Nebosh Idip Unit B: B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017
Nebosh Idip Unit B: B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017
SUMMARY
B1 Managing Occupational Health 2017.
a) Health: "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity."
b) Occupational Health: " to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental,
and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
c) Wellbeing: "Wellbeing is a state of being with others, where human needs are met,
where one can act meaningfully to pursue one's goals, and where one enjoys a satisfactory
quality of life."
An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people. For
example, in 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome.
o Changing work practices so the job, task, or equipment that exposes workers
o Reduce the risk of infection to a level that will not harm people’s health.
o The programme should aim to match the requirements of a position with the
o Tests or examinations should apply equally to all who are required to do the work.
o Tests and examinations must be legal in the country in which they are applied.
o Discovery of health condition(s) that may place the safety or health of the applicant
o A basis for determining any reasonable aids or adjustments that are needed
o A basis for relationship with the worker's supervisors regarding potential emergency
situations).
4. Educational intervention:
There is a duty of care and a lot that can be done for the most valuable tool in the teacher's
toolbox their voice.’
o Identification and assessment of the risks from health hazards in the workplace.
o Provides early intervention to help prevent staff being absent for health-relate
reasons
Health surveillance is a way of monitoring any possible ill-health effects that could be
related to work exposures. For example hearing tests for those exposed to noise
10. Outline the benefits of being audited and accredited against the SEQOHS standards:
o Provide independent and impartial recognition that the OH service provider has
o Provide a standard for all services to work towards, improving consistency across
services.
o Identify the staff and other resources required to deliver an effective service.
1. Outline how hazardous substances can enter the body in depending on the type of
exposure and the form of the substance.
o Absorption through the skin, or through mucous membranes such as around the
eyes.
o Injection. This is direct entry through an open wound, or through a puncture or bite.
o Inhalation through the nose and mouth and into the lungs via the respiratory
passage.
o Ingestion through the mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, stomach, and
intestines.
3.
Respirable dust is that fraction that penetrates to the deep lung where gas exchange takes
place. The particle sizes are between 4 and 10 microns.
7. Outline the aim of The Purpose of the European Regulation Registration, Evaluation,
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
To provide a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the use of
chemicals.
To make the people who place chemicals on the market (manufacturers and importers) responsible
for understanding and managing the risks associated with their use.
To allow the free movement of substances on the EU market.
To enhance innovation in and the competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry.
To promote the use of alternative methods for the assessment of the hazardous properties of
substances e.g. (QSAR) and read across.
9. Outline potential health effects, both acute and chronic, associated with exposure to
isocyanates.
o Skin sensitization can occur due to the irritant nature of isocyanates in contact with
o Eyes: isocyanates are irritants to the eyes. Splashes can cause severe chemical
conjunctivitis.
occupational asthma,
bronchitis,
breathing difficulties
Violent sneezing.
Blocked nose.
Nose bleeds.
o Shortness of breath –.
o A persistent cough.
o Wheezing.
o Chest pain.
o Pleural disease – where the membrane covering the lungs (pleura) becomes thicker,
o Mesothelioma – a type of cancer that affects the membrane that covers the lungs,
o Lung cancer.
o Asbestosis
13. Outline the content of information in the SDS should be presented before using.
o Hazard(s) identification.
o First-aid measures.
o Fire-fighting measures.
o Toxicological information.
o Ecological information.
o Disposal considerations.
o Transport information.
o Other information.
14. Outline the content Chemical Safety Assessment and Report Format.
o Acute toxicity.
o Irritation.
o Skin.
o Eye.
o Respiratory tract.
o Corrosivity.
o Sensitisation.
o Skin.
o Respiratory system.
o Mutagenicity.
o Carcinogenicity.
o Effects on fertility.
o Exposure assessment.
o Risk characterization.
15. Outline Factors to be considered in the Assessment of Risks to health from Hazardous Substances.
o The variety and nature of the tasks, and the methods used.
o The point at which the exposure becomes harmful (the “threshold of exposure”).
o Individual susceptibilities.
16. Outline Factors to consider to help decide whether a review is required:
For example, a circuit board factory uses a solder bath process. To date, local exhaust
ventilation has successfully extracted fumes..
Changes in plant.
For example, a park maintenance department uses several sprayers for small-scale
application of pesticides. To reduce the quantity of chemicals purchased
For example, a car valeting specialist arranges with a commercial vehicle dealer to clean
the cabs of Lorries.
Changes in process.
