KOg; gjpg;GupikAilaJ

,yq;if fzf;fl
P L
; njhopy;El;gtpayhsu;fs; fofk;
AA1 guPli
; r – 2015 A+iy
(AA13) tpahghuk; kw;Wk; fzf;fl
P b
; w;fhd nghUspay;
(Economics for Business and Accounting)
2015 – 07 - 25
• guPlr
; hu;jj
; pfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; (jaTnra;
jaTnra;J ftdkhf thrpf;fTk;): gpw;gfy;
[1.00 – 3.00]
(1) Neuk; : 02 kzpjj
; pahyk;
(2) vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspf;Ff. gf;fq;fs; : 08
tpdhf;fs; : 07
(3) tpilfs; ahTk; jug;gl;l tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; guPli
; rf;F tpzz ; g;gpjj;
xNu nkhopapy; kl;Lk; vOjg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
(4) vy;yh nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; fzpgG
; fis rku;gg ; pf;fTk;. VjhtJ vLNfhs;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gpd; mtw;iwj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLf.
(5) epuw;gLj;jg;glhj fzpg;ghd;fspd; ghtid mDkjpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ.
(6) tiuGj; jhs;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
(7) nray;Kiw tpsf;f tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU tpdhtpYk; xU
tpidr; nrhy; cs;slq;fpapUf;fpwJ. (OTQ’s jtpu;ej ; ). guPlr; hu;jj
; pfs; nray;Kiw tpsf;fg;
gl;baypy; jug;gl;l tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspjj ; y; Ntz;Lk;.
(8) 100 Gs;spfs;

gFjp A
Nehf;fr; Nrhjid tpdhf;fs; (OTQs)
,UgJ (20) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;
(nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 01

,yf;fk; 1.1 Kjy; 1.10 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;fhf ePqf ; s; njupTnra;j tpilapd;;

,yf;fj;ij cq;fsJ tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; tpdhTf;F jug;gl;l ,yf;fj;Jld; vOJf.

1.1 nghUspaypy; mUik (scarcity) vd;gjd; fUj;ij gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rupahf

tpsf;Ffpd;wJ?

(1) nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; cw;gj;jpf;F tsq;fspd; Fiwthd gad;ghNl

(under utilization) mUik vdg;gLk;.
(2) nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; cw;gj;jpf;F tsq;fspd; khw;Wg; gad;ghNl
mUik MFk;.
(3) kdpjj; Njitfs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwaw;w tpUg;gq;fs; njhlu;gpy; cs;s
tsq;fspd; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fpilg;gdNt (limited availability) mUik
vdg;gLk;.
(4) iftplg;gl;l gz;lnkhd;wpypUe;J (forgone commodity) Vw;gLk; mikar; nryNt
mUik MFk;. (02 Gs;spfs;)
1.2 cw;gj;jpr; rhj;jpa tisap>

(1) nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpiag; ghjpf;fpd;w njhopy;El;g fz;Lgpbg;igf; fhl;LfpwJ.

(2) epyTfpd;w njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; tsq;fspd; KOikahd njhopw;ghL
Mfpatw;Wld;$ba nghUshjhunkhd;wpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;glf;$ba ,U
tifg; nghUl;fsJ ntspaPlb ; d; cr;r rhj;jpa Nru;fi
; ffisf; (maximum
possible combinations) fhl;LfpwJ.
(3) xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsu;rr
; piaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
(4) kpfTk; tpidj;jpwDldhd tsq;fspd; xJf;fl
P i
; lf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.3 tpiyg; nghwpKiwapdhy; mbg;gilg; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs; jPuf

; f
; g;gLtJ>

(1) jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUshjhunkhd;wpy;

(2) re;ijg; nghUshjhunkhd;wpy;
(3) fyg;Gg; nghUshjhunkhd;wpy;
(4) khWk; epiyg; nghUshjhu (a transition economy) nkhd;wpy; (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.4 gz;lnkhd;wpd; tpiyahdJ &. 10/- ,ypUe;J &. 15/- ,w;F mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ> mjd;
Nfs;tpf; fzpak; 2500 myFfspypUe;J 2000 myFfSf;Ff; Fiwtilfpd;wJ.
,g;gz;lj;jpd; Nfs;tpapd; tpiy nefpo;rr
; pahdJ>

(1) nefpo;rr
; paw;wJ (2) nefpo;rr
; pAs;sJ
(3) myF nefpo;rr
; pahdJ (4) G+uz nefpo;rr
; pahdJ (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.5 gpd;tUk; tiuglk; gz;lk; xd;wpd; Nfs;tp kw;Wk; epuk;gy; tisapfisf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

tpiy (&
&.)

