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Civil

 Code  of  the  Philippines    


-­‐  Rubaya    
 
Art.  1  -­‐  This  Act  shall  be  known  as  the  “Civil  Code  of  the  Philippines.  (n)  

A  “civil  code”  is  a  collection  of  laws  which  regulate  the  private  relations  of  the  members  of  the  
society,  determining  respective  rights  and  obligations,  with  reference  to  persons,  things  and  
civil  acts.  It  consists  of  2,270  articles  divided  into  4  books;  

I.   Persons  
II.   Property,  Ownership  
III.   Different  Modes  of  Acquiring  Ownership  
IV.   Obligations  and  Contracts  

**The  Family  Code  of  the  PH  repeals  Articles  52  to  304,  311  to  355,  and  397  to  406  of  Book  
I.  Articles  305  to  310;  356  to  396;  and  407  to  413  are  not  repealed.  

The  1st  civil  code  in  force  in  the  PH  was  the  “Civil  Code  of  Spain  of  1889”  extended  to  this  
country  by  Royal  Decree  of  July  31,  1889,  it  became  effective  Dec  7,  1889.  Followed  by  RA  No.  
386,  which  was  approved  by  Congress  on  June  18,  1949.  Not  all  civil  law,  however,  are  to  be  
found  in  the  civil  code  of  the  PH,  several  civil  laws  are  scattered  in  the  various  special  laws  
promulgated  by  the  legislature.    

The  date  of  effectivity  of  the  Civil  Code  of  the  Philippines  was  August  30,  1950.  However,  this  
date  was  exactly  one  year  after  the  Official  Gazette  publishing  the  Code  was  released  for  
“circulation,”  the  said  release  having  been  made  on  August  30,  1949.    

Publication  must  be  in  full  or  it  is  no  publication  at  all.  

SOURCES  OF  CIVIL  CODE  

1.   The  Spanish  Civil  Code  of  1889  


2.   The  codes,  laws,  and  judicial  decisions  
3.   Doctrines  laid  down  by  the  SC  of  the  PH  
4.   Filipino  customs  
5.   PH  statutes  
6.   Code  commission  itself  

Art  2.  -­‐  Laws  shall  take  effect  after  fifteen  days  following  the  completion  of  their  
publication  either  in  the  Official  Gazette,  or  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  in  
the  Philippines,  unless  it  is  otherwise  provided.  (As  amended  by  E.O.  No.  200)    

A  law  may  provide  for  its  own  effectivity.  If  the  law  is  silent  as  to  its  own  effectivity,  then  it  shall  
take  effect  only  after  fifteen  (15)  days  following  its  complete  publication.  

-   The  15-­‐day  period  may  either  be  on  the  15th  day  or  16th  day  depending  on  the  
language  used  by  Congress  in  fixing  the  effectivity  date  of  the  statute.  
•   15th  Day:  if  the  law  declares  “15  days  after  its  publication”    
Example:  
 
Sec.  28  of  RA  No.  7659  (“An  act  to  impose  the  death  penalty  on  certain  heinous  
crimes”).  This  Act  shall  take  effect  15  days  after  its  publication  in  2  national  
newspaper  of  general  circulation.  The  publication  shall  not  be  later  than  7  days  
after  the  approval  hereof.  
 
  Thus,  in  PEOPLE  v.  SIMON  and  PEOPLE  v.  GODOY,  the  SC  ruled  that  RA  
No.  7659  took  effect  Dec  31,  1993,  that  is,  15  days  after  its  publication  in  the  Dec  
16,  1993,  and  not  on  Jan  1,  1994  as  is  sometimes  misinterpreted.    
 
•   16th  Day:  if  the  law  declares  “after  15  days  following  its  publication”  
Example:  
 
Sec.  8  of  RA  No.  7691  (“An  Act  Expanding  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Metropolitan  
Trial  Courts,  Municipal  Courts,  and  Municipal  Circuit  Trial  Courts,  etc.”).  This  act  
shall  take  effect  15  days  following  its  publication  in  the  Official  Gazette  or  in  2  
national  newspaper  of  general  circulation.  
 
The  Supreme  Court  on  June  14,  1994,  the  Court  declared  that  R.A.  No.  
7691  became  effective  on  April  15,  1994,  fifteen  (15)  days  following  its  
publication  in  the  Malaya  and  in  the  Times  Journal  on  March  30,  1994.    

