu is maintained by the Department and is available on the Department’s
website. The Menu lists each current approved Recurring Special Provision and Recurring Plan
Detail. A basis for use is included for each provision and plan detail to define the conditions that
warrant the inclusion of a Recurring Special Provision or Recurring Plan Detail in a contract.
For each provision on the Menu, the date on which the provision was either adopted or revised, and
the first letting date for which the provision is effective, is included. If a provision is listed twice, it
will have two different effective letting dates. This occurs if an older version is being replaced by a
newer version, but the new version’s effective letting date has not yet passed. Once the new letting
effective date has passed, the older version will be removed from the Menu. The designer should
ensure that the correct version of a Recurring Special Provision or Recurring Plan Detail is selected
based on the scheduled letting date for the contract.
A “How to Use” document that provides further details on use of the Menu is included on the
Department’s website along with the Special Provision Menu.
19-2.01 Standard Recurring Special Provisions and Recurring Plan Details
Provisions listed in the Menu’s Section I – Standard Recurring Special Provisions and Recurring
Plan Details, are intended to appear in the contract as shown on the Department’s website. If such a
provision is required, place an X in the Place In Contract box that corresponds to the desired
provision or detail. The designer should not submit a copy, electronic or printed, of a Standard
Recurring Special Provision or Recurring Plan Detail that is to be included in the contract. Some
provisions or plan details are required in every contract. The check box for Place In Contract will be
pre-selected and will not open for editing by the designer.
19-2.02 Contract-Specific Recurring Special Provisions
Provisions listed in the Menu’s Section II – Contract-Specific Recurring Special Provisions, will
require an attachment to be submitted. For each such provision, place an X in the Place In Contract
box that corresponds to the desired provision. The Attach. Req’d. box will be pre-selected and will
not open for editing by the designer. The designer must submit an electronic copy of the provision
with the blank fields completed.

Instructions for use of the Recurring Special Provisions and Recurring Plan Details Menu are
included with the Menu on the Department’s website.
19-2.03 Unique Special Provisions
The Unique Special Provisions Summary Sheet is reserved for the designer to list each Unique
Special Provision being submitted for the contract. The designer must enter the title of each Unique
Special Provision and the Standard Specification section it is most closely related to. The Unique
Special Provisions should be listed in Standard Specifications Section numerical order. An
electronic copy of each provision must be submitted. The Summary Sheet is available on the
Department’s website.
19-2.04 Finalization of Menu and Special Provisions
The completed Special Provision Menu must be submitted to the Contract Administration Division.
Regardless of the number of Des numbers associated with a contract, only one menu is required. If
multiple menus are submitted, they will be returned to the designer to combine them.
Contract-Specific Special Provisions attachments should be placed into one electronic file, in the
order in which they are listed in the Menu’s Section II. Unique Special Provisions should be placed
into another electronic file, in the order in which they are listed on the Unique Special Provisions
Summary Sheet.
The Contract Administration Division uses the submitted menu to assemble the Standard Recurring
Special Provisions, Recurring Plan Details and Contract-Specific Special Provisions that will be
included in the Contract Information Book. The approved versions of the provisions and details, as
maintained by the Department, will then be placed in the Contract Information book. Information
required for Contract-Specific Recurring Special Provisions will be copied from the attachments
submitted by the designer and placed into the Department-approved version of the special provision.
Unique Special Provisions, as submitted by the designer and approved by the Department, will also
be included in the Contract Information book.
19-3.0 INSTRUCTIONS FOR UNIQUE SPECIAL PROVISION USE
A Unique Special Provision is required if the items of work, methods, materials, sequence of
operations, or other restrictions or requirements necessary for completion of the project cannot be
described completely by a Recurring Special Provision, a Recurring Plan Detail, the Standard

Drawings, the Supplemental Specifications, or the Standard Specifications. Described completely
should be interpreted to mean that the work to be accomplished, the type of materials or equipment
required, the construction methods or details to be used, the method of measuring the work, the basis
of payment for the work, and all restrictions or requirements specific to the contract are clearly
defined.
If a Unique Special Provision is required for a project, the use of a provision that specifies a
proprietary product is discouraged. However, the use of a proprietary product may be justified if it
will enhance safety, control costs, or otherwise improve the project. In specifying a proprietary
product, the designer must provide a written explanation that describes why the proprietary item is
necessary and what the benefits of the product are. Section 17-1.05 provides guidance concerning
use of and approval of proprietary products.
For a product or material to not be considered proprietary, those of at least three vendors must be
available. If only one or two are known, the product or material is considered proprietary. The
procedure described in Section 17-1.05 should then be followed.
Example unique special provision phraseology is as follows.

Incorrect: Product A, as manufactured by vendor A or approved equal, shall be used.
Correct: Product A, as manufactured by vendor A; product B, as manufactured by
vendor B; or product C, as manufactured by vendor C, shall be used.
A Unique Special Provision should not be written to correct grammatical, typographical, or other
errors that can exist in the Standard Specifications or Recurring Special Provisions. If one of these
is discovered, it should be brought the attention of the Contract Administration Division.
19-3.01 Preparing a Unique Special Provision
A Unique Special Provision can be written to satisfy one of two basic purposes.
A constructive special provision is used to define a portion of the actual construction work,
including materials, equipment, methods, measurement, and payment.
A restrictive special provision sets out specific restrictions or requirements that must be followed by
the contractor. An example of a restrictive-type Unique Special Provision is illustrated in Figure 19-
3A.
The focus of this Section is to provide guidelines for preparing a constructive-type Unique Special
Provision.

1. Define Need. Review existing Standard Specifications, Standard Drawings, Recurring
Special Provisions, and Recurring Plan Details to determine if an existing document
adequately addresses the situation. A Unique Special Provision be prepared only if a
situation is not adequately addressed in an existing document.
2. Research. Research the topic so that complete and detailed information is available before
writing the provision. This may require contacting manufacturers, contractors, or suppliers
for the latest information. Local conditions and problems should also be fully investigated.
3. Structure and Format. Prepare a Unique Special Provision in the same structure and format
as the Standard Specifications (i.e., Description, Materials, Construction Requirements,
Method of Measurement, and Basis of Payment). Section 19-3.01(02) provides guidance for
the structure, and Section 19-3.01(03) provides guidance for the format that should be used
for a Unique Special Provision.
4. Type. Analyze the type of construction to be addressed in the provision to determine the
type of specification to prepare. A specification can be written as either a method
specification or a performance-based specification. A method specification describes the
exact methods, materials, or procedures to be used to construct the work. A performance-
based specification describes the quality of the materials to be used and the required end
result of the work. A performance-based specification is preferred to encourage innovation
and efficiency by the contractor. A method specification should only be used if the method
is critical to achieving the desired result.
5. Outline. Develop an outline that addresses the basic requirements of the work to be
completed. It should define the essential physical characteristics of the work (e.g., material
requirements, dimensional limitations, time, strength, weight, size, shape, configuration,
etc.). The contractor’s responsibilities should be clearly stated. Organize all relevant factors
under each appropriate heading.
6. Write the Unique Special Provision. Once the outline has been developed and all research
has been completed, prepare the first draft. The designer should review existing Recurring
Special Provisions for guidance on format and language. The following provides
grammatical recommendations for preparing a Unique Special Provision:
a. Voice. Use passive voice and indicative mood: “A rubbed finish shall be applied to
the exposed surfaces.” instead of “Apply a rubbed finish to exposed surfaces.”