20
S

10

D
O 15 fzpak; (myFfs;
myFfs;)

rkepiy tpiy &. 10/- MfTk; rkepiyf; fzpak; 15 myFfshfTk; cs;sd.

Efu;Nthd; kpif (Consumer surplus),

(1) &. 150/-. (2) &. 300/-.

(3) &. 75/-. (4) &. 100/-. (02 Gs;spfs;)

2|Page
1.6 “fWg;Gg; gzk; (Black Money)” vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ?

(1) gzkhdJ> egUf;F egu; (kf;fSf;fpilapy;) ifkhw;wg;gLtjdhy; mJ fWg;Gg;

gzkhfpwJ.
(2) rl;luPjpahd nrad;KiwapD}lhf kf;fs; gyiuf; fle;J nry;Yk; gzk;
(3) ntspf;$w Kbahj rl;ltpNuhj nrad;KiwapypUe;J gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; gzk;
(4) Kfg;ngWkjpia tpl Fiwe;j cs;shu;ej
; ngWkjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s gzk;
(02 Gs;spfs;)

1.7 kj;jpa tq;fpapd; xU Fwpf;Nfhs;>

(1) ,iwf; nfhs;iffis (fiscal policies) eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

(2) tzpf tq;fpfSf;F ,WjpNeuf; fld; toq;Feuhfj; njhopw;gly;
(3) nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; tpiy kl;lj;jpdJ ];jpug;gLj;jy;
(4) Njrpa fld;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.8 2014 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Mz;lwpf;iff;fpzq;f> 2014 ,y;
,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu tsu;rr
; p tPjkhdJ>

(1) 5.4% (2) 7.4%

(3) 6.4% (4) 8.4% (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.9 murhq;fj;jpd; eilKiw ,lkhw;wj;jpd; (current transfers) xU cjhuzkhf miktJ

gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

(1) murhq;fj;jhy; [g;ghdpypUe;J ,ae;jpunkhd;wpd; nfhs;tdT

(2) murhq;fj;jhy; xU ghfp];jhdpa gpuirf;F tl;bf; nfhLg;gdT
(3) murhq;fj;jhy; ,yq;ifg; gpuirf;F xUtopf; nfhLg;gdT (One way payment)
(4) NkNyAs;s vJTkpy;iy. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.10 me;epar; ehzakhw;Wr; re;ijapd; xU njhopw;ghl;bid gpd;tUtdtw;wp ypUe;J

njupTnra;f.

(1) ru;tNjr nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;fhf tzpf tq;fpfSf;F trjpfis toq;Fjy;

(2) nfhs;tdthsu; kw;Wk; tpw;gidahsu;fSf;fpilNa ntspehl;L ehzaq;
fSf;fhf cs;@u; ehzaj;jpd; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd cl;fl;likg;gpid toq;Fjy;
(3) ehl;bd; epiyahd ehzakhw;W tPjj;ijj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy;
(4) mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfSf;F ntspehl;L %yjd khw;wj;jpw;fhd
cl;fl;likg;ig toq;Fjy; (02 Gs;spfs;)

3|Page
gpd;tUk; 1.11 Kjy; 1.15 tiuapyhd $w;Wf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; rupah my;yJ jtwh
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf. njupT nra;j tpilia mjd; tpdhTf;Fupa ,yf;fj;Jld; ckJ
tpilj;jhspy; vOJf.