When  the  law  is  silent  as  to  its  effectivity,  then  it  shall  take  effect  after  fifteen  (15)  days  
following  the  completion  of  its  publication.    

Example:  

In  GSIS  v.  COMMISSION  ON  AUDIT,  a  question  as  to  the  effectivity  of  EO  No.  79  arose,  the  law  is  
silent  to  its  effectivity.  Thus,  Court  ruled:  

  “The  question  that  arises  is  when  is  the  executive  order  effective?  The  President  issued  
the  executive  order  on  Dec  2,  1986.  It  was  published  in  the  Official  Gazette  on  December  22,  
1986.    

Thus,  E.O.  No.  79  is  effective  fifteen  (15)  days  following  its  publication  in  the  Official  Gazette,  or  
on  January  07,  1987.  xxx”    

 The  case  of  TENADA  v.  TUVERA,  the  Court  ruled  that  Art.  2  of  the  Civil  Code  does  not  preclude  
the  requirement  of  publication  in  the  Official  Gazette  even  if  the  law  provides  for  the  date  of  its  
effectivity  since  the  clear  object  of  the  law  is  to  give  the  general  public  adequate  notice  of  the  
various  laws.  Without  such  notice  and  publication,  there  would  be  no  basis  for  the  application  
of  the  maxim  “ignorantia  legis  non  excusat.”  It  would  be  the  height  of  injustice,  according  to  
the  Court,  to  punish  or  otherwise  burden  a  citizen  for  the  transgression  of  a  law  of  which  he  
had  no  notice  whatsoever,  not  even  a  constructive  one.    

Where  to  publish?  

In  the  TENADA  v.  TUVERA  case,  the  Court  resolved  the  issue  by  saying  that  pursuant  to  the  Civil  
Code  and  the  Revised  Administrative  Code,  publication  must  be  effected  in  the  Official  Gazette  
and  not  in  any  other  medium.  Because  of  this  ruling,  EO  No.  200  was  passed  by  President  
Corazon  Aquino  on  June  18,  1987,  amending  Sec.  2  of  the  Civil  Code.  Pursuant  to  this  
amendatory  law,  publication  of  laws  may  now  either  be  in  the  Official  Gazette  or  in  a  
newspaper  of  general  circulation  on  the  PH.    

Meaning  of  Clause  “Unless  It  Is  Otherwise  Provided”  

The  proviso  “unless  it  is  otherwise  provided”  in  Article  2  of  the  Civil  Code  perforce  refers  only  to  
a  law  that  has  been  duly  published  pursuant  to  the  basic  constitutional  requirements  of  due  
process.  It  refers  to  the  date  of  effectivity  and  not  to  the  requirement  of  publication  itself.    

Effective  Immediately  Upon  Approval  

Statute  should  not  be  regarded  as  purporting  literally  to  come  into  effect  immediately  upon  its  
approval  or  enactment  and  without  need  of  publication.  For  so  to  interpret  such  statute  would  
be  to  collide  with  the  constitutional  obstacle  posed  by  the  due  process  clause.    

Reduction  of  Extension  of  15  Day  Period    

The  legislative  may,  in  its  discretion,  provide  that  the  usual  15-­‐day  period  shall  be  shortened  or  
extended.    

Meaning  of  Term  “Laws”  in  Art.  2  

The  term  “laws”  should  refer  to  all  laws  and  not  only  those  of  general  application,  all  laws  
relates  to  the  people  in  general  albeit  there  are  some  that  do  not  apply  to  them  directly.  

•   PDs  and  Eos  


•   Administrative  Rules  and  Regulation  
•   Monetary  Board  Circulars  
•   Municipal  Ordinance  
•   Supreme  Court  Decisions  

Art.  3.  Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one  from  compliance  therewith.  (2)    
In  MARIBELLA-­‐BOBIS  v.  BOBIS,  where  the  accused  is  prosecuted  for  the  crime  of  Bigamy  for  not  
obtaining  judicial  declaration  of  nullity  of  his  1st  marriage  before  re-­‐marrying,  the  SC  declared:  
“Ignorance  of  the  existence  of  Art.  40  of  the  Family  Code  cannot  even  be  successfully  invoked  
as  an  excuse.  The  contracting  of  a  marriage,  knowing  the  requirements  of  the  law  have  not  
been  complied  with  or  that  the  marriage  is  in  disregard  of  a  legal  impediment,  is  an  act  
penalized  by  the  Revised  Penal  Code.  The  legality  of  a  marriage  is  a  matter  of  law  and  every  
person  is  presumed  to  know  the  law.”  