b. Sentences. Use simple language and words. Keep sentences short, to 20 words or
less, unless complexity is unavoidable. Avoid the use of too many commas in a
sentence.
c. Paragraphs. Limit paragraphs to three to four sentences if possible.
d. Terminology. Words should be used consistent with their exact meaning. The same
word should be used throughout. Do not use synonyms. Avoid words which have
more than one meaning. Section 19-3.01(03) provides the recommended
terminology that should be used. Nonessential words and phrases should be omitted.
e. Pronouns. Avoid the use of pronouns, even if this results in frequent repetition of
nouns.
f. Punctuation. Use the minimum number of punctuation marks consistent with the
precise meaning of the language. Do not use a semicolon to separate related though
distinct clauses. Instead, use a period to effect distinct sentences. Ensure that there
can be no doubt regarding the meaning of a sentence.
g. Capitalization. The only phrases which require full capitalization are the special
provision title and subsection headings. The only words which require an initial
capital letter without regard to their location in the sentence are Department,
Engineer, Contractor, titles of reference publications, traffic sign copy, or other
proper nouns if their use is required.
h. Parentheses. Avoid the use of parentheses for other than metric-measure equivalents.
Instead, use commas or rewrite the sentence.
i. Numbers. It is unnecessary to write numbers both in words and figures, e.g., “Use
four (4) bolts”. Each number, including 0 or 1, should be written numerically, unless
it must be used to begin a sentence. In writing dimensions, numbers should be used,
e.g., ¼ in., 10 ft, 3 gal. Do not write 2 in. x 4 in., but instead, 2 in. by 4 in. Times
and dates should be written numerically. Decimals of less than one should be
preceded by the zero (e.g., 0.02 ft). Do not begin a sentence with a numeral. Either
write the number in words, or rewrite the sentence by placing the numeral within the
sentence.
j. Units of Measure. Write out units of measure within a sentence where not
accompanied by a quantity. Symbolize units of measure where used in a tabular
form or where accompanied by a quantity.

k. Emphasis. All parts of a specification are equally important contractually. Do not
use all capitals, underlines, italics, bold type, larger pitch, different font, punctuation,
etc., to emphasize words, sentences, pay items, or pay units.
l. Percentages. Where a percent is preceded by a number, the % symbol is used.

Where percent is used in a sentence without a number preceding it, the word percent
is spelled out.
7. Clarity. To ensure that the provision is clearly written, the designer should review the
following.
a. Give directions, not suggestions.
b. Do not assume that the reader understands your intent.
c. Limit the use of phrases such as “as approved by the Engineer,” “at the discretion of
the Engineer,” or “as directed by the Engineer” in place of definite workmanship
requirements. Such phrases may lead to confusion or misunderstanding. The
contractor may not know what the engineer is thinking.
d. Avoid conflicting or ambiguous requirements. Every specification statement should

have only one meaning.
e. Disclose known difficulties or hazards.
f. Use the standard abbreviations listed in Standard Specifications.
8. Conciseness. A Unique Special Provision should be as concise as practical. In reviewing a

provision, the designer should consider the following.
a. Avoid duplications between the Unique Special Provision and other contract
documents, including the Standard Specifications.
b. Do not give reasons for a specification requirement.
c. Do not provide additional information which is unnecessary for the preparation of

bids and the accomplishment of the work.

d. Once stated, do not repeat an instruction, requirement, direction, or piece of
information provided elsewhere in the provision you are writing, or elsewhere in the
contract documents.
e. Do not include mandatory provisions that are required in general by the contract.
f. Write the specification in a positive form (e.g., use “shall” instead of “shall not”).
g. Do not include instructions to the Department.
h. Do not include design information that is not necessary for the performance of the
work.
9. Completeness. Ensure that the essentials have been included and that each requirement is
definitive and complete. The Unique Special Provision should not be vague or open to
differing interpretations.
10. Correctness. To ensure that a Unique Special Provision is written correctly, the designer
should consider the following.
a. Check all references to the Standard Specifications or other contract documents to

ensure that the references are correct.
b. Where practical, independently cross-check every factual statement.
c. Do not include conditions that cannot be required or enforced.
d. Ensure that the provision does not punish the contractor or supplier. Penalties or
liquidated damages may be included, but the conditions that will result in penalties or
liquidated damages must be clearly defined.
e. Ensure that the provision does not unintentionally exclude an acceptable product,
construction method, or equipment.
f. Ensure that the provision does not change the basic design of the work.
g. Do not specify impossibilities. The practical limits of workers, equipment, and

materials must be known and recognized.
h. Specify standard sizes and patterns where practical.

i. Avoid personal whims and favorite requirements.
j. Ensure that sufficient attention has been provided to assessing the durability or
reliability of the material or procedure discussed. The use of recognized standards
should be quoted to ensure that the specified performance or characteristics are
achieved.
k. Make a careful, critical examination of manufacturer- or trade-association

recommendations, and require supporting evidence to be submitted by the contractor.
l. Ensure that the provision gives directions to the contractor that are consistent with
standard industry practice and current Department policies and procedures.
m. Ask a colleague to review the provision. What may seem clear to one person may
not be clear to someone else.
11. Submittal. Submit the completed draft Unique Special Provision for review and approval.
Section 19-3.02 discusses the submittal of a Unique Special Provision for review and
approval.
19-3.01(01) Structure of a Unique Special Provision
Prepare a Unique Special Provision using the same structure as the Standard Specifications,
including subsection layouts. The use of the standardized structure of the Standard Specifications
provides a common outline for special provisions that helps to ensure that all the necessary
information is included in a provision. The designer should review the Standard Specifications
before writing a Unique Special Provision in order to become familiar with the structure and typical
phrasing used throughout.
The standard structure consists of the “Big Five”: Description, Materials, Construction
Requirements, Method of Measurement, and Basis of Payment.
1. Description. Briefly, but completely describe the scope of work to be performed, with
references to specifications, plans, or other recurring special provisions that further define
the work. Where necessary or desirable for clarity, describe the relationship of this work to
other work or other phases of construction. Do not editorialize.