For example, a toy factory paints components using a production line which passes
through a paint bath.
Case-Control Studies.
Epidemiologists survey a group of people with disease (cases) and a group without disease(controls)
about their histories -cohort study, also called a "prospective" study, begins with a group of people who
do not have the disease being studied.
The concentrations of the chemical in air that kills 50% of the test animals during the
observation period
Elimination;
o Ceasing use;
o Substitution for less hazardous chemical
use of the same chemical but in a different form (e.g. paste, solution rather than dusty
powder);
o Alternative process
o Control:
o Good design and installation practice (total enclosure; Segregating the process from
workers;
Modifying the process or work system so that it emits less of the hazardous substance (e.g.
painting vs spraying);
Local exhaust ventilation
o Work systems and practices (
b) explain when Dilution ventilation is suitable the hazardous substances being diluted:
o Have low toxicity, or a high Occupational Exposure Limit.
o Are generated in small quantities, or have a low evaporation rate.
o Are fumes, vapours, or gases.
o Are being generated at a steady, uniform, rate.
o Are not being generated close to the workers’ breathing zone.
Advantages include:
o All exposure routes are considered (inhalation, absorption, ingestion, injection).All circumstances
are considered (including multiple and uneven exposures).
o It considers individual response (variability in absorption, metabolism, excretion).
Disadvantages include:
o Are usually unable to specify the source of the exposure (occupational or non-occupational).
o May not be sufficiently specific to a particular chemical.
o Are not suitable for identification of workplace contaminations in general.
o May be interfered by other chemicals in the biological medium (e.g. medications).
o Are not useful at all for the assessment or monitoring of acute and/or local toxic effects .
o And the provision of samples for bio monitoring may be a burden for workers
o Biological monitoring can be intrusive e.g. blood tests or urine samples.
o Strict procedures are necessary to prevent cross contamination of samples.
o Some laboratory testing can be expensive.
Biological agents enter the body when they are inhaled, eaten (ingested), or absorbed.
An Incubation Period.
There is usually a time delay between when a person is infected and when they show signs
of the disease.
Infectiousness.
Animal Influenza.
Influenza A viruses may be transmitted from animals to humans in two main ways:
people.
Cryptosporidiosis.
Occupational exposure to Cryptosporidium may occur in those who:
Are in contact with infected animals, particularly calves and lambs, or humans.
Are in contact with materials from infected animals, particularly faeces.
Are in contact with water contaminated with animal faeces.
o Watery diarrhoea.
o Dehydration.
o Nausea.
o Vomiting.
o Fever.
o Farm workers.
o Veterinary surgeons.
o Workers in outdoor leisure industries in contact with water, e.g. water sports.
o Instructors.
water.
o Suitable protective clothing should be worn. For example, gloves, clean coveralls,
o The overalls should be regularly changed and arrangements made for laundering.
Malaria.
The manifestations of severe malaria include:
o Provide beds impregnated with insecticides, and provide bed nets around the
beds.
o Carry out malaria awareness campaigns on precautions to take, and early signs of
malaria.
Psittacosis.
Symptoms that you might associate with the flu,
o Diarrhoea.
o Fatigue.
their droppings. E.g. wear gloves, coveralls or disposable gowns, disposable caps,
described above.
o Prohibit eating, drinking, smoking and the application of cosmetics in working areas
o Prevent puncture wounds, cuts, and abrasions, especially in the presence of blood
o When possible avoid the use of, or exposure to, sharps such as needles, glass,
o Consider the use of devices incorporating safety features, such as safer needle
o Cover all breaks in exposed skin by using waterproof dressings and suitable gloves.
o Protect the eyes and mouth by using a visor, goggles, or safety spectacles and a
contaminated.
o Use good basic hygiene practices, such as hand washing with soap and warm water.
decontamination procedures.
Legionellosis.
Risk factor
o Mild headaches.
o Muscle pain.
o Chills.
o Tiredness.
A persistent cough,.
o Shortness of breath.
o
There is a reasonably foreseeable legionella risk if your water system:
o Creates and/or spreads breathable droplets, e.g. aerosol created by a cooling tower,
or water outlets.
o Likely to contain a source of nutrients for the organism to grow, e.g. rust, sludge,
o Spa pools.
Control
Reduce the risk, you should remove dead legs or dead ends in pipe-work, flush out
Leptospira.