1.11 vy;iyg;gad;ghL Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU Gs;sp tiu Fiwe;J nry;yhj rpy

re;ju;gg
; q;fSk; cs;sd. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.12 ruhrupf; fpua tisapapd; Mff; Fiwe;j Gs;spapy; ruhrupf; fpuakhdJ vy;iyf;
fpuaj;jpw;Fr; rkdhf ,Uf;Fk;. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.13 xU ehl;bd; jdpegu; tUkhdkhdJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; epahakhd gq;flP i

; lf;
fhl;LfpwJ. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.14 nefpo;rr
; pahd ehzakhw;W tPjkhdJ xU ehl;bd; kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy;
epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.15 murhq;fk; tptrhapfisf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf Fwpg;gpl;lnjhU tptrha cw;gj;jpg;

nghUSf;F Fiwe;jgl;r nfhs;tdT tpiyia tpjpf;fpd;wJ. (02 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh ,y. 1.16 Kjy; 1.18 tiuapyhd tpdhf;fSf;F milg;Gf;Fs; jug;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L
nrhw;fSs; rupahdijj; njupTnra;J ,ilntspia epug;Gf. njupTnra;ag;gl;l
nrhy;iy cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; tpdhtpd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl;L
vOJf.

1.16 tpiy jtpu;ej

; Nfs;tpiaj; jPuk; hdpf;Fk; fhuzpnahd;wpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpd;
tpisthf Nfs;tp khw;wkilAkhapd; Nfs;tp tisap …………………… (tyg;gf;fj;jpw;F
my;yJ ,lg;gf;fj;jpw;F ngaUfpd;wJ / mNj Nfs;tp tisapapD}L efu;fpd;wJ).
(02 Gs;spfs;)

1.17 xU Efu;Nthdpd; tUkhdj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;Gld; gz;lj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp

tPor
; r
; pailAkhapd; mg;gz;lk;……………………(rhjhuz / fpgd;) gz;lnkd miof;fg;gLk;.
(02 Gs;spfs;)

1.18 …………………… (VWKf / ,wq;FKf) tup Kiwikapd; fPo; cau; tUkhdkPlL ; gtu;
fSf;F cau; tPjj;jpy; tup tpjpf;fg;gLk; mNjNtis Fiwe;j tUkhdkPlL ;
gtu;fSf;F Fiwe;j tPjj;jpy; tuptpjpf;fg;gLk;. (02 Gs;spfs;)

4|Page
gpd;tUk; juTfis tpdh ,yf;fk; 1.19 kw;Wk; 1.20 Mfpatw;Wf;F tpilaspf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. tpdhTf;Fupa ,yf;fj;Jld; RUf;fkhd tpilfis ckJ
tpilg; Gj;jfj;jpy; vOJf.

epiwNghl;br; re;ijapd; fPo; cs;s epWtdnkhd;Wld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk; juTfs;

ckf;Fj; jug;gLfpd;wd.

cw;gj;jp ruhrupf; fpuak; vy;iyf; fpuak;

myFfs;)
(myFfs; &.)
(& &.)
(&
1 85 27.5
2 55 22.5
3 43.3 25
4 40 35
5 40 45
6 41.6 55
7 44.3 65

mynfhd;wpw;fhd re;ij tpiy &. 45/- vdf; nfhs;f.

1.19 ,yhg cr;rg;gLj;jy; kl;lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpf; fzpak; ahJ? (02 Gs;spfs;)

1.20 epWtdj;jpd; mjpkpif ,yhgk; (supernormal profit) vt;tsT? (02 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp A Kbe;jJ

gFjp B

ehd;F (04) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;

(nkhj;jk; 32 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 02

(a) kdpjj; Njitfs; (Human Needs), kdpj tpUg;gq;fs; (Human Wants) Mfpatw;Wf;
fpilapyhd NtWghl;il cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Ff. f (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) mUik (scarcity)> nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilahff; fUjg;gLtJ Vndd;gjid

tpsf;Ff. (04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 08 Gs;spfs;)

5|Page
 tpdh 03

(a) epiwNghl;br; re;ijapd; fPo; epWtdnkhd;wpd; ePzl

; fhy rkepiyia tiunghd;wpd;
JizAld; tpsf;Ff. f
(04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) VfNghf cupikapd; (monopoly) mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs; ehd;fpidf; (04) Fwpg;gpLf.

pLf
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 08 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 04