2. Materials. List the materials to be used in the work and clearly indicate the criteria for
acceptance of the materials. Define the specifications and properties of each material and the
method of tests for acceptance. Use references to the Standard Specifications’ materials
section as much as possible. References may be made to AASHTO, ASTM, or other
recognized specifications if the materials are not addressed in the Standard Specifications.
Ensure that references to AASHTO, ASTM, or other specifications or test methods from
agencies outside of INDOT are accurate and up to date. If a certification is required, ensure
that the certification type fits the situation and that information required in the certification is
clearly defined.
A prime consideration in establishing materials requirements is whether the material will be

tested by the Department and if the Department has the capability to perform the test. The
Office of Materials Management can provide guidance for specifying materials testing and
acceptance criteria.
3. Construction Requirements. The construction requirements should be written in the logical

order in which field operations are anticipated to proceed. Clearly define the requirements
for general conditions, types of construction, and quality of workmanship. Do not leave the
contractor in doubt as to what is required.
Describe the sequence of construction operations (method specification) or the desired end
product (performance-based specification) as described in Section 19-3.01, item 4. Where
practical, a performance-based specification is preferred. The construction requirements
should define tolerances, limits, restrictions, preparations, or other criteria related
construction of the work that must be satisfied for an acceptable product. These
requirements can include, but are not limited to, dimensions, on-site test criteria, weather
conditions, traffic condition, or time limits.
4. Method of Measurement. Describe the components of the completed work that will be
measured to determine the pay quantity for the pay item as it will be described in the
Schedule of Pay Items. Define the units of measurement and whether the item will be
measured in original position, in transporting vehicles, or in the completed work. Designate
modifying factors or other requirements needed to establish a definitive, measurable unit. A
prime consideration for method of measurement should be the degree of difficulty that field
personnel will encounter in making measurements.
5. Basis of Payment. Define the measured units for which payment will be made. Include the
pay item name as it will appear in the Schedule of Pay Items and define the scope of work
included in payment. Determine and identify which work is to be paid for as an individual
pay item, what work is to be included in the cost of that pay item and what work is to be

included in the cost of other pay items. The Basis of Payment must clearly identify to the
contractor what work is and is not to be included in the unit cost of the pay item. For work
that is not included in the pay item in the provision, the designer must then determine and
clearly state where the cost of such work is to be placed.
19-3.01(02) Format of Unique Special Provision
The format of a Unique Special Provision will depend on whether it directly modifies the Standard
Specifications or not.
A provision that directly modifies the Standard Specifications must identify the section and line
numbers in the applicable edition that is being modified and clearly indicate the modifications being
made. The following guidelines should be used in preparing a Unique Special Provision that
directly modifies the Standard Specifications.
1. Identify the section and line numbers being revised. Place distinct revisions within a section
in line numerical order. For example:
SECTION 101, LINE 13, INSERT AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 101, BEGIN LINE 176, DELETE AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 101, DELETE LINES 525 THROUGH 548.
SECTION 101, AFTER LINE 1083, DELETE AND INSERT AS FOLLOWS:
2. Where more than one section is revised in a single Unique Special Provision, place the
revised sections in numerical order. For example:

SECTION 404, AFTER LINE 1448, INSERT AS FOLLOWS:
SECTION 609, BEGIN LINE 990, DELETE AND INSERT AS FOLLOWS:
3. Spaces in the Standard Specifications between paragraphs count as lines. Also, horizontal
lines shown in tables count as lines.
4. Show revisions to Standard Specifications text by using strikethroughs to show deleted text
and italics for inserted text. Delete, then insert. Do not insert, and then delete. Do not use a
“track changes” feature in word-processing software to indicate revisions.
5. Retain all unrevised existing Standard Specification text in the sentence for clarity of the
revision. Show entire sentences, even if only one word in the sentence is revised.

6. Include all text shown in each line involved in the revision. This includes sentence
fragments not involved in the revision which may appear in the first or last line involved.
7. Where four or more lines of the existing text are entirely deleted without insertions, the
deleted copy need not to be shown as overstruck. Indicate the deleted section and lines as
follows:
8. In making a revision which inserts new text after an existing paragraph, identify the space
after the paragraph as the line to begin after.
Do not develop a provision that revises the Standard Specifications solely to correct typographical,
spelling, grammatical, or other errors. If such errors are evident, bring them to the attention of the
Office of Contracting.
Figure 19-3B, Example Special Provision which Directly Modifies the Standard Specifications,
illustrates the outline and layout that should be used for such a provision.
A provision that does not directly modify the Standard Specifications is formatted differently than
that which does. Figure 19-3C, Example Special Provision which Does Not Directly Modify the
Standard Specifications, illustrates the format to use for a stand-alone Unique Special Provision.
19-3.01(03) Terminology
Phraseology and terminology used in a Unique Special Provision should be consistent with that used
in the Standard Specifications. In addition, the designer should consider the following.
1. Amount, quantity. Use “amount” when writing about money only. If writing about
measures of volume, such as ft3, gal., etc., use “quantity.”
2. And/Or. Use “and” alone, or “or” alone. Do not use “and/or”.
3. Any, all. The word “any” implies a choice and may cause confusion. In place of “any,” the
term “all” should be used. For example, “Correct all defects.”
4. As per. Instead, use “as stated,” “as shown,” “in accordance with,” or another similar phrase.

5. As shown on the plans. Use this phrase instead of “as shown in the plans,” “as detailed on
the plans,” “as shown on the detail sheets,” “as shown on the Standard Drawings,” or “as
shown on sheet __ of the plans.”
6. At the contractor’s expense. Instead of this phrase, use “_____ shall be included in the costs
of _________.”
7. Balance, remainder. “Balance” should be used if referring to money. “Remainder” should

be used to describe something or material left over.
8. Broken, skip line. Use “broken line” rather than “skip line.”
9. Coarse, course. Use “coarse” to describe a texture. Use “course” for a layer.
10. Conform. Use the word “conform” to refer to dimensions, sizes, or fits that must be strictly
adhered to (e.g., “cut bolt threads conforming to ASA Standards, Class 2 fit, coarse thread
series”). Where a better product is acceptable, use the phrase “in accordance with...” (e.g.,
aggregates in accordance with the specification requirements if tested in accordance with
AASHTO T 27.)
11. Contractor. Use the word “Contractor” in place of the word “Bidder.” “Bidder” should only
be used in a proposal. If referring to the contractor by means of a pronoun, use “it” rather
than “he.”
12. Department. Use “Department” in place of “Indiana Department of Transportation.” The

abbreviation INDOT should not be used in the contract documents.
13. Engineer. Use of "the Engineer" refers to the Chief Engineer of the Department acting
directly or through a duly authorized representative. If used in this context, "Engineer" is
always capitalized.
14. Ensure. Do not use “insure” or “assure,” but instead use “ensure.”
15. Guardrail. Spell “guardrail” as one word rather than as two.
16. In accordance with. Use the phrase “in accordance with” in place of “in conformance with.”
17. May. Use “may” for contractor’s operations that are optional.
18. Milling. Do not use “scarifying,” but instead use “milling” or “surface milling.”

