Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Path Loss: EENG473 Mobile Communications Module 3: Week #
Mobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Path Loss: EENG473 Mobile Communications Module 3: Week #
• The equation relates the Doppler shift to the mobile velocity and the spatial angle
between the direction of motion of the mobile and the direction of arrival of the wave.
• The Doppler shift is positive (i.e., the apparent
received frequency is increased), if the mobile is
moving toward the direction of arrival of the wave.
∑ kτ k
a 2
∑ P(τ )(τ ) k k
Mean excess delay( τ ): τ= k
= k
∑ k
a 2
k
∑ P(τ )
k
k
∑ kτ k
a 2 2
∑ k k)
P (τ )(τ 2
τ2 = k
= k
∑ k
a 2
k
∑ P(τ
k
k )
• Table 4.1 shows the typical measured values of rms delay spread.
• It is important to note that the rms delay spread and mean excess
delay are defined from a single power delay profile which is the
temporal or spatial average of consecutive impulse response
measurements collected and averaged over a local area.
Power delay Profile
-90
RMS Delay Spread (!!) = 46.4 ns
-90
Received Signal Level (dBm)
-95
-100
Noise threshold
-105
Pr(!) 4.38 µs
1.37 µs
0 dB
-10 dB
-20 dB
-30 dB !
0 1 2 5 (µs)
_
τ = (1)(5) + (0.1)(1) + (0.1)(2) + (0.01)(0) = 4.38µs
[0.01+ 0.1+ 0.1+1]
_
(1)(5) 2 +(0.1)(1) 2 +(0.1)(2) 2 +(0.01)(0) 2
τ = 2
= 21.07µs 2
[0.01+0.1+0.1+1]
στ = 21.07−(4.38)2 =1.37µs
Inter Symbol Interference
-10 dB
-20 dB
!! -30 dB !
0 1 2 5 (µs) 0 1 2 5 (µs)
4.38
In the above example, symbol time should be more than 14µs to avoid ISI.
This means that link speed must be less than 70Kbps (approx)
By: Dr.Mohab Mangoud
2. Coherence Bandwidth
x (t ) X(f )
1
Bc ≈ For 0.9 correlation
50.σ τ
1
Bc ≈ For 0.5 correlation
5.σ τ
Coherence Bandwidth
• Example:
• For a multipath channel, s is given as 1.37ms.
• The 50% coherence bandwidth is given as: 1/5s
= 146kHz.
– This means that, for a good transmission from a
transmitter to a receiver, the range of transmission
frequency (channel bandwidth) should not exceed
146kHz, so that all frequencies in this band
experience the same channel characteristics.
– Equalizers are needed in order to use transmission
frequencies that are separated larger than this value.
– This coherence bandwidth is enough for an AMPS
channel (30kHz band needed for a channel), but is
not enough for a GSM channel (200kHz needed per
channel).
Revisit Example (Power delay profile)
Pr(!) 4.38 µs
1.37 µs
0 dB
_
-10 dB τ = 4.38µs
-20 dB
στ =1.37µs
-30 dB ! _
0 1 2 5 (µs) τ = 21.07µs 2
2
1
(50% − coherence) Bc ≈ = 146kHz
5.σ τ
Signal bandwidth for Analog Cellular = 30 KHz
Signal bandwidth for GSM = 200 KHz
Doppler spread and coherence time
• Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth describe the
time dispersive nature of the channel in a local area.
• They don’t offer information about the time varying nature of the
channel caused by relative motion of transmitter and receiver or the
movement of objects in the channel.
1
then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
9
Tc ≈ For 0.5 correlation
16πf m
0.423
Tc ≈ Rule of thumb
fm
Doppler Spread
• Measure of spectral broadening caused by motion
! v cosθ
v Doppler shift Δf =
λ
Example
- Carrier frequency fc = 1850 MHz (i.e. ! = 16.2 cm)
- Vehicle speed v = 60 mph = 26.82 m/s
Small-scale Fading
(Based on Doppler Spread)
BS
Flat fading BC
Multipath time delay
BS
Frequency selective fading
BC
fading
TS
Fast fading TC
Doppler spread
Slow fading TS
TC
Flat Fading
s(t) r(t)
h(t,t)
t << TS
0 TS 0 t 0 TS+t
s(t) r(t)
h(t,t)
t >> TS
0 TS 0 t 0 TS TS+t
Rayleigh distribution has the probability density function (PDF) given by:
⎧ ⎛ r2 ⎞
⎜− ⎟
r
⎪ e⎝
⎜ 2σ 2 ⎟
p ( r ) = ⎨σ 2
⎠
(0 ≤ r ≤ ∞)
⎪
⎩0 ( r < 0)
s2 is the time average power of the received signal before envelope detection.
s is the rms value of the received voltage signal before envelope detection
The probability that the envelope of the received signal does not exceed a
specified value of R is given by the CDF:
R R2
−
P( R) = Pr (r ≤ R) = ∫ p(r )dr = 1 − e 2σ 2
∞
π
rmean = E[r ] = ∫ rp(r )dr = σ = 1.2533σ
0
2
rmedian
1
rmedian = 1.177σ found by solving =
2 ∫ p(r )dr
0
rrms = 2σ
Rayleigh PDF
0.7
0.6065/s
0.6
mean = 1.2533s
median = 1.177s
0.5
variance = 0.4292s2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 s1 2s
2 3s
3 4s
4 5s
5
Ricean Distribution