Laws  Covered  

Art.  3  applies  to  all  kinds  of  domestic  laws,  whether  civil  or  penal,  substantive  or  remedial.  
However,  the  article  is  limited  to  mandatory  and  prohibitory  laws.31  It  does  not  include  those  
which  are  merely  permissive.    

•   Not  applicable  to  Foreign  Laws:  There  is  no  conclusive  presumption  of  knowledge  of  
foreign  laws    
•   Doctrine  of  Processual  Presumption:    if  the  foreign  law  involved  is  not  properly  pleaded  
and  proved,  our  courts  will  presume  that  the  foreign  law  is  the  same  as  our  local  or  
domestic  or  internal  law.  This  is  what  we  refer  to  as  the  doctrine  of  “processual  
presumption.”

Ignorance of Law v. Ignorance of Fact

Ignorance of the law is no excuse; ignorance of fact may excuse a party from legal consequences
of his conduct.

Art.  4.  Laws  shall  have  no  retroactive  effect,  unless  the  contrary  is  provided.  (3)    

A  retroactive  law  is  one  intended  to  affect  transaction  which  occurred,  or  rights  which  
accrued,  before  it  became  operative,  and  which  ascribes  to  them  affects  not  inherent  in  
their  nature,  in  view  of  the  law  in  force  at  the  time  of  their  occurrence.    

Exceptions  to  General  Rule  

Laws  may  be  given  retroactive  effect:  

1.   If  the  law  itself  provides  for  retroactivity;    


2.   Penal  laws  favorable  to  the  accused  
3.   If  the  law  is  procedural  
4.   When  the  law  is  curative  
5.   When  the  law  creates  new  substantive  rights  

ex  post  facto  law  –  is  one  that  would  make  previous  act  criminal  although  it  was  not  so  
at  the  time  it  was  committed.    

•   Refer  to  criminal  matters  


•   Be  retroactive  in  its  application  
•   Prejudicial  to  the  accused  

Non-­‐Impairment  of  Obligation  of  Contracts  –  Under  Sec.  10,  Art.  3  of  the  1987  
Constitution  of,  Congress  is  prohibited  from  passing  laws  that  will  impair  the  obligation  
of  contracts.  A  law  impairs  and  obligation  of  contracts  concluded  if  it  has  retroactive  
application  so  as  to  affect  existing  contracts  concluded  before  its  enactment.    

Non-­‐Impairment  of  Contracts,  General  Rule  –  only  laws  existing  at  the  time  of  the  execution  of  
the  contract  are  applicable  thereto  and  not  later  statutes,  unless  the  latter  are  specifically  in-­‐  
tended  to  have  retroactive  effect.    

Exercise  of  Police  Power,  Exception  to  Rule  –  One  involves  police  power.  A  law  enacted  
in  the  exercise  of  police  power  to  regulate  or  govern  certain  activities  or  transactions  
could  be  given  retroactive  effect.  Police  power  legislation  is  applicable  not  only  to  future  
contracts,  but  equally  to  those  already  in  existence.    

Penal  Laws  Favorable  to  Accused  

In  the  case  PEOPLE  v.  VALDEZ,  the  accused  was  found  guilty  by  the  trial  court  of  two  
crimes:  (1)  murder  for  which  he  was  sentenced  to  suffer  the  death  penalty;  and  (2)  
illegal  possession  of  firearms  and  ammunition  under  PD  No.  1866  for  which  he  was  
sentenced  to  suffer  reclusion  perpetua.  The  crime  was  committed  on  October  1995.  His  
conviction  was  automatically  reviewed  by  the  Supreme  Court.  During  the  pendency  of  the  
appeal,  R.A.  No.  8294  was  enacted  by  Congress,  which  became  effective  on  June  21,  1997.  
Under  the  amendatory  law,  the  illegal  possession  or  use  of  firearm  may  no  longer  be  separately  
charged  and  only  one  offense  should  be  punished,  viz.,  murder  in  this  case,  and  the  use  of  
unlicensed  firearm  should  only  be  considered  as  an  aggravating  circumstance.  Applying  Article  
22  of  the  RPC,  the  Court  ruled  that  R.A.  No.  8294  should  be  applied  retroactively  in  this  case  
since  it  is  favorable  to  the  accused.  Thus,  accused  was  found  liable  only  for  murder  and  the  
illegal  possession  of  firearm  was  merely  treated  as  an  aggravating  circumstance.    