(a) gzj;jpd; ngWkjp (value of money) vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjd;gijr; RUf;fkhf

tpgupf;Ff.
f
(04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) xU ehl;bd; nghJtpiy kl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;gpd; ehd;F (04) jhf;fq;fisg;

(effects) gl;baypLf.
aypLf (04 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 08 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 05

(a) “nrd;kjp epYit” (Balance of payment) vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahnjd;gijr;

RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
f
(03 Gs;spfs;)

(b) ,yq;if gpd;gw;Wfpd;w nrd;kjp epYitf; nfhs;iffs; Ie;jpidj; (05) njhFj;J

vOJf. (05 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 08 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp B Kbe;jJ

gFjp C
,uz;L (02) fl;lha tpdhf;fs;
(nkhj;jk; 28 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 06

(a) ,UJiwg; nghUshjhuk; xd;wpy; (two sector economy) tUkhdj;jpd; tl;lg;

gha;r;riy gha;r;ry;Nfhl;L ml;ltiznahd;wpd; (flowchart) JizAld; tpsf;Ff.
f
(04 Gs;spfs;)
(b) elg;G tpiyfs; (Current Prices) kw;Wk; khwpyp tpiyfspy; (Constant Prices) nkhj;j
cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; (GDP) fzpg;gL
P fSf;fpilapYs;s NtWghl;il ,dq;fhz;f.
(04 Gs;spfs;)

6|Page
(c) gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz> fhuzpf; fpua tpiyfspy; nghUshjhunkhd;wpd; Xuhz;Lf;
fhyg; gFjpf;fhd Njrpa fzf;FfSld; njhlu;Gila khjpupj; juTfis fhl;LfpwJ.
&.
kpy;ypad;
(1) tptrhak;> gz;iz tpyq;F kw;Wk; fhL tsu;gG
; 150
(2) kPdg
; pbj; njhopy; 50
(3) Ruq;fj;njhopy; kw;Wk; fy;tis 89
(4) cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;Jiw 75
(5) kpd;rhuk;> vupthA kw;Wk; ePu; 40
(6) fl;Lkhdj; njhopy; 58
(7) nkhj;j kw;Wk; rpy;yiw tu;jj ; fk; 70
(8) N`hl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; czT tpLjpfs; 20
(9) Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; 60
(10) tq;fpapay;> fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; kidfs; 40
(11) cupj;Jlik kw;Wk; FbapUg;G kidfs; 10
(12) murhq;f Nritfs; 10
(13) jdpahu; Nritfs; 13
(14) ntspehl;bypUe;J epfu fhuzp tUkhdk; (10)
(15) Neupy; tupfs; 30
(16) khdpaq;fs; 20

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzpf;Ff:
f:

(i) fhuzpf; fpua tpiyapy; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp (GNP). (04 Gs;spfs;)

(ii) re;ij tpiyapy; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp. (02 Gs;spfs;)

(nkhj;jk; 14 Gs;spfs;)

tpdh 07

(a) nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; p (Economic Growth) kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp (Economic

Development) Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd tpj;jpahrj;ij tpsf;Ff.
f (04 Gs;spfs;)

(b) nghUshjhu tsu;rr

; pia (economic growth) miltjw;F gq;fspf;Fk; ehd;F (04)
fhuzpfis ,dq;fhz;f. (04 Gs;spfs;)

(c) nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f eyd;Gupjiy Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F re;ijapy; murhq;fk;

jiyaPL nra;fpd;w gpujhd topfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wf.. (06 Gs;spfs;)
(nkhj;jk; 14 Gs;spfs;)