19. Or equal. Do not use this phrase without clearly defining what is “equal”.
20. Pay item. Use this phrase instead of “bid item,” “item,” or “line item.”
21. Proposal. The word “proposal” should not be used where the word “contract” is intended.
The term “proposal” should only be used to describe requirements during the bidding
process.
22. Resisting, resistant. Do not use “corrosion-resisting,” but instead use “corrosion-resistant.”
23. Said. Do not use “said pipe,” “said aggregates” but instead, use “this pipe,” “these
aggregates.”
24. Same. Do not use “same” to replace a pronoun like “it” or “them” standing alone, such as
“connected to same,” “specified for same,” “same will be given consideration,” “conforming
to requirements for same.” The sentence should be rewritten to clearly describe what is
meant.
25. Schedule of Pay Items. Use this phrase instead of “Itemized Proposal” or “Proposal” in
referring to the list of pay items.
26. Shall. Use “shall” to define what the contractor is required to do. Do not use “may” unless
the contractor has an option under the specification.
27. State. The term “State” is preferred over the “State of Indiana” or “Indiana.”
28. Such. Do not end a sentence with the word “such.” “Such” usually means “of this or that
kind,” or similar to something stated. Instead, state that which is actually meant, or name the
work to be completed or rephrase the sentence.
29. Symbols. Do not use the following symbols in writing a unique special provision.
Symbol Write Instead

/ per, or “a”
Fº ºF
+ plus
- minus
x by

30. The. Do not eliminate “the” for brevity.
31. Thoroughly, Carefully, Clearly, etc. Avoid using these or other similar adverbs, e.g.,
thoroughly wet, shall be carefully dried, shall be clearly shown, etc., as they are
unenforceable. Preferably, state the value of the intended requirements in percent,
dimensions, number of passes, etc.
32. Unit Price. Use “contract unit price” instead of “contract unit price bid.”
33. Will. Use only in describing something the Department will do that affects the contractor’s
performance, e.g., “The Engineer will respond in writing in 14 days” or “________ will be
accepted based on the Department’s test results.”
19-3.02 Unique Special Provision Review Process
Once a Unique Special Provision is developed an electronic copy is to be transmitted to the project
manager for the review process. An explanation of the need for the Unique Special Provision must
also be provided, along with a request for unique pay items that can be required. The project
manager will transmit the provision to the appropriate offices for review and comment. Depending
on the nature of the Unique Special Provision, the following offices should be afforded the
opportunity to review a provision prior to inclusion in a contract.
 Central Office
o Division of Planning
 Office of Pavement Engineering
 Office of Roadway Safety and Mobility
o Division of Production
 Office of Roadway Services
 Office of Structural Services
 Office of Geotechnical Engineering
 Office of Environmental Services
o Division of Traffic Control Systems
o Division of Technology Deployment
o Division of Contract Administration
 Office of Estimating
o Division of Construction Management
 Office of Technical Support
 Office of Materials Management
 Office of the State Construction Engineer

o Division of Highway Operations
 Office of Traffic Engineering
 Office of Pavement Preservation
 Office of Maintenance Administration
 District Office
o District Traffic
o District Construction
o District Testing
o District Operations
The Unique Special Provision will be reviewed to ensure that it does not conflict with current
Department policy or procedure, that it does not create unwarranted costs or inefficiencies, that it
does not duplicate a description of work addressed by the Standard Specifications or Recurring
Special Provisions, and that the work it describes is materially available, testable, constructible, and
non-proprietary unless approved. The provision will also be checked for proper structure, language,
and format.
The reviewing parties will return their comments and recommendations to the project manager for
action by the designer. The designer should work through the project manager to resolve concerns
or questions regarding reviewers’ comments and recommendations. Figure 19-3D shows the flow of
the Unique Special Provision process.
19-3.03 Submittal of Approved Unique Special Provision
Once a Unique Special Provision has been reviewed and approved for use in a contract, the designer
must submit the provision along with the other required contract documents at Stage III submission.
The Department maintains instructions for use and submittal of Unique Special Provisions on its
website. These instructions are located along with the instructions for use of the Special Provision
Menu.

STOCKPILED BORROW MATERIAL FOR PROJECT
The Department has stockpiled sufficient borrow material for use in the
project in the southwest quadrant of the I-465 interchange with I-70 on the
eastside of Indianapolis.
All borrow required for the project shall be taken from this stockpile.
EXPLANATION
1. Provision title is centered and is Courier New font, 10-pt. pitch, all capitals.
2. There are no referenced Standard Specifications sections and line numbers.
3. Specification text is Courier New font, 10-pt. pitch.
5. There are no deletions or insertions.
EXAMPLE OF A RESTRICTIVE TYPE UNIQUE SPECIAL PROVISION
Figure 19-3A
Back
USE OF CONES IN LIEU OF DRUMS

Pavements and shoulders having an edge drop of more than 3 in. (75 mm) shall be
delineated with drums in accordance with 801.09. Delineation shall be at a maximum spacing of
200 ft (60 m). The use of cones in accordance with 801.08 will be permitted during daylight
hours in lieu of drums.

Cones shall be made of a material to withstand impact without damage to striking
vehicles. They shall have a substantial base to restrict overturning. Cones and tubular markers
shall be as shown on the plans.
Cones shall be used only during temporary activities where portability is advantageous
and they remain in place and do not create a hazard to traffic. The use of cones in lieu of drums
will be permitted during daylight hours unless otherwise directed as shown on the plans.
However, cones shall not be used for Interstate-route lane restrictions.
Tubular markers shall be used for separating two-lane two-way traffic as shown on the
plans or as directed.
Cones and tubular markers shall be secured in place either by weighting or adhesives.
The use of metal bases will not be permitted.
EXPLANATION
2. Referenced Standard Specifications section and line numbers are Courier New font, 10-pt.
pitch, all capitals.
3. Specification text is Times New Roman font, 12-pt. pitch.
4. Deletions are shown by overstrike.
5. Insertions are shown in italics.
EXAMPLE SPECIAL PROVISION WHICH

DIRECTLY REVISES THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Figure 19-3B
Back
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE FOR EMBANKMENT
Description
This work shall consist of furnishing and placing lightweight aggregate
fill for embankment construction in accordance with 105.03.
Materials
Materials shall be in accordance with the following:
The aggregate source shall submit independent laboratory test results

for the quality parameters listed. The test report shall be dated not later
than 18 months from the time it is submitted. Independent laboratory test
results will not be required if the aggregate is supplied by a certified
aggregate producer on the Department’s approved Certified Aggregate Producer
List.
The lightweight aggregate shall satisfy the requirements as follows:
1. Dry Rodded Unit Weight (Mass), Max... 58 pcf (929 kg/m3)

2. Gradation, AASHTO M 195.............. 1/2 in. to No. 4
(12.7 mm to 4.75 mm)
3. Finer than No. 200, Max.............. 8.0% by wet analysis
4. Wear, Max............................ 50%
5. Soundness, Max....................... 12% loss
6. Friable Particles, Max............... 10.0%
7. Deleterious Particles, Max........... 1.0%
The source of lightweight aggregate is subject to approval of the Engineer.