Leptospirosis an infectious bacterial disease occurring in rodents, dogs, and other
mammals, which can be transmitted to humans. There are two types:
o Weil’s disease: This is a serious and sometimes fatal infection that is transmitted to
In addition, cuts and grazes should be covered, and hands washed after
handling any animal, or any contaminated clothing or other materials and
always before eating, drinking or smoking.
Norovirus.
Norovirus, sometimes known as "winter vomiting bug"
Workers at risks
o Food establishments.
o Projectile vomiting.
o Watery diarrhoea.
Some people also have a slight fever, headaches, painful stomach cramps, and aching
limbs.
6. Outline the measures for containing and minimising the risk of an outbreak of
norovirus
o Ensure communal areas such as kitchens and washroom facilities are regularly
cleaned.
o Promote good hygiene standards. Encourage staff to regularly wash their hands
o Ask staff who contract the virus to stay away from work for at least 48 hours after
o Wash your hands often throughout the day, especially after using the toilet and
o Avoid using items such as tea towels or towels, which are normally present in
communal areas and used by lots of people. These items can house high levels of
bacteria.
waste receptacles.
o Clean your desk regularly. Ensure all surfaces are thoroughly cleaned if you eat at
your desk and make sure that all food is removed and stored in the kitchen area
o Prevent the virus spreading by staying away from work if you suspect you have
symptoms, which include headaches and vomiting, and do not return until 48 hours
agents
o Biosafety levels.
o Engineering controls. Isolated completely from the workforce. For example, all
o Laboratory coats to be worn in the lab and removed before leaving the laboratory.
o Eating, chewing, drinking, smoking, storing food, applying cosmetics and mouth
10.
1. Explain between the main difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation refers to types of radiation where the radiation carries enough
radiation refers to types of radiation that do not carry enough energy to ionise
The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) refers to the rate at which the body absorbs
The manufacturing industry often makes use of heat. Heat is a form of infrared
radiation.
such as killing bacteria, creating fluorescent effects, curing inks and resins. UV
radiation
Low power lasers are used to treat skin conditions. High power lasers are used to
analysis of molecules.
radiation.
Heating of the skin tissues, leading to reddening of the skin (also called erythema
Malignant melanoma
The chronic effects of UV and IR radiation on the eyes are the formation of
cataracts.
o Photocopiers.
o Most light sources, such as overhead lights, vehicle brake lights, ceiling lights with
diffusers, etc.
o Electric tools.
o Security systems.
o Vehicle headlights.
o Desktop projectors.
o UV insect traps.
o RF plasma devices.
o Radar systems.
o Radioactivity. rocess releases nuclear radiation in the form of Alpha particles, beta
particles, or gamma rays.
o Half-life. the time after which the radiation intensity is reduced by half.
o Absorbed dose. radioactive energy absorbed by a person or an inanimate object.
o Equivalent dose. dose received by a tissue or part of the body
o Effective dose. a weighted sum of all the equivalent doses and relates to the whole body.
o Dose rates , how fast a radiation dose is being received.
7. outline the Routes and Effects of Exposure to each Type of Ionising Radiation
effects, such as nausea, vomiting, skin and deep tissue burns, and impairment of the
body’s ability to fight infection
There are four stages to ARS:
The Prodromal stage-The latent stage-The Manifest Illness stage-recovery /death
8. main disadvantage of dosimeters is that they provide no warning that radiation exposure
is occurring.
anyone who receives an effective dose more than 6mSv per year, or an equivalent dose
which exceeds three-tenths of any relevant dose limit, shall be designated by their
employer as classified
Radiation.
Radiation.
o Preventing inhalation. A solid radioactive source is safer than a source in granular, dust,
or liquid form. Local exhaust ventilation can be installed to extract the material away from
the worker
o Preventing ingestion. Good hygiene procedures are the main way of preventing ingestion
washing hands before eating, drinking, or smoking.
o Preventing absorption into the skin, or entry through cuts in the skin. should wear
suitable protective gloves and clothing, such as a lead apron, glasses, and/or disposable
over-shoes
o Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE). The MPE is the maximum radiation level someone
can be exposed to before they begin to suffer immediate or longer-term injuries.
o Accessible Emission Limit (AEL). AEL limits are based on the energy emitted by the laser
Anxiety is “an unpleasant feeling when you feel worried, uneasy or distressed about
d) Work-related stress is the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressures or other
types of demand placed on them at work.