gFjp C Kbe;jJ

7|Page
 nray; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay;
mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tiutpyf;fzk; (nghUs; tiuaiw)
nghUs; tiuiw nra;f /
jd;ik> tpahgfk; my;yJ nghUs; gw;wp tpgupj;jy;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;f (Define)
tiuf (Draw) tupg;glk; my;yJ tiuglk; tbtpy; tiue;J fhl;Ljy;
milahsq; fhz;f / fUj;jpw;nfhz;l gpd;du; njupe;J nfhs;sy; my;yJ njupT
,dq;fhz;f (Identify) nra;jy;
epuw;gLj;Jf / gl;baypLf (List) njhlu;Ggl;l cUg;gbfis xd;wpd; fPo; xd;whf vOJJy;
ju;f;f uPjpahf my;yJ fhuz uPjpahf njhlu;Gfis
njhlu;GgLj;Jf (Relate)
epiyehl;ly;
$Wf (State) jpl;ltl;lkhf my;yJ njspthf njuptpj;jy;
kl;lk; 01 fzpf;Ff / fzpg;gpLf
fzpj uPjpahf fzpg;gl
P b
; id Nkw;nfhs;sy;
fpufpj;jy; (Calculate / Compute)
Kbnthd;wpid milAk; Nehf;fpy; NtWgl;l tplaq;fis
Kf;fpa jftiy Muha;f (Discuss)
tpthjj;jpd; %yk; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
Qhgfg;gLj;jp
cupa cz;ikfis ntspf;fhl;b> njspthd tptuzj;ij
tpgupj;jy; tpgupf;Ff (Explain)
tpgukhfj; njuptpj;jy;
nghUs; tpsf;Ff / fUj;Jf;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy; njspTgLj;jy;
$Wf (Interpret)
mwpit my;yJ mit rhu;ej; mDgtj;jpidf; nfhz;L>
Vw;gpirT nra;jy; (Recognize) nry;Ygbj; jd;ikia my;yJ mjd; ,y;yhikiaf;
fhl;Ljy;
gjpT nra;f (Record) cupa gjpTfis tpupthfg; gjpT nra;jy;
njhFf;Ff / RUf;fj;ijj; jUf gpujhd tplaq;fspy; (cz;ikfs; my;yJ ngWkjpfs;)
(Summarize) RUf;fkhd $w;wpidj; jUjy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

gpuNahfpf;Ff
Ff (Apply) eilKiwg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;
kjpg;gpLf (Assess) ngWkjp> jd;ik> ,aYik my;yJ juj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jy;
kl;lk; 02 vLj;Jf; fhl;Lld; tpgupf;Ff
gpNahfpj;jy; tpNrlkhf cjhuzq;fSld; epWTjy;
(Demonstrate)

fw;wijf; nfhz;L tiuglj; jhspy; tiuf (Graph) tiuglk; xd;wpd; %yk; fhl;Ljy;
NtW xd;wpid jahupf;Ff (Prepare) Nfl;fg;gl;l tplaj;jpid cupa Kiwapy; ntspf;fhl;ly;
mwptjw;F mwpitg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; / Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; xOq;F gLj;Jjy; my;yJ
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jf (Prioritize)
tpdhf;fisj; jPuj
; j
; y; tupirg;gLj;Jjy;
fzf;fpzf;fk; nra;f /
Ntnwhd;Dld; ,zq;Fjiy xg;Gtpj;jy;
,zf;fk; nra;f (Reconcile)
jPuf
; F
; f (Solve) fzpg;gL
P my;yJ tpsf;fq;fspd; %yk; jPuT
; fhzy;

mwpT kl;lk; tpidr;nrhy; gl;bay; tpidr;nrhy; tiutpyf;fzk;

jPut
; pid my;yJ ntspg;ghl;bidj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;
gFg;gha;T nra;f (Analyze)
Nehf;fpy; tpgukhf Ma;T nra;jy;
kl;lk; 03
gFg;gha;T xw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
xg;gpLf (Compare)
Ma;T nra;jy;
vz;zq;fSf;F
,ilapy; Ntw;Wikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; guPlr
; pj;jy; /
NtWgLj;Jf (Contrast)
njhlu;Gfis Ma;T nra;jy;
Vw;gLj;jp xg;gpLjYk; Ngjg;gLj;Jf/tpj;
f tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jf rpytw;iw NtWgLj;Jk; tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhl;Ljy; /
NtWgLj;jYk; /
jpwe;j tpdhf;fisj; tifapLf (Differentiate)
/tifapLf tifg;gLj;jy;
jPuj
; ;jy; RUf;fkhff; fhl;Lf / Fwpg;gpLf Kf;fpa Fzhk;rq;fspd;/rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; njhFg;gpidj;
(Outline) jUjy;

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