Aggregate that is without suitable documentation of testing by an independent
testing laboratory and is not approved or is not supplied by a certified
aggregate producer, will not be accepted.
Recycled materials will not be allowed in an environmentally-sensitive area.
Construction Requirements
After placement, this material shall be lightly compacted. Density
tests will not be required after placement.
Method of Measurement
Lightweight aggregate for embankment will be measured in accordance
with 203.27(d).
Basis of Payment
Lightweight aggregate for embankment will be paid at the contract unit
price per ton (megagram).
Payment will be made under:
Pay Item Pay Unit Symbol
Lightweight Aggregate for Embankment...................TON (Mg)
The costs of material, transportation, placement, and all incidentals

shall be included in the cost of the pay item.
Back
EXPLANATION
2. There are no referenced Standard Specifications sections and line numbers.
3. Provision subheadings are Courier New font, 10-pt. pitch, boldface.
4. Specification text is Courier New font, 10-pt. pitch.
5. There are no deletions or insertions.
EXAMPLE SPECIAL PROVISION WHICH

DOES NOT DIRECTLY REVISE THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
Figure 19-3C
Back
14 weeks prior to 13 weeks prior to
Stage III Submittal Stage III Submittal
1.0 DESIGNER 2.0 DESIGNER 3.0 PROJ. MGR. 4.0 PROJ. MGR.
Submits draft USP With Designer,

Develops USP for
to PM, including determines Distributes draft
the contract in
explanation & appropriate USP for review by
accordance with
requested pay reviewers for each appropriate parties
IDM Chapter 19
items draft USP
POTENTIAL
REVIEWERS
PLANNING PRODUCTION TRAFFIC MGMT. CONTRACTS CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS DISTRICT
10 weeks prior to Roadway Services Traffic Control Traffic Engineering Traffic

Pvm’t Engineering Technical Support
Stage III Submittal Structural Services Systems Pvm’t Preservation Construction
Rdwy Safety & Estimating Materials Mgmt.
Geotechnical Eng Technology Maintenance Testing
Mobility State Const. Eng.
5.0 REVIEWERS Enviro. Services Deployment Admin. Operations
Review draft USP

and return
comments to PM
8 weeks prior to 4 weeks prior to 3 weeks prior to RFC

Stage III Submittal (Optional)
Stage III Submittal Stage III Submittal Stage III Submittal (Min. 12 weeks prior to Letting)
6.0 PROJ. MGR. 7.0 DESIGNER 8.0 CONTRACTS 9.0 DESIGNER 9.1 PROJ. MGR. 10.0 DESIGNER
Collects review Resolves review

Creates pay items Submits approved Requests final Submits approved
comments and comments thru
as required for USP along with review of USP by USP and estimate
sends to Designer PM; requests pay
USP; sends to PM other contract District with approved pay
and District items for USP from
& Designer documents to PM Construction items to Contracts
Construction Contracts
UNIQUE SPECIAL PROVISION PROCESS
Figure 19-3D
Back
CHAPTER 20
Cost Estimating
NOTE: This chapter is currently being re-written and its content will be included in Chapter 108 in the
future.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
20-1.0 PROJECT ESTIMATES .................................................................................................... 3

20-1.01 Project Initiation Estimate ............................................................................................ 3
20-1.02 Preliminary Engineering Study Estimate ..................................................................... 3
20-1.03 Design Estimates .......................................................................................................... 5
20-1.03(01) Preliminary Field Check .................................................................................... 5
20-1.03(02) Design Approval Plans ...................................................................................... 5
20-1.03(03) Final Check Prints .............................................................................................. 6
20-1.03(04) Final Tracings .................................................................................................... 6
20-1.03(05) Other Estimates .................................................................................................. 6
20-1.04 Engineer’s Estimate ...................................................................................................... 7
20-2.0 ESTIMATING PROCEDURES ......................................................................................... 8
20-2.01 Computer Estimates...................................................................................................... 8
20-2.02 Coded Pay Items ......................................................................................................... 10
20-2.02(01) General ............................................................................................................. 10
20-2.02(02) New Pay Item and Code Number .................................................................... 10
20-2.02(03) Bridge Identification in Pay Item Name .......................................................... 11
20-2.02(04) Non-Participating Pay Items [Added Sept. 2011]............................................ 11
20-2.03 Estimating Guidelines [Rev. Jan. 2013] ..................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 20
COST ESTIMATING
To adequately define the project scope and to ensure that sufficient construction funds are available,
a construction cost estimate is required during the various stages of project development. As the
project progresses, the estimate is updated to ensure the project remains cost-effective, that sufficient
funds are available for construction, and that the contractor’s bid price is reasonable. This Chapter
discusses the project cost estimates required and who is responsible for their preparation.
20-1.0 PROJECT ESTIMATES
20-1.01 Project Initiation Estimate
Each district is responsible for nominating projects to be included on the Department’s Multi-Year
Highway Improvement Program. Two notable exceptions are major-improvement studies and the
Interstate System rehabilitation program, which are nominated by the Planning Division. Once a
project is nominated, the Urban and Corridor Planning Office is responsible for gathering the
necessary project information before it can be included on the Program list. One part of this
information-gathering includes a preliminary cost estimate for construction. The preliminary cost
estimate is generally provided by the entity which nominated the project. This estimate is
determined using broad units of cost (e.g., cost per mile, cost per square yard), by the type of
improvement and by reviewing similar, recent projects in the area.
20-1.02 Preliminary Engineering Study Estimate
The Environmental Policy Team, with input from the district, will prepare a more-detailed cost
estimate for a project requiring an Engineer’s Report. This estimate will be prepared based on the
estimating procedures discussed below (e.g., cost per mile, cost per square yard). However, where
quantities are available, these should be used. The Environmental Policy Team will be responsible
for obtaining appropriate parametric cost estimate data.
A preliminary-study cost estimate is determined according to the following.
1. Roadway Items. For most roadway items, the cost estimate is determined assuming a cost
per mile per roadway width. This estimate reflects the cost for earthwork, pavement

structures, drainage, or other miscellaneous items. Every effort should be made to include
all anticipated work items.
2. Structure Items. For most structural items, the cost estimate is determined assuming a cost
per square yard based on similar structure type, work type (e.g., bridge rehabilitation,
replacement) and crossing type (e.g., railroad, highway, stream).
3. Traffic-Signal Items. For a signal installation, a cost estimate is determined assuming a cost
per intersection. For a signal-interconnect system, a cost estimate is determined assuming a
cost per installation. These cost estimates will be provided by the Traffic Signals Team.
4. Traffic-Signs Items. The cost estimate is based on the number of panel signs and cost per
sign. The cost estimate will be provided by the Signing and Lighting Team.
5. Lighting Items. Lighting is estimated assuming a cost per mile or per interchange where
lighting will be provided. The cost estimates will be provided by the Signing and Lighting
Team.
6. Traffic Maintenance. Include an estimate for traffic maintenance for each project. This
estimate is determined by parametric means with the aid of previous projects of similar size,
type, and complexity. For an expansion or major-preservation project, traffic maintenance
costs range from 5 to 15 percent of the roadway or bridge construction items.
7. Right of Way. Right-of-way costs for an expansion or major-preservation project are

furnished by the Office of Real Estate, including land cost, damages, and administration
costs. Right-of-way cost for another project type is provided by the Administrative Services
Team based on previous land-acquisition costs of similar projects.
8. Contingencies. For an expansion or major-preservation project, add a contingency factor for

miscellaneous and lump-sum items based on 20 to 30 percent of the roadway or bridge
construction items.
9. Preliminary Engineering. For a road project, add a preliminary-engineering cost of 3 to 6

percent based on the total of Items 1 through 8 above, excluding Item 7. For a bridge
project, use 5 to 8 percent. The preliminary-engineering cost includes environmental,
survey, design, and geotechnical work.
10. Unit Costs. If quantities are available, these quantities in conjunction with the average
weighted unit prices from Estimator or CES are used to develop the estimate.

