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Design Equations F (X)
Design Equations F (X)
Engineering 1
TEKNIK KIMIA – UNIVERSITAS PERTAMINA 2019
Content Objectives
Reactor in series ❑ Able to develop design
CSTRs in series equation for reactor in series
Reactors are connected in series → the exit stream of Molar flow rate of A in the i-th reactor:
one reactor is the feed stream for another reactor.
𝐹𝐴𝑖 = 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋𝑖
CSTR in Series: mole balance
Reactor 1
In – Out + Generation = 0
𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴1 + 𝑟𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0
Molar flow rate of A at point 1 (𝐹𝐴1 )
𝐹𝐴1 = 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1
𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1 + 𝑟𝐴1 𝑉1 = 0
Volume of the 1st reactor:
𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1
𝑉1 =
−𝑟𝐴1
CSTR in Series: mole balance
Reactor 2
In – Out + Generation = 0
𝐹𝐴1 − 𝐹𝐴2 + 𝑟𝐴2 𝑉2 = 0
Molar flow rate of A at point 2 (𝐹𝐴2 )
𝐹𝐴2 = 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋2
𝐹𝐴1 = 𝐹𝐴0 − 𝐹𝐴0 𝑋1
Volume of the 2nd reactor:
𝐹𝐴0 (𝑋2 − 𝑋1 )
𝑉2 =
−𝑟𝐴2
Example: Comparing Volumes for
CSTR in Series
For the two CSTRs in series, 40% conversion is achieved in the first reactor. What is
the volume of each of the two reactors necessary to achieve 80% overall
conversion of the entering species A?
Example: Comparing Volumes for
CSTR in Series
For the two CSTRs in series, 40% conversion is achieved in the first reactor. What is
the volume of each of the two reactors necessary to achieve 80% overall
conversion of the entering species A?
V1 = 0.82 m3 V2 = 3.2 m3
Vtotal = 4.02 m3
Note: The shape of Levenspiel plot here is typical for isothermal reactor
PFR in Series
𝑉1 =
𝑉2 =
http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-reactors.html
http://cyberfrogdesign.uk/test/amtech/pilot-and-plant-scale-atr/
Combination of CSTRs and PFRs in
Series: Industrial Example
Dimerization reaction of
propylene to olefins
Combination of
CSTRs and PFRs in Series
FA1 X1 FA2, X2
FA1, X1
FA2, X2
FA0, X0
FA0
V2 V1
X0
V2
V1
The reaction scheme is shown in the picture above. Calculate the volume of
each of the reactors for an entering molar flow rate of n-butane of 50 kmol/hr.
Solution
V3 = 0.1 m3 = 100 L
Solution - Levenspiel Plot of the reaction
Is it possible to have
even smaller total
volume?
Exercise
Levenspiel Plot
350
300
250
𝐹𝐴0
(𝑑𝑚3) 200
−𝑟𝐴
150
100
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X
Reactor
Sequencing The sequence of reactors to get the
highest conversion depends on:
Space time (t): time necessary to process one reactor volume, also 𝑉
𝜏=
called mean residence time or holding time 𝑣𝑜
Space velocity (SV): inverse of space time, but vo may be measured 𝑣𝑜 1
under different conditions than the space time 𝑆𝑉 = =
𝑉 𝜏
Liquid-hourly space velocity
𝑣𝑜 ȁ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 @60𝑜𝐹 𝑜𝑟 75𝑜𝐹
𝐿𝐻𝑆𝑉 =
𝑉
Gas-hourly space velocity 𝑣𝑜 ȁ𝑆𝑇𝑃
𝐺𝐻𝑆𝑉 =
𝑉
For a given CA0, the space time t needed to achieve 80% conversion in a CSTR is 5
h. Determine the CSTR volume required to process 2 ft3/min and achieve 80%
conversion for the same reaction using the same CA0. What is the space velocity
(SV) for this system?
V
5h = t = space time holding time mean residence time
u
0
V 2ft 3 60 min
min h ( )
t = → V = u0t V= 5h → V = 600 ft 3
u0
Space u0 1 1 1
velocity: SV = V = t → SV = = = 0.2 h-1
t 5h
Space time for industrial reactor
Space time for industrial reactor
Summary