The organisation.
o The job.
o The individual
o The organisation of work. unpredictable hours
o The workplace culture. The lack of, or unclear, communications and information
o The working environment. noise, space, uncomfortable temperatures, and poor levels of
lighting,
o The job content. roles and responsibilities are structured can sometimes lead to conflicts
of interest
o The job role.
o Relationships at work. relationships are positive, constructive, and fun, work can be
almost a pleasure. Bullying and harassment are two of the most damaging relationship
o organisation of work: working hours, long hours, shift work, unpredictable hours,
changes in working hours
o workplace culture: communication, organisational structure, resources, support
o working environment: space, noise, temperature, lighting, etc
o job content: work load, time pressures, boredom, etc
o job role: clarity, conflict of interests, lack of control, etc
o relationships: bullying and harassment, verbal/physical abuse
o home-work interface: travel to/from work, childcare issues, relocation, etc.
4.Outline the seven broad categories of risk factors for work-related stress.
o Culture issues, which could include lack of positive response to stress or health
concerns, lack of staff involvement, poor communication, lack of consultation and
participation in decision making, and long work hours or lack of rest breaks.
o Demands such as lack of challenge and pressure, exposure to violence or aggression,
work overload, poor physical environment, lack of training, lone working, and fast pace of
work.
o Control issues which as a low level or lack of control over task design, or non-
participation in decision making.
o Relationships with those working with them. This can range from bullying and
harassment, through lack of support for the worker to physical violence.
o Change – this could include changing market demands, new technology, and
organisational restructuring.
o The individual’s role, and conflicts and ambiguity within it.
o Support, training, and individual factors such as lack of adequate training, a mismatch
between person and job, lack of support or feedback, and lack of constructive advice
5.outline the six Management Standards cover the primary sources of stress at work.
o Demands: this includes issues such as workload, work patterns and the work
environment.
o Control: how much say the person has in the way they do their work.
o Support: this includes the encouragement, sponsorship and resources provided by the
organisation, line management and colleagues.
o Relationships: this includes promoting positive working to avoid conflict and dealing
with unacceptable behaviour.
o Role: whether people understand their role within the organisation and whether the
organisation ensures that they do not have conflicting roles.
o Task. the distance of movement, the awkwardness, the force required, and the
repetitiveness.
o Load. Manual handling is the movement of a load with the use of bodily force.
o Environment.
o Individual capabilities. require an unusual level of strength, height, or arm length
o Force. Force can be applied to the muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints of the upper limb
o Repetition Rapid or prolonged repetition may not allow sufficient time for recovery and
can cause muscle fatigue
o HSE Manual Handling Assessment Tool (MAC). The MAC assessment considers: o Load
weight and lifting frequency. o Hand distance from the lower back. o Vertical lift region. o
Trunk twisting and sideways bending. o Postural constraints. o The grip on the load. o
Floor surface. o Carrying distance. o Obstacles on the route.
o HSE Assessment tool for repetitive tasks of the upper limbs (ART). o Frequency and
repetition of movements. o Force. o Awkward postures of the neck, back, arm, wrist, and
hand. o Additional factors, including breaks and duration
o HSE Variable Manual Handling Assessment Chart (V-MAC). It does have some limitations.
It is not designed for: o Seated handling (e.g. at a supermarket checkout). o Handling
objects by sliding them (which is easier). o Handling people or animals. The V-MAC tool
should only be used when the weights are variable, used for variable weights over shifts
ranging from 4 to 12 hours .
o The HSE’s checklist method (aks L23). o Section A: a preliminary description of the task,
the load weights, the people, the carry distances, layout of the area, o Section B: this asks a
series of questions relating to the load, the task, the environment, the individual, and other
factors such as clothing and psychosocial issues. Section C: this is the action plan. It is
usually completed after a discussion of the risks with the people involved and the decision
makers
o The VDU or DSE assessment checklist method from the HSE (L26 document). Keyboards,
such as their position, separation from the screen. o The mouse, such as its suitability for
its use, its position, support for the forearm, and its speed of operation. o The display
screen, such as the legibility of the characters (size, colour, etc.), brightness and contrast,
height, its angle, glare from lights, and reflections. o The software used, including its user-
friendliness, and whether it minimises unnecessary mouse-clicking. o The furniture, such
as the space available, glare from reflections on the desk, suitability and adjustability of
the chair, whether the chair is adjusted correctly, back support, the position of forearms,
and foot support. o The environment, such as the levels of lighting, temperature,
ventilation, and noise levels.
o NIOSH Manual Material Handling (MMH Checklist).
o Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA).
5. Outline Practical Control Measures to Avoid or Minimise the Risk fromrepetitive physical
activities, manual handling, and poor posture..