The user should add the cost of major features that are beyond the basic assumptions used to develop
the estimate. For example, the cost for a major box culvert should be added to the roadway cost per
mile estimate.
20-1.03 Design Estimates
20-1.03(01) Preliminary Field Check
This is the first project stage for which the designer is responsible for preparing the cost estimate.
The total from this estimate is included in the preliminary draft from the Design Summary. At this
stage, the plans should be sufficiently advanced so that some of the major quantities can be
approximated. The estimate should be based on these quantities and the average weighted unit
prices. After entering all known quantities into Estimator or CES, the designer should include a 10
to 25 percent contingency factor based on engineering judgment for the miscellaneous items for
which the quantities have not yet been determined. If the quantities are not available, the general
cost estimating procedures discussed in Section 20-1.02 should be used (e.g., cost per mile per
roadway width). The designer should contact the Production Management Division’s Utilities and
Railroad teams, and the Office of Real Estate to obtain an estimated cost for utilities, railroads, or
right of way, unless previously supplied.
For a consultant-designed project, the consultant will be required to use the computer program
Estimator to determine the preliminary cost estimate. Section 20-2.01 discusses the Estimator
program. As with CES, Estimator will provide an initial cost estimate based on the available
quantities. The consultant will be responsible for adjusting the values to reflect the project type,
location, environment, and engineering judgment.
A project may have two or more Des numbers. For example, a combination roadway and bridge
project will have multiple Des numbers. For this type of project, separate cost estimates are required
for each Des number based on the quantities associated with that particular work category. The
Office of Contracting will combine individual estimates within a single contract.
20-1.03(02) Design Approval Plans
Most major quantities should be known at this stage. However, if this is not true, the procedures
described for determining the cost estimate in Section 20-1.03(01) are also applicable. Include the
final total from the cost estimate in the Final Design Summary. The Design Summary is submitted
to the Production Management Division director for approval including the total estimated cost. A

complete cost estimate is required as an attachment to the Design Summary for an Interstate-route
rehabilitation project, or to the Bridge Inspection Report for a bridge-rehabilitation project.
20-1.03(03) Final Check Prints
At this stage, the plans should be complete, and the preliminary cost estimate updated to a final cost
estimate. All quantities should be finalized at this stage and entered into Estimator. Section 20-2.03
provides additional guidelines for determining a cost estimate based on quantities.
20-1.03(04) Final Tracings
Before submitting the final tracings, the designer must prepare a final detailed cost estimate based on
the final plans and quantities. This may be an update of an earlier cost estimate. This estimate will
be used by the Office of Contracting to develop the Engineer’s Estimate.
For a local-public-agency project, the Office of Contracting will review the local agency’s cost
estimate and prepare the Department’s cost estimate. This may be, but is not required to be, an
independent estimate. If the difference between the local agency’s cost estimate and the Office of
Contracting’s cost estimate is significant, the Local Program Assistance Team will contact the local
public agency and negotiate an estimate acceptable to both parties.
If the cost estimate changes after the plans have been transmitted to the Office of Contracting due to
changes in the quantities, the procedures described in Section 14-1.02(03) and 14-1.02(04) should be
followed.
20-1.03(05) Other Estimates
The following indicates where new or revised cost estimates may be required during the design stage
of a project.
1. Project Scope Change. If the scope of the project changes, the designer is responsible for
obtaining a new construction cost estimate. If major changes on a Federal-aid project are
over $250,000 and if construction will occur in the current or next Federal fiscal year,
forward the revised cost estimates to the Urban and Corridor Planning Office so that it can
revise the Multi-Year Program. Estimates for scope of work changes are based on
approximate quantities and are determined using the procedures discussed in Section 20-
1.02.

2. Project Delay. If there has been a significant delay in the project since it was originally
designed and estimated, it will be necessary to update the cost estimate.
20-1.04 Engineer’s Estimate
The Engineer’s Estimate will provide a basis for the Department’s evaluation of the bids for
highway construction and will allow the Department to determine if the low-bid price is fair and
reasonable for the work involved. This estimate and the data used to generate the estimate are
confidential and are not for general distribution.
After receiving the cost estimate, the Office of Contracting will ensure that the following reviews or
activities occur.
1. Review of Estimate. The Office of Contracting will review the designer’s estimate and
check it for errors or omissions. If large discrepancies are noted, it will contact the designer
to discuss and resolve differences.
2. Review of Contract Completion Time. The Office of Contracting will ensure that the cost
estimate is compatible with the contract completion period set by the district construction
personnel.
3. Review of Cost Estimate From Office of Real Estate. The Office of Contracting will add
cost estimates from the Office of Real Estate to the designer’s estimate to determine the final
Engineer’s Estimate.
4. Prepare Plans, Specifications, and Estimates (PS&E). For a Federal-aid-funded project, the
Office of Contracting will include an estimate as part of the PS&E package submitted to
FHWA.
5. Review Pre-Bid Meeting Comments. The Office of Contracting will review comments from
the Pre-Bid Meeting to determine their effect, if any, on the cost estimate.
6. Opening and Processing Bids. After the public reading of the bids, the Office of Contracting
will check the proposals for omissions or errors. If the low bidder satisfies all criteria and if
the low bid is within a pre-established award range, the bid is forwarded for approval.