Procedural  or  Remedial  Laws  

Relates  to  remedies  or  modes  of  procedure,  which  do  not  create  a  new  r  take  away  vested  
rights,  but  only  operate  in  furtherance  of  the  remedy  or  confirmation  of  rights  already  existing,  
do  not  come  within  the  legal  conception  of  a  retroactive  law,  or  the  general  rule  against  
retroactive  operation  of  statutes.    

Curative  Laws  
Enacted  to  cure  defects  in  a  prior  law  or  to  validate  legal  proceedings,  instruments  or  acts  of  
public  authorities  which  would  otherwise  be  void  for  want  of  conformity  with  certain  existing  
legal  requirements.  They  are  intended  to  supply  defects,  abridged  superfluities  and  curb  certain  
evils.  However,  they  cannot  violate  constitutional  provisions,  nor  destroy  vested  rights  of  third  
persons.  They  cannot  affect  a  judgment  that  has  become  final.    

Art.  5.  Acts  executed  against  the  provisions  of  mandatory  or  prohibitory  laws  shall  be  
void,  except  when  the  law  itself  authorizes  their  validity.  (4a)    

If  the  law  commands  that  something  be  done,  it  is  mandatory.  If  the  law  commands  that  
something  should  not  be  done,  it  is  prohibitory.    

Exceptions  to  the  Rule  

1.   When  the  law  itself  authorizes  its  validity  although  generally  they  would  have  been  void.  
2.   When  the  law  makes  the  act  valid,  but  punishes  the  violator.    
3.   Where  the  law  merely  makes  the  act  voidable,  that  is,  valid  unless  annulled.  
4.   Where  the  law  declares  the  act  void,  but  recognizes  legal  effects  as  arising  from  it.  

Art.  6.  Rights  may  be  waived,  unless  the  waiver  is  contrary  to  law,  public  order,  public  
policy,  morals,  or  good  customs,  or  prejudicial  to  a  third  person  with  a  right  
recognized  by  law.  (4a)    

Every  right  has  3  elements;      

1.   the  subject;  active  and  passive  


2.   the  object  
3.   the  efficient  cause  

Civil  Rights  –  may  be  further  classified  into  rights  of  personality  (sometimes  called  human  
rights),  family  rights  and  patrimonial  rights.  The  rights  to  personality  and  family  rights  are  not  
subject  to  waiver;  but  patrimonial  rights  can  be  generally  waived.    

Political  Rights  –  are  those  referring  to  the  participation  of  persons  in  the  government  of  the  
States.  

Patrimonial  Rights  are  2  kinds;  1.  Real  right  or  the  power  belonging  to  a  person  over  a  specific  
thing,  without  a  passive  subject  individually  determined  against  whom  such  right  may  be  
personally  exercised;  and  2.  Personal  right  or  the  power  belonging  to  one  person  to  demand  of  
another,  as  a  definite  passive  subject,  the  fulfillment  of  a  prestation  to  give,  to  do  or  not  to  do.  

Requisites  of  Valid  Waiver  


Defined  as  the  relinquishment  of  a  known  right  with  both  knowledge  of  its  existence  and  an  
intention  to  relinquish  it.  In  order  that  a  person  may  be  considered  to  have  validly  renounced  a  
right,  the  following  requisites  should  be  present:    

1.   he  must  actually  have  the  right  which  he  renounces;    


2.   he  must  have  the  capacity  to  make  the  renunciation;  and    
3.   the  renunciation  must  be  made  in  a  clear  and  unequivocal  manner.    

Art.  7.  Laws  are  repealed  only  by  subsequent  ones,  and  their  violation  or  non-­‐
observance  shall  not  be  excused  by  disuse,  or  custom  or  practice  to  the  contrary.    
When  the  courts  declared  a  law  to  be  inconsistent  with  the  Constitution,  the  former  
shall  be  void  and  the  latter  shall  govern.    
Administrative  or  executive  acts,  orders  and  regulations  shall  be  valid  only  when  they  
are  not  contrary  to  the  laws  or  the  Constitution.  (5a)    
 
Laws  are  repealed  in  2  ways:  (1)  express,  or  (2)  implied.  Express  repeal  is  that  contained  in  a  
special  provision  of  a  subsequent  law.  Implied  repeal  takes  place  when  the  provision  of  the  
subsequent  law  is  incompatible  with  those  of  an  earlier  law  and  there  is  no  express  repeal.    

