Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives: Bus Classification
Objectives: Bus Classification
To familiarize with power world simulator, how to make a power flow analysis,
contingency analysis, fault analysis and contouring.
Theory
Load flow analysis is probably the most important of all network calculations since it
concerns the network performance in its normal operating conditions. It is performed
to investigate the voltage magnitude, phase angle of the voltage, real and reactive
power [1].
Load flow analysis has a great importance in future expansion planning, in stability
studies and in determining the best economical operation for existing systems. Also
load flow results are very valuable for setting the proper protection devices to insure
the security of the system. In order to perform a load flow study, full data must be
provided about the studied system, such as connection diagram, parameters of
transformers and lines, rated values of each equipment, and the assumed values of real
and reactive power for each load.
Bus Classification
Each bus in the system has four variables: voltage magnitude, voltage angle, real
power and reactive power. During the operation of the power system, each bus has
two known variables and two unknowns. Generally, the bus must be classified as one
of the following bus types [2]:
Slack(swing) bus:
This bus is considered as the reference bus, to supply the real and reactive power
losses in the system which will not be known till the end of the power flow solution.
At this bus, the generator voltage magnitude and its phase angle are specified so that
the unknown power losses are also assigned to this bus in addition to balance of
1
generation if any. The voltage angle of the slack bus serves as reference for the angles
of all other bus voltages, the particular angle assigned to the slack bus voltage is not
important because voltage-angle differences determine the calculated values of Pi and
Qi. The usual practice is to set δ=0.
During the operation the voltage magnitude at this the bus is kept constant. Also, the
active power supplied is kept constant at the value that satisfies the economic
operation of the system. Most probably, this bus is connected to a generator where the
voltage is controlled using the excitation and the power is controlled using the prime
mover control (as you have studied in the last experiment). Sometimes, this bus is
connected to a VAR device1 where the voltage can be controlled by varying the value
of the injected VAR to the bus. Certain buses without generators may have voltage
control capability; such buses are also designated voltage-buses at which the real
power generation is simply zero.
Load Bus(PQ-Bus):
This bus is not connected to a generator so that, both real and reactive power drawn
from the system is known.
Many manual methods are used for power flow analysis (i.e. GAUSS-SEIDEL
METHOD); also we could use computer software’s to do this analysis. Large
electrical grid forces you to use these software’s.
In this experiment we used power world simulator, but not just for power flow
analysis, also we use it for contingency and fault analysis.
1
Static Var Compensator (SVC) is one of the advanced power electronics equipment which
provides fast and continuous capacitive and inductive power supply to the power system
2
Contingency Analysis
Contingency analysis (CA), as a part of static security analysis, is critical in many
routine power system and power market analyses. Its purpose is to analyze the power
system in order to identify the overloads and problems that can occur due to a
"contingency". A contingency is the failure or loss of an element (e.g. generator,
transformer, transmission line, etc.), or a change of state of a device (e.g. the
unplanned opening of a circuit breaker in a transformer substation) in the power
system. Therefore contingency analysis is an application that uses a computer
simulation to evaluate the effects of removing individual elements from a power
system [3].
Fault Analysis
The fault analysis of a power system is required in order to provide information for
the selection of switchgear, setting of relays and stability of system operation[4].
Faults usually occur in a power system due to insulation failure, flashover, physical
damage or human error. These faults may either be three phases in nature involving
all three phases in a symmetrical manner, or may be asymmetrical where usually only
one or two phases may be involved.
3
Fault types include:
- Line to line.
Analysis
Figure 1 shows a single line diagram for a simple network, it consists from two buses,
one slack generator and a load.
4
(Figure 2-A) First bus
5
Figure (2-C) Transmission line
6
(Figure 2-E) Load
7
Figure 4 shows the new data that were inserted:
8
(Figure 4-C) Second load
Exercise
Single line diagram
9
Bus types
Data Collection
Line Data:
10
Bus Data
Data analysis
MW analysis:
Generation point MW
At bus 1 187
At bus 4 318
Total 505
The MW loss is 505 – 500 =5W which is 1% (∆𝑃) .It is mainly due to the resistance
of transmission lines.
11
Building the oneline diagram
We used Area/ Zone Filters and we set all areas to "No" except for area IP.
12
Then we displayed filters set to ‘yes’, used Case Information/Power Flow List,
entered bus number 32353 and the data we got:
Contingency Analysis
13
We choose single transmission line from auto insert/contingency dialog. There were
11 contingences.
Then we processed the contingencies by clicking on Start Run. There were 11 violations.
Fault Analysis
We applied this tool on B7FLAT.PWB case not on B7FaultExample.pwb.
A- Bus fault
14
In line to ground fault, this simulator assumes phase A to ground. We notice that the voltage
on phase A (Bus three) is zero and the fault current is 3.99 p.u. (Angle=-76.46 deg.)
B- In-Line fault
Line-line fault at the mid (location=50%) of the transmission line between bus one and bus
two.
We see the magnitude of the fault current is 6.137 p.u.(Angle -130.65 deg.).
Contouring
We changed the color values to maximum 1.05, and minimum to 0.95, the following
contrast appeared on the diagram:
15
We changed the color values to maximum 5, and minimum to 1, but as you can see
there is no contrast in the diagram.
16
That’s because in the single line diagram the maximum voltage per unit is 1.05 and
the minimum is 0.95, this range is a small portion for the range 5-1, so there is no
Conclusion
Load flow analysis is important of all network calculations since it concerns the network
performance in its normal operating conditions. From it you can know two important
parameters, the actual values for the voltage on the busses and ∆P (losses), so that you can
Fault and contingency analysis are also important in determining the performance of the
network in its up normal conditions, so that you can know how secure the system is.
Doing these analyses manually is difficult and inaccurate, so we need software to do it. Power
17
References
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_flow_study
[2] http://www.sayedsaad.com/montada/showthread.php?t=11269
[3] http://www.powerworld.com/WebTraining/I10ContingencyAnalysis.pdf
[4] http://www.elect.mrt.ac.lk/EE423_%20Fault_Analysis_Notes.pdf
18