7. Rejection of Bids. If all bid estimates exceed the pre-established award range, the bids and
contract are rejected and the re-advertising process begins. The Engineer’s Estimate is
reviewed with regard to the bids received.
20-2.0 ESTIMATING PROCEDURES
20-2.01 Computer Estimates
Each construction-cost estimate must be submitted via the CES Cost Estimating System software.
CES has a detailed user-guide manual that the designer should review before using the program.
The manual can be obtained from the Office of Contracting or by contacting the Architecture and
Application Development Divison’s TRNSPORT (BAMS) Administrator.
In order to better-estimate construction costs in the future, and to analyze work done in the past,
more information must be entered into CES for an in-house-designed or consultant-designed project.
All consultant-designed-project-metrics information formerly submitted on the Consultant Project
Input Form should now be entered directly into CES. The Consultant Project Input Form, Excel file
0527-inf.xls will no longer be required.
The following project metrics should be entered into CES.
1. Latitude and Longitude. This information should be taken from the SPMS project schedule.
If it is not shown there, the designer or estimator should determine the location of the
midpoint of the project in degrees, minutes, and seconds. This data should be entered
without units symbols. For example, 89º 59’ 34’’ is entered as 895934. This information is
entered on the General tab, second page. Latitude or longitude information that is already
present must be verified.
a. For a project that includes work on more than one route, the latitude and longitude
should be entered for the point closest to the geographic center of all work.
b. For a district- or subdistrict-wide contract, the latitude and longitude should be

entered for the district or subdistrict office.
2. Project Length, Pavement Width and Depth, and Lane Miles. This information should be
entered on the General tab, first page, bottom left, in the block titled Metrics. English units
should be used for a metric-units project. Each entry should be rounded to two decimal
places, as appropriate.

a. The project length is the overall length of pavement, entered in miles.
b. The pavement width is the total width of new mainline pavement, excluding paved
shoulders, entered in feet.
c. The pavement depth is the average depth of new mainline pavement, excluding
paved shoulders, entered in inches.
d. Lane miles is the project length times the number of through travel lanes, excluding
shoulders, entered in miles.
Cost estimates are based on the quantities and applicable unit prices. CES allows the designer to
enter quantities or to develop cost estimates based on general estimating procedures (e.g., cost per
square foot of bridge deck, cost per intersection). For Estimator, the user must input actual
quantities into the program before it can generate a cost estimate. Once the quantities have been
entered, the programs will automatically provide a cost estimate based on historical data from past
bids. The Department is responsible for providing the base information used by the programs. This
estimate may be used as-is. However, the designer should review the unit costs. Based on the
proposed scope for the project, the designer should be aware of factors that may influence unit prices
as follows:
1. geographic location (e.g., urban or rural, State location, district);

2. similarity of recent construction projects;
3. inflation (adjustments of past prices to reflect the current year);
4. reliability of recent construction cost data;
5. recent trends in cost of materials, labor, or equipment;
6. anticipated difficulty of construction;
7. project size relative to size of similar projects;
8. proposed project schedule;
9. anticipated construction staging;
10. expected environmental problems (e.g., hazardous wastes, wetlands);
11. use of experimental materials, which requires coordination with the Office of Research and
Development; and
12. engineering judgment.

20-2.02 Coded Pay Items
20-2.02(01) General
Each pay item has an official title and code number which is tied to the Standard Specifications.
These items are listed in the INDOT Catalog of Unit Price Averages for Roads - Bridges - Traffic.
This document can be obtained from the Office of Contracting. These item numbers are used by the
Department for tracking and as a historic data base. For most items, CES or Estimator will provide
the official pay item number. However, for some specialty or new items, the construction item may
not be within the computer. Therefore, the designer will be required to conduct the following.
1. Checking. The designer should ensure that there is an actual number for the item within the
system by entering the item into CES or Estimator. Do not assume that the item is not in the
system.
2. Specifications. The designer should review the Standard Specifications, Supplemental

Specifications, or Recurring Special Provisions to determine if there is a method of payment
for the item. If not, a special provision must be developed; see Section 19-2.0.
The designer should be certain that the CES or Estimator software’s pay items catalog to be used in
developing the estimate of quantities and cost estimate corresponds to that which is effective for the
contract letting date. Pay item names, pay units, or code numbers are periodically revised, added, or
deleted. It is the designer’s responsibility to check the estimating software when these changes
occur, and to be certain that they are reflected in the estimate of quantities and cost estimate
throughout project development.
20-2.02(02) New Pay Item and Code Number
If an item does not exist within the CES or Estimator program, the designer may request the Office
of Contracting to develop a new pay item and code number. The designer should minimize this
option as much as practical. The design should instead be modified slightly in order to use an
existing pay item. Where necessary, use the following procedure to request a new pay item and code
number.
1. Request. Send or fax a memorandum requesting a new pay item to the Office of
Contracting. This memorandum should include the information as follows:
a. the proposed pay item name;

b. the pay unit, both English and metric;

c. the applicable Standard Specifications section reference;
d. 3 copies of the special provision for the item, double spaced; and
e. where applicable, plan details.
2. Comments. The Office of Contracting will review the request and may solicit comments
from other Department entities. The written request for comments will include the
information as follows:
a. the Standard Specifications section number;

b. a copy of the special provision;
c. plan details, where applicable; and
d. the Office of Contracting’s comments on the request.
Those solicited for comments will be given five work days to return their comments.
3. Response. Upon receipt of all comments, the Office of Contracting will either approve the
new pay item for use and assign it a new pay item code number, or it will recommend the use
of an existing pay item by developing a supplemental description for an existing
specification.
20-2.02(03) Bridge Identification in Pay Item Name
A unique identifier should be assigned to each distinct bridge in the contract if required in a pay item
name. For a set of twin structures, each bridge should therefore be assigned a unique identifier.
20-2.02(04) Non-Participating Pay Items [Added Sept. 2011]
Figure 14-1C, Contract Preparation Documents to Contract Administration Division, includes a

section for identification of non-participating pay items. These are pay items which FHWA cannot
participate in the cost of, in an otherwise federal-aid project. The pay items should be identified as
such in the cost estimate.
The most common non-participating pay items include the following.
1. Commemorative plaque on a bridge.
2. Work outside the right-of-way without permit.

3. Adjustment of private facilities not included in the right-of-way acquisition document such
as signs; fences, lawn sprinklers, etc.
4. Costs incurred to salvage items for later use by the State are not eligible for federal
participation. This includes transportation of materials or storage costs.
5. A betterment that is not currently part of the project. Example: excess sizing of a non-
INDOT sewer for future development. The additional cost over replacement-in-kind should
be borne by the owner of the facility being adjusted.
6. Purchase of equipment or supplies for retention by INDOT or an LPA that are not permanent
project fixtures. Example: purchase of changeable-message signs for retention by INDOT.
20-2.03 Estimating Guidelines [Rev. Jan. 2013]
For most items, CES and Estimator will provide the designer with sufficient guidance in determining
the appropriate cost for a specific item. However, the designer should consider the following.
1. Unit Cost. The unit cost will be based upon an average price data base maintained by the
Department within CES and Estimator, price books, and unit cost bid tabulations.
Adjustments to the unit cost may be appropriate based on the factors listed in Section 20-
2.01.
2. Lump-Sum Pay Item. Desirably, a lump-sum item should not be used on a project.
However, this is not always practical. Where necessary, only use a lump-sum item where the
scope of work for the item is clearly defined and the amount of work has a minimal chance
of changing during construction. In determining the unit price for a lump-sum item, the
designer should consider the following.
a. Components. Most lump-sum items can be divided into individual parts for
estimating purposes. For example, a temporary traffic signal structure can be divided
into the pole installation, signal heads, controller, installation, maintenance, removal,
etc. Once the elements have been segregated, the designer should use engineering
judgment to determine the appropriate cost for each component.
b. Percentages. Some lump-sum items are determined based on a percentage of the

total of the contract items (e.g., mobilization and demobilization, clearing right of
way). These are further discussed below.