Example  of  Express  Repeal  

The  Family  Code.  Article  253  of  the  Family  Code  provides  that  “Titles  III,  IV,  V,  VI,  VII,  VIII,  IX,  XI  
and  XV  of  Book  1  of  Republic  Act  No.  386,  otherwise  known  as  the  Civil  Code  of  the  Philippines,  
as  amended,  and  Articles  17,  18,  19,  27,  28,  29,  30,  31,  39,  40,  41  and  42  of  Presidential  Decree  
No.  603,  otherwise  known  as  the  Child  and  Youth  Welfare  Code,  as  amended,  and  all  laws,  
decrees,  executive  orders,  proclamations,  rules  and  regulations,  or  parts  thereof,  inconsistent  
herewith  are  hereby  re-­‐  pealed.”    

The  statement  “all  laws  or  parts  thereof  which  are  inconsistent  with  this  Act  are  hereby  
repealed  or  modified  accordingly,”  however,  is  not  an  express  repealing  clause  because  it  fails  
to  identify  or  designate  the  act  or  acts  that  are  intended  to  be  repealed.  If  repeal  of  particular  
or  specific  law  or  laws  is  intended,  the  proper  step  is  to  so  express  it.    

Example  of  Implied  Repeal  

Implied  repeals  are  not  to  be  favored  because  they  rest  only  on  the  presumption  that  because  
the  old  and  the  new  laws  are  incompatible  with  each  other,  there  is  an  intention  to  repeal  the  
old.  If  both  laws  can  by  reasonable  construction  stand  together,  both  will  be  sustained.      

The  two  laws  must  be  absolutely  incompatible,  and  clear  finding  thereof  must  surface,  before  
inference  of  implied  repeal  may  be  drawn.  The  fundament  is  that  the  legislature  should  be  
presumed  to  have  known  the  existing  laws  on  the  subject  and  not  have  enacted  conflicting  
statutes.  Hence,  all  doubts  must  be  resolved  against  any  implied  repeal,  and  all  efforts  should  
be  exerted  in  order  to  harmonize  and  give  effect  to  all  laws  on  the  subject.    

There  are  two  requisites  for  implied  repeals;  1.  the  laws  cover  the  same  subject  matter,  and  2.  
The  latter  is  regnant  to  the  earlier.  

CASE  BASIS    
AGUJETAS  v.  CA  –  261  SCRA  (1996)  –  READ  
 
Conflict  Between  General  and  Special  Law  
 
When  there  is  a  conflict  between  a  general  law  and  a  special  statute,  the  special  statute  should  
prevail  since  it  evinces  the  legislative  in-­‐  tent  more  clearly  than  the  general  statute.  The  special  
law  is  to  be  taken  as  an  exception  to  the  general  law  in  the  absence  of  special  circumstances  
forcing  a  contrary  conclusion.  A  special  law  cannot  be  repealed,  amended  or  altered  by  a  
subsequent  general  law  by  mere  implication.    

•   GENERAL  LAW  ENACTED  PRIOR  TO  SPECIAL  LAW:  if  general  law  was  enacted  PRIOR  to  
the  spcial  law,  the  latter  is  considered  the  exception  to  the  general  law.    
•   GENERAL  LAW  ENACTED  AFTER  SPECIAL  LAW:  if  general  law  enacted  AFTER  the  special  
law,  the  special  law  remains  unless:  
1.   There  is  an  express  declaration  to  the  contrary;  or  
2.   There  is  a  clear,  necessary  and  irreconcilable  conflict;  or  
3.   Unless  the  subsequent  general  law  covers  the  whole  subject  and  is  clear  
intended  to  replace  the  special  law  in  the  matter  

CASE  BASIS  
LAGUNA  LAKE  DEVELOPMENT  AUTHORITY  v.  CA  –  251  SCRA  (1995)  –  READ  
 
 
ART.  8  Judicial  decisions  applying  or  interpreting  the  laws  or  the  Constitution  shall  
form  a  part  of  the  legal  system  of  the  Philippines.    

Judicial  Decisions,  Not  Laws  

The  judicial  department  has  no  power  to  enact  laws  because  the  same  is  the  exclusive  province  
of  the  legislative  department.    

