68-Radiation Heat Transfer-Terminology and Laws-22-Oct-2019Material - I - 22-Oct-2019 - Radiation PDF
68-Radiation Heat Transfer-Terminology and Laws-22-Oct-2019Material - I - 22-Oct-2019 - Radiation PDF
68-Radiation Heat Transfer-Terminology and Laws-22-Oct-2019Material - I - 22-Oct-2019 - Radiation PDF
Module 6
Radiation
Course Instructor
G.Nataraj
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
MEE 2005
1
INTRODUCTION Radiation differs from conduction and convection
in that it does not require the presence of a
The hot object in vacuum material medium to take place.
chamber will eventually cool Radiation transfer occurs in solids as well as
down and reach thermal liquids and gases.
equilibrium with its surroundings
by a heat transfer mechanism:
radiation.
2
Radiation – Basic Concepts
Definition
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is
known as radiation
Electromagnetic wave phenomenon
Propagates at the speed of light
Emission properties
The rate of emission of radiation by a body depends upon the following factors:
Wavelength or frequency of radiation
Temperature of the surface
Nature of the surface
Emissive power
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per
unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2
Monochromatic emissive power is the energy emitted at a given wavelength per unit
time per unit area in all directions
Accelerated charges or changing electric currents give rise to electric and
magnetic fields. These rapidly moving fields are called electromagnetic waves or
electromagnetic radiation, and they represent the energy emitted by matter as a
result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
Electromagnetic waves transport energy just like other waves and they are
characterized by their frequency or wavelength . These two properties in a
medium are related by
c = c0 /n
c, the speed of propagation of a wave in that medium
c0 = 2.9979108 m/s, the speed of light in a vacuum
n, the index of refraction of that medium
n =1 for air and most gases, n = 1.5 for glass, and n = 1.33 for water
It has proven useful to view electromagnetic radiation as the propagation
of a collection of discrete packets of energy called photons or quanta.
In this view, each photon of frequency n is considered to have an energy of
4
THERMAL RADIATION
The type of electromagnetic radiation that is pertinent
to heat transfer is the thermal radiation emitted as a
result of energy transitions of molecules, atoms, and
electrons of a substance.
Temperature is a measure of the strength of these
activities at the microscopic level, and the rate of
thermal radiation emission increases with increasing
temperature.
Thermal radiation is continuously emitted by all matter
whose temperature is above absolute zero.
Everything
around us
constantly
emits thermal
radiation.
The
electromagnetic
5
wave spectrum.
BLACKBODY RADIATION
• Different bodies may emit different amounts of radiation per unit surface area.
• A blackbody emits the maximum amount of radiation by a surface at a given
temperature.
• It is an idealized body to serve as a standard against which the radiative
properties of real surfaces may be compared.
• A blackbody is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation.
• A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and
direction.
Stefan–Boltzmann constant
6
Radiation – Basic Concepts
Concept of Black body
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties
Absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction
Emits the maximum energy for a given temperature and wavelength
Radiation passing through the hole into the cavity is repeatedly absorbed and
reflected at the cavity walls until it all absorbed (thus satisfying the first feature of the
black body).
The black body and the enclosure will reach a common equilibrium temperature after
a period of time due to heat transfer.
The emissive power of a gray body is always less than that of the black body.
Emissivity
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat.
It is also defined as the ratio of the emissive power of any body (gray body) to the
emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.
Emissivity, ε = E / Eb
RADIATIVE PROPERTIES
Most materials encountered in practice, such as metals, wood, and bricks, are opaque
to thermal radiation, and radiation is considered to be a surface phenomenon for such
materials.
Radiation through semitransparent materials such as glass and water cannot be
considered to be a surface phenomenon since the entire volume of the material
interacts with radiation.
A blackbody can serve as a convenient reference in describing the emission and
absorption characteristics of real surfaces.
Emissivity
• Emissivity: The ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface at a given temperature
to the radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature. 0 1.
• Emissivity is a measure of how closely a surface approximates a blackbody ( = 1).
• The emissivity of a real surface varies with the temperature of the surface as well as
the wavelength and the direction of the emitted radiation.
• The emissivity of a surface at a specified wavelength is called spectral emissivity
. The emissivity in a specified direction is called directional emissivity where
is the angle between the direction of radiation and the normal of the surface.
9
Concepts:
• Any surfaces at all temperatures (but above
absolute zero temperature) emit thermal
radiation.
• In addition to emitting radiation, the surfaces of
a body has the capacity for absorbing all or part
of the radiation emitted by surrounding surfaces
and falling on it.
• Directional nature of thermal radiation:
A surface emits radiation in all directions
encompassed by a hemisphere.