3. Clearing Right of Way. This is assumed to be 1 to 2 percent of the total contract cost.
Factors that should be considered include project location, rural or urban, the type of clearing
required (trees or brush), concentration of clearing, and method of disposal.
4. Temporary Bridge and Approaches. This should be segregated into its components as
discussed in Item 2.a. For example, the cost of temporary approaches should be determined
according to the amount of embankment required, width of pavement, drainage systems, etc.
Temporary guardrail and temporary pavement markings are separate pay items.
5. Miscellaneous Items. The following pay items should always be included in the cost
estimate.
a. Field Office. The pay unit is month. The number of months used for the final
quantity and schedule of pay items is set by the district Office of Construction based
on the estimated construction time.
b. Maintaining Traffic. Maintaining traffic is a lump-sum item and will be determined

based on its components. Elements that should be considered include traffic volume,
traffic composition, peak times, number of lanes, length of construction, and type of
work.
c. Construction Engineering. This will be determined by the computer. Construction

engineering is determined using 2% of the total contract cost. This may require
revision if significant engineering may be required during construction.
d. Mobilization and Demobilization. This is a lump-sum item and will be determined

by the computer. Mobilization and demobilization is determined using 5% of the
total contract cost including the amount for construction engineering. Mobilization
and demobilization consists of preparatory work and operations necessary for the
movement of personnel, equipment, supplies, and incidentals to and from the project
site; for the establishment and removal of offices, buildings, and other facilities
necessary for work on the project; and for all other work or operations that must be
performed or costs incurred when beginning or ending work on the project.
6. Other Cost Estimates. Other entities will prepare their own cost estimates. The designer is
responsible for ensuring that such entities receive the correct information so that they can
properly prepare their estimates.

7. Other Information. The designer should provide the Office of Contracting with information
that may influence the cost of the project (e.g., special commitments, experimental materials,
special equipment, expected construction difficulties).
8. Special Material. Contact a supplier directly to obtain a quote for a special material. The
quoted price is what a supplier hopes to receive for its product. The final price the contractor
will be required to pay will be lower due to competition and negotiations between the
contractor and supplier. Such an item as a discount for a large quantity, early payment, or
extreme competition may impact the final price. The designer should adjust the quoted price
based on these factors, previous estimates, and engineering judgment.
9. Incidentals. Incidental costs cover work that may or may not be addressed by a specific
contract pay item. Incidental costs may include the following:
a. work included in other items per the Standard Specifications or a special provision;
b. coordination with other contractors;
c. early completion date which demands multiple work shifts;
d. payment of overtime;
e. winter construction;
f. congested work area;
g. high-elevation work;
h. hauling through heavy traffic, frequent railroad crossings, or traffic signals;
i. work not adaptable to the normal equipment used which results in manual labor or
renting of special equipment;
j. location of plant sites, including costs of rental and renovation;
k. the season during which the work will be performed;
l. the cost of maintaining traffic including stage construction, flaggers, lights,

barricades, or flashing-arrow signs; and

m. outside agencies’ rules and regulations (e.g., OSHA, EPA).
10. Structural-Plate Pipe-Arch Unit-Price Data. For a large-culvert location, the hydraulics
recommendation letter will include a structural-plate pipe-arch sizing as well as a precast-
concrete box-structure or three-sided structure sizing. If this occurs, the designer should
evaluate both structures at the structure type and size stage and choose the more economical
alternate. If the hydraulics recommendation letter includes the option of a small- to medium-
sized structural-plate pipe-arch, a deformed pipe type 1 should be shown on the plans so that
the contractor has the option of providing either a corrugated-metal or an elliptical-concrete
pipe.
The Department has very little historical unit-price data for structural-plate pipe-arch
structures. Data from recent bid tabulations is available from the Contract Administration
Division’s Office of Contracting or at http://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/pay/. The
designer should contact pipe suppliers for additional price information for a specific size.
11. Three-Sided-Structure or Oversize-Box-Structure Unit-Price Data. Estimated unit price

summaries may be found at http://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/pay/.
12. Concrete-Structural-Members Unit-Price Data. Estimated unit price summaries may be

found at http://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/pay/. The designer should adjust unit prices
based on the quantities required for the project. Unit prices may increase 20 to 50 percent
for small quantities. The designer should further check with a fabricator.

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INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION—2013 DESIGN MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 2

Page 3 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

Page 4 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-1A Proprietary-Material Transmittal Memorandum [Rev. Aug. 2011]

Page 5 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

Page 6 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-1.01 Guidelines for Preparing Quantity Computations

4. Significant Digits. When calculating quantities, consider the implied correspondence

Page 7 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-1.02 Computation Records

Quantity-computation sheets may be generated by computer or by hand. Combine all computation

Retain the quantity computations within the project file.

17-1.03 Units of Measurement

Rounding of values should be as follows.

Page 8 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-1.04 Non-Defined Work

17-1.04(01) Lump Sum Pay Unit

17-1.04(02) Item Included in Other Work

Page 9 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

2. Certification for Product Essential for Synchronization. A proprietary material may be

3. Experimental. A proprietary material may be justified for research purposes or for a

4 Public-Interest Finding for Proprietary-Material Use. The designer should prepare a

5. Programmatic Approval. A PIF is required for a product approved on a program-wide

Page 10 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-1.05(02) Approval Process

2. FHWA approval is required for each Figure 17-1C experimental proprietary-material

3. FHWA approval is required for each Figure 17-1E PIF request.

17-2.0 EARTHWORK QUANTITIES

Page 11 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

1. cross section showing existing and proposed ground surfaces;

17-2.02 Manual Computations

4. Length. Record the distance between stations in this column.

Page 12 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

Where: V = volume, yd3

D = distance between sections, ft

17-2.03 Shrinkage and Swell Factors

Page 13 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

1. Rural New Construction or Reconstruction. It is desirable to make a reasonable effort to

3. Other Project. For an urban-area, interchange, or partial 3R project it is impractical to

17-2.05 Earthwork Tabulation

17-2.06 Linear Grading

1. Preventative Maintenance, Functional, or Structural Pavement Treatment. Linear grading

Page 14 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

The pay unit for linear grading is linear-foot.

3. Culvert Replacement. Where a culvert is to be removed for an existing roadway, replace

Page 15 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

17-2.08(01) Structure Backfill Types

1. Type 1. This type should be specified for a location as follows:

2. Type 2. This type should be specified for a location as follows:

c. precast-concrete three-sided or four-sided structure with height of cover of 2 ft or

3. Type 3. This type should be specified for use behind a mechanically-stabilized-earth

4. Type 4. This type should be specified for a location as follows:

a. trench where a utility line is present; or

b. behind a reinforced-concrete slab-bridge end bent.

5. Type 5. This type should be specified for a location as follows:

Page 16 2013 Indiana Design Manual, Ch. 17

b. filling voids in an underground facility;