The  SC  in  MIRANDA  v.  IMPERIAL  categorically  stated  that  “only  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  
Court  establish  jurisprudence  or  doctrines  in  this  jurisdiction.”  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,  
although  in  themselves  not  laws,  are  evidence  of  what  the  law  means.  The  decisions  of  
subordinate  courts  are  only  persuasive  in  nature,  and  can  have  no  mandatory  effect.  However,  
this  rule  does  not  militate  against  the  fact  that  a  conclusion  or  pronouncement  of  the  Court  of  
Appeals  which  covers  a  point  of  law  still  undecided  in  the  Philippines  may  still  serve  as  a  judicial  
guide  to  the  inferior  courts.    
Doctrine of Stare Decisis

The  “doctrine  of  stare  decisis”  means  that  when  the  Court  has  once  laid  down  a  principle  of  law  
as  applicable  to  a  certain  state  of  facts,  it  will  adhere  to  that  principle  and  apply  it  to  all  future  
cases  where  the  facts  are  substantially  the  same.  The  doctrine  of  stare  decisis  enjoins  
adherence  to  judicial  precedents.  It  is  based  on  the  principle  that  once  a  question  of  law  has  
been  examined  and  decided,  it  should  be  deemed  settled  and  closed  to  further  argument.  The  
doctrine,  however,  does  not  mean  blind  adherence  to  precedents.  If  the  doctrine  is  found  to  be  
contrary  to  law,  it  should  be  abandoned.  

CASE  BASIS  
FILOTEO,  JR.  v.  SANDIGAN  BAYAN  –  263  SCRA  222  (1996)  –  READ  
 
 

Art.  9.  No  judge  or  court  shall  decline  to  render  judgment  by  reason  of  the  silence,  
obscurity  or  insufficiency  of  the  laws.    

ART.  9  is  applicable  to  criminal  prosecutions.  Applying  the  rule  “nullum  crimen,  nulla  poena  sine  
lege”  (there  is  no  crime  when  there  is  no  law  punishing  it)  the  judge  must  dismiss  the  case  if  
somebody  is  accused  of  a  non-­‐existent  crime.  

What  Must  Judge  Do  

If  the  law  is  silent,  obscure  of  insuffient,  under  the  old  Civil  Code,  it  was  expressly  stated  that  
“when  there  is  no  statute  exactly  applicable  to  the  point  in  controversy,  the  custom  of  the  place  
shall  be  applied,  and,  in  default  thereof,  the  general  principles  of  law.”  it  was  then  modified,  the  
judge  shall  apply  that  rule  which  he  believes  the  law-­‐making  body  should  lay  down  guided  by  
the  general  principles  of  law  and  justice.  As  it  stands  now,  the  Civil  Code  of  the  Philippines  is  
silent  with  respect  to  this  point.  It  is,  however,  submitted  that  we  can  still  apply  the  old  rule  
considering  the  provisions  of  Arts.  10,  11  and  12  of  the  present  Civil  Code.  In  other  words,  if  the  
law  is  silent,  or  is  obscure  or  insufficient  with  respect  to  a  particular  controversy,  the  judge  shall  
apply  the  custom  of  the  place,  and  in  default  thereof,  the  general  principles  of  law  and  justice.    

Art.  10.  In  case  of  doubt  in  the  interpretation  or  application  of  laws,  it  is  presumed  
that  the  lawmaking  body  intended  right  and  justice  to  prevail.    

This  rule  is  to  be  applied  only  in  case  of  doubt.  Thus,  the  law  may  be  hard,  but  it  is  still  the  law  
“dura  lex  sed  lex”.  The  first  duty  of  the  judge  is  apply  the  law  -­‐-­‐-­‐  whether  wise  or  not,  whether  
unjust  -­‐-­‐-­‐  provided  that  the  law  is  clear,  and  there  is  no  doubt.    
 

Illustration  

In  PEOPLE  v.  AMIGO,  the  accused  claims  that  the  penalty  of  re-­‐  clusion  perpetua  is  too  cruel  and  
harsh  a  penalty  and  pleads  for  sympathy.  The  Court  replied:  “Courts  are  not  the  forum  to  plead  
for  sympathy.  The  duty  of  courts  is  to  apply  the  law,  disregarding  their  feeling  of  sympathy  or  
pity  for  the  accused.  DURA  LEX  SED  LEX.  The  remedy  is  elsewhere  ––  clemency  from  the  
executive  or  an  amendment  of  the  law  by  the  legislative,  but  surely,  at  this  point,  this  Court  
cannot  but  apply  the  law.”

Resort  to  Equity  

“Justice  outside  legality,”  is  applied  only  in  the  absence  of,  and  never  against,  statutory  law  or  
judicial  rules  of  procedure.    

 
 
 
 

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