. We shall be concerned only with situations
involving radiation exchange between surfaces,
in which the space between the surfaces is a
vacuum or is occupied by a gas which does not
participate in the radiative exchange in any way.
Irradiation, G:
Radiation flux
incident on a
surface.
Absorptivity,
Reflectivity, and
Transmissivity
11
ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR RADIATION
Atmospheric radiation: The radiation energy emitted or
reflected by the constituents of the atmosphere.
The energy of the sun is due to the
continuous fusion reaction during which two
hydrogen atoms fuse to form one atom of
helium.
Therefore, the sun is essentially a nuclear
reactor, with temperatures as high as
40,000,000 K in its core region.
The temperature drops to about 5800 K in the
outer region of the sun, called the convective
zone, as a result of the dissipation of this
energy by radiation.
Total solar irradiance Gs:
The solar energy reaching Solar constant: The total solar irradiance. It
the earth’s atmosphere is represents the rate at which solar energy is
called the incident on a surface normal to the sun’s rays
at the outer edge of the atmosphere when the
earth is at its mean distance from the sun 12
Radiation – Laws of Radiation
Planck’s Distribution Law
Eb α T4
[HMT data book, Pg no: 81]
Eb = σ T4
A combination of Planck’s law and Wien’s displacement law yields the condition for
the maximum monochromatic emissive power for a black body.
E1 / α1 = E2 / α2 = E3 / α3 ………
It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when
the body remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
α1 = ε1 ; α2 = ε2 and so on.
Radiation – Laws of Radiation
Intensity of Radiation ( lb )
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a surface in a given direction per unit solid
angle per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
In = Eb / π
It states that the total emissive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any
direction is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission.
Eb α cos θ
Radiation – Formulae Used [HMT data book, Pg no: 81]
1. Emissive Power (or) Total Emissive Power:
Eb = σ T4 W/m2
2. Wien’s Law:
λmax T = 2898 µmK = 2.9 x 10-3 mK
I n = Eb / π
6.
Absorptivity, α = Radiation absorbed / Incident radiation
Eb = σ T4 W/m2
[HMT data book, Pg no: 81]
where σ = Steffan Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
(Eb)real = ε σ T4
Given:
Area, A = 1200 x 10-4 m2
Surface temperature, T = 1000 K
To find:
a. Energy emission, Eb :
Eb = σ T4 W/m2
[HMT data book, Pg no: 81]
=> Eb = 56.7 x 103 W/m2
=> λmax = (2.9 x 10-3) / 1000 = 2.9 x 10-6 m = 2.9 µ [since µ = 10-6 m]
In = Iθ = 18048 W/m2
Radiation – Gray body heat exchange formulae
Heat exchange between 2 large parallel plate is given by:
Given:
Hot plane temperature, T1 = 900 K
Cold plane temperature, T2 = 400 K
Emissivity of hot plane, ε1 = 0.9
Emissivity of cold plane, ε2 = 0.7
To find:
Net radiant heat exchange per square meter.
Solution:
The heat exchange between two large parallel plate is given by
Equation ( 1 )
=> Q / A = 23.20 x 103 W/m2 = 23.20 kW/m2
Radiation – Gray body heat exchange Problems
2. Estimate the net radiant heat exchange per square meter between two large
plates at a temperature of 550o C and 320o C. Assume that emissivity of hot
plate is 0.8 and cold plate is 0.6
Given:
T1 = 550 + 273 = 823 K
T2 = 320 + 273 = 593 K
ε1 = 0.8
ε2 = 0.6
To find:
Heat exchange per square meter, (Q/A)
Solution:
The heat exchange between two large parallel plate is given by
Equation ( 1 )
=> Q / A = 9880.6 W/m2 = 9.88 kW/m2
Radiation – Gray body heat exchange Problems
3. Calculate the heat exchange by radiation between the surfaces of two
long cylinders having radii 120 mm and 60 mm respectively. The axis of
the cylinders are parallel to each other. The inner cylinder is maintained
at a temperature of 130o C and emissivity of 0.6. Outer cylinder is
maintained at a temperature of 30o C and emissivity of 0.5.
Given:
r1 = 60 mm = 0.060 m
r2 = 120 mm = 0.12 m
T1 = 130 + 273 = 403 K
T2 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
ε1 = 0.6
ε2 = 0.5
To find:
Heat exchange, (Q)
Solution:
The heat exchange between two large concentric cylinder is given by
Equation ( 1 )
=> Q12 = 176.47 W
Radiation – Gray body heat exchange Problems
4. A liquid oxygen is stored in double walled spherical vessel. Inner wall
temperature is – 160o C and outer wall temperature is 30o C. Inner
diameter of sphere is 20 cm and outer diameter is 32 cm. Calculate the
following.
a. Heat transfer if emissivity of spherical surface is 0.05
b. Rate of evaporation of liquid oxygen if its latent heat is 200 kJ/kg.
