2011 Generative Phonology
2011 Generative Phonology
2011 Generative Phonology
John Goldsmith
LING 20001
17 October 2011
Outline
1 Generative phonology
2 Palauan
3 Derivations
Generative phonology
Palauan
Noun my N our N
Páb P@búk P@b@mám ashes
mád m@dák m@d@mám eyes
kér k@rı́k k@r@mám question
Púr P@rı́k P@r@mám laughter
Pár P@rák P@r@mám price
búP b@Pı́k b@P@mám spouse
dúP d@Pák d@P@mám skill
bád b@dúk b@dúm@m rock
Palauan
Noun my N our N
Páb P@bú-k P@b@-mám Páb,P@bú, P@b@
mád m@dá-k m@d@-mám mád, m@dá, m@d@
kér k@rı́-k k@r@-mám kér, k@rı́,k@r@
Púr P@rı́-k P@r@-mám Púr, P@rı́, P@r@
Pár P@rá-k P@r@-mám Pár, P@rá, P@r@
búP b@Pı́-k b@P@-mám búP, b@Pı́, b@P@
dúP d@Pá-k d@P@-mám dúP, d@Pá, d@P@
bád b@dú-k b@dú-m@m bád, b@dú, b@dú
-k -mám
cut lick
simple prog. simple prog.
he V it picnoP picnanoP netloP netlenoP
he V them wepcenoP wepcenanoP wentaloP wentalenoP
he V me kepcenoP kepcenanoP kentaloP kentalenoP
nominal picen
hoe make a fire
simple prog. simple prog.
he V it notxoP notxonoP naxcoP naxcenoP
he V them wentoxoP wentoxonoP wenxacoP wenxacenoP
he V me kentoxoP kentoxonoP kenxacoP kenxacenoP
nominal notox
Generative phonology
Generative phonology
Outline
1 Generative phonology
2 Palauan
3 Derivations
Phonological derivations
Phonological derivations
sound conditioning
affected environment
resulting
sound
No minimal pairs...
No minimal pairs...
Probably two allophones of a single phoneme
[l] [R]
ta l da kO: R i
O: l mana no R E
sO l hwa pu R ida
pu l gogi sa R am
ta l # i R Wm
su l # kW: R ida
[R] [l]
before a vowel elsewhere
[R] [l]
before a vowel elsewhere
[R] [l]
before a vowel elsewhere
/l/ → [R] / V
UR /#sul#/ /#salam#/
/l/ → [R] / V - saRam
SR [sul] [saRam]
UR /#pulgogi#/ /#pulida#/
/l/ → [R] / V - puRida
SR [pulgogi] [puRida]
Outline
1 Generative phonology
2 Palauan
3 Derivations
UR Underlying representation
SR Surface representation
# Word boundary
σ Syllable ( ]σ = coda, σ [ = onset)
A→B A becomes B...
C D ...in the environment of C and D
C Consonant
V Vowel
Alternations
Alternations
Alternations in English
> >
[ph ej:n] pain [spej:n] Spain
[th æk] tack [stæk] stack
[kh æt] cat [skæt] scat
−spr glottis
−continuant −→ [+spr glottis] /#
−voice
In prose:
> >
[ph ej:n] pain [spej:n] Spain
[th æk] tack [stæk] stack
[kh æt] cat [skæt] scat
−spr glottis
−continuant −→ [+spr glottis] /#
−voice
In prose:
“Voiceless stops are aspirated in initial position”
+cons
V −→ [+long] /
+voice
In prose:
+cons
V −→ [+long] /
+voice
In prose:
“Vowels lengthen when followed by a voiced consonant”
V-length – – ph æ:d
SR [slæp] [ph æt] [ph æ:d]
V-length – – ph æ:d
SR [slæp] [ph æt] [ph æ:d]
V-length – – ph æ:d
SR [slæp] [ph æt] [ph æ:d]
UR SR gloss
/N-polu/ [mbolu] ‘my back’
/N-tia/ [ndia] ‘my taboo’
/N-fela/ [mvela] ‘my waged’
/N-kOO/ [NgOO] ‘my foot’
UR SR gloss
/N-polu/ [mbolu] ‘my back’
/N-tia/ [ndia] ‘my taboo’
/N-fela/ [mvela] ‘my waged’
/N-kOO/ [NgOO] ‘my foot’
UR /#N-polu#/ /#N-kOO#/
place assimilation mpolu NkOO
voicing assimilation mbolu NgOO
SR [mbolu] [NgOO]
UR /#N-polu#/ /#N-kOO#/
voicing assimilation Nbolu NgOO
place assimilation mbolu NgOO
SR [mbolu] [NgOO]
UR SR gloss
/N-polu/ [mbolu] ‘my back’
/N-tia/ [ndia] ‘my taboo’
/N-fela/ [mvela] ‘my waged’
/N-kOO/ [NOO] ‘my foot’
g-deletion: g → ∅ / [+nasal]
() 17 October 2011 30 / 100
Alternations and rule ordering
UR /#N-polu#/ /#N-kOO#/
g-deletion – –
SR [mbolu] [NgOO]
NOO
UR /#N-polu#/ /#N-kOO#/
g-deletion – –
SR [mbolu] [NgOO]
NOO
Great success!
UR /#N-polu#/ /#N-kOO#/
g-deletion – NOO
SR [mbolu] NOO
Hurrah!