Given:
Inner wall temperature,T2 = -160 + 273 = 113 K
Outer wall temperature,T2 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
Inner diameter, D1 = 0.20 m
Inner radius, r1 = 0.10 m
Outer diameter, D2 = 0.32 m
Outer radius, r2 = 0.16 m
Emissivity, ε1 = 0.05 = ε2
Latent heat = 200 x 103 J/kg
To find:
1. Heat transfer, (Q12) 2. Rate of evaporation.
Radiation – Gray body heat exchange Problems
Solution:
This is heat exchange between large concentric sphere problem.
Equation ( 1 )
=> Q12 = - 2.12 W
[Negative sign indicates heat is transferred from outer surface to
inner surface]
Given:
Pipe diameter, D1 = 0.30 m
Surface area, A1 = π D1L = 0.942 m2
ε1 = 0.6
T1 = 600 K
Brick duct side = 0.40 m
Surface area, A2 = (0.4 x 1) x 4 = 1.6 m2
[length L = 1m; No. of sides =4]
ε2 = 0.8
T2 = 300 K
To find:
1. Heat exchange, (Q)
2. Convective heat transfer coefficient (h) when T∞ = 280 K
Radiation – Gray body heat exchange Problems
Solution:
Heat exchange,
Equation ( 1 )
=> Q12 = 3569.2 W (2)
When two bodies are exchanging radiant energy with each other, the Reciprocating theorem.
Ai Fi-j = Aj Fj-i
When all the radiation emanating from a convex surface 1 is intercepted by the enclosing
surface 2, the shape factor of convex surface with respect to the enclosure F1-2 is unity.
The concave surface has a shape factor with itself because the radiant energy coming
out from one part of the surface is intercepted by the other part of the same surface. The
shape factor of a surface with respect to itself is F1-1.
For flat plate or convex surface, the shape factor w.r.t itself is zero.
( this is due to fact that for any part of flat or convex surface, one cannot see/view any
other part of the same surface.)
If the radiant surface is subdivided, the shape factor for that surface w.r.t the receiving
surface is not equal to the sum of the individual shape factors.
The shape factor fom a radiating surface to a subdivided receiving surface is simply the
sum of individual shape factors.
Shape factor – Problems
1) Determine the view factor F1 – 2 and F2 – 1 for the figure shown below
5m
2m
2
1m
1
5m
Solution: From Figure, we know that
A4 = A2 + A3
A2
2m
Shape factor for the area A1 and A4: Shape factor for the area A1 and A3:
5m 5m
A4 A3
1m
3m
A1
A1 Z = L2 / B = 1 / 5 = 0.2
Y = L1 / B = 1 / 5 = 0.2
A1 F1 – 2 = A2 F2 – 1
F2-1 = (A1/A2)F1-2
= ((1 x 5) / (2 x 5)) x 0.0978
= 0.048
F2-1 = 0.0489
Shape factor – Problems
2) Determine the view factor F1 – 4 for the figure shown below
1m
Solution:
4 1m A4
A6
1m 3 1m A3
1m 2 1m A2 A5
1m 1 A1
1m
Further,
A5F5-6 = A1F1-6 + A2F2-6 [Since, A5 = A1+A2; F5-6 = F1-6 + F2-6]
= A1F1-3 +A1F1-4+A2F2-6 [Since, F1-6 = F1-3 + F1-4]
Shape factor – Problems
A5F5-6 = A5F5-3 – A2F2-3 +A1F1-4+A2F2-6 [Since, A1 = A5 – A2; F1-3 = F5-3 – F2-3]
L1
L2
Shape factor – Problems
Shape factor for the area A5 and A6: Shape factor for the area A5 and A3:
Z = L2 / B L2 = 1 m A3
L2 = 2 m A6 Y = L1 / B
L1 = 2 m A5
L1 = 2 m A5
Z = L2 / B = 1 / 1 = 1
Y = L1 / B = 2 / 1 = 2
Z = L2 / B = 2 / 1 = 2
Y = L1 / B = 2 / 1 = 2 F5-3 = 0.11643
F5-6 = 0.14930
Shape factor – Problems
Shape factor for the area A2 and A3: Shape factor for the area A2 and A6:
1m
Z = L2 / B
A3 Y = L1 / B 2m A6
1m A2
1m A2
Z = L2 / B = 1 / 1 = 1
Y = L1 / B = 1 / 1 = 1 Z = L2 / B = 2 / 1 = 2
Y = L1 / B = 1 / 1 = 1
F2-3 = 0.20004
F2-6 = 0.23285
Shape factor – Problems
Substitute F5-6, F5-3, F2-3 and F2-6 values in equation (1)