UR /#N-polu#/ /#N-kOO#/
g-deletion – NOO
SR [mbolu] ?[nOO]
NOO
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
kot kot1 ‘cat’ nuS noZe ‘knife’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
kot kot1 ‘cat’ nuS noZe ‘knife’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
[−sonorant] → [+voice] / V V
[−sonorant] → [−voice] / #
[−sonorant] → [+voice] / V V
(Targets [−voice] obstruents)
[−sonorant] → [−voice] / #
(Targets [+voice] obstruents)
UR /#klub#/ /#trup#/
devoicing klup –
SR [klup] [trup]
UR /#wug#/ /#wuk#/
devoicing wuk –
SR [wuk] [wuk]
Obstruents are underlyingly specified for voicing
[−sonorant] → [−voice] / #
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
[−sonorant] → [−voice] / #
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
[−sonorant] → [−voice] / #
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
Another problem
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
Another problem
sg pl gloss sg pl gloss
klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’
trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’
snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’
trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’
nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’
vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’
lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’
nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’
grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’
Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’
−cons
+back −→ [+high] / +voice
#
−nasal
−high
UR /#Zwob#/ /#snop#/
o-raising Zwub –
devoicing
SR [Zwup] [snop]
UR /#Zwob+1#/ /#snop+1#/
o-raising Zwub1 –
devoicing
SR [Zwub1] [snop1]
[−sonorant] → [−voice] / #
UR /#Zwob#/ /#snop#/
o-raising Zwub –
devoicing Zwup –
SR [Zwup] [snop]
UR /#Zwob+1#/ /#snop+1#/
o-raising Zwub1 –
devoicing – –
SR [Zwub1] [snop1]
The two rules are crucially ordered in Polish: the reverse order would
yield the wrong singular forms.
UR /#Zwob#/ /#snop#/
devoicing Zwop –
raising – –
SR *[Zwop] [snop]
UR /#voz#/ /#koS#/
devoicing vos –
raising – –
SR *[vos] [koS]
Outline
1 Generative phonology
2 Palauan
3 Derivations
Syllables
Syllables
Syllables
Syllable structure
Rime
Syllable structure
Onset Rime
Nucleus Coda
t I n
Syllable structure
Onset Rime
Nucleus Coda
s p ô I n t
Why syllables?
Why syllables?
Why syllables?
σ σ σ
R R R
p i t −→ i t p ay
σ σ σ
O R R O R
s p i t −→ i t s p ay
σ σ σ
O R R O R
C C
s t r e t ch −→ e t ch s t r ay
σ σ σ
R
I −→ I w ay
Syllabification
Syllabification
applaud
telegraph
print
improvise
explain
Syllabification
applaud [@.plOd]
telegraph [[email protected]ôæf]
print [pôInt]
improvise [Im.pô@.vaIz]
explain [Ek.splen]
Syllabification
Syllabification
x
x x
x x x
x x x x
vowels > liquids > nasals > obstruents
x
x
x x
x x x
[f] [2] [n]
‘fun’
x
x x
x x x
x x x x x
[f] [ô] [E] [n] [d]
‘friend’
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x
[ph] [ô] [@] [th] [E] [n] [d] [I] [N]
‘pretending’
x
x x
x x x
x x x x
[f] [I] [l] [m]
‘film’
() 17 October 2011 69 / 100
Phonotactics and syllable structure
x
x x
x x x
x x x x
[f] [I] [m] [l]
(cf. pummel, drivel)
() 17 October 2011 70 / 100
Phonotactics and syllable structure
Sonority: nuclei
Sonority: nuclei
Sonority: onsets
Sonority: onsets
actual words
[bôIk] brick [fli] flea
[kôæb] crab [glIb] glib
(im)possible words
[bôæp] *[bnæp] [klig] *[knig]
[kôæT] *[kdæT] [glIk] *[lgIk]
1
Puerto Rico?
() 17 October 2011 73 / 100
Phonotactics and syllable structure
x
x
x
o x x x
[s] [t] [A] [p]
‘stop’
() 17 October 2011 74 / 100
Phonotactics and syllable structure
x
x x
x x
o x x x x
[s] [t] [ô] [i] [t]
‘street’
() 17 October 2011 75 / 100
Phonotactics and syllable structure
[ta.Na.ta] ‘man’
[ta.ma.si.?i] ‘child’
[fa.ka.he.ke.he.ke.?i] ‘persuade’
[ta.Na.ta] ‘man’
[ta.ma.si.?i] ‘child’
[fa.ka.he.ke.he.ke.?i] ‘persuade’
[ta.Na.ta] ‘man’
[ta.ma.si.?i] ‘child’
[fa.ka.he.ke.he.ke.?i] ‘persuade’
Japanese
Japanese
Czech
Czech
English
>
V I [aj]
>
CV me [mij]
>
CCV tree [tôij]
>
CCCV spray [spôej]
>
VC eat [ijt]
VCC oats >
[owts]
>
VCCC eighths [ejtTs]
ìq ‘wet’
t’Xt ‘stone’
sXs ‘seal fat’
Xscc’ ‘I’m now fat’
ìXw tìcxw ‘You spat on me’
ks ‘feed on’
kks ‘take off’
kkstt ‘take it off (fem.)’
tkkststt ‘you took it off (fem.)’
tCtft ‘it dried’
fqqs ‘irritate’
ftsXt ‘you cancelled’
sfqqst ‘irritate him’
tftXtstt ‘you dried it (fem.)’
tsskCftstt ‘you dried it (fem.)’
(Carrier phrase innajas . . . jat twalt ‘he told him . . . once’)
Syllabic phonology
Syllabic phonology
Syllabic phonology
σ σ σ σ
R R
p a l p a p a p t’ a
<l>
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology
Summary: phonology