This document discusses key topics related to financial statements including:
1) The classification of assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses as either current or non-current in the statement of financial position.
2) Disclosure requirements for related party transactions, subsequent events, accounting policies and other explanatory notes in the financial statements.
3) Definitions of common financial ratios like gross profit, accounts receivable turnover and inventory turnover.
4) Measurement and presentation of non-current assets held for sale in the financial statements.
This document discusses key topics related to financial statements including:
1) The classification of assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses as either current or non-current in the statement of financial position.
2) Disclosure requirements for related party transactions, subsequent events, accounting policies and other explanatory notes in the financial statements.
3) Definitions of common financial ratios like gross profit, accounts receivable turnover and inventory turnover.
4) Measurement and presentation of non-current assets held for sale in the financial statements.
This document discusses key topics related to financial statements including:
1) The classification of assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses as either current or non-current in the statement of financial position.
2) Disclosure requirements for related party transactions, subsequent events, accounting policies and other explanatory notes in the financial statements.
3) Definitions of common financial ratios like gross profit, accounts receivable turnover and inventory turnover.
4) Measurement and presentation of non-current assets held for sale in the financial statements.
TOPIC 1: STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL Subscription Receivable if collectible currently is
POSITION considered as current, if not, it is presented as
deduction to the subscribed share capital It is also known as balance sheet, it is used by Deferred charges are considered as Non-current decision makers to assess the company’s liquidity Discount on Bonds Payable is a contra-liability and and solvency is to be amortized using the effective interest rate An asset is considered as current when it is method realizable within 1 year or within the normal A provision is probable and measurable therefore operating cycle whichever is higher recognized as accrual in the financial statements Financial assets held for trading are considered as A contingent liability is either possible and Current while those that are held through other immeasurable, it is only disclosed in the financial comprehensive income are considered as Non- statements Current Debit balances of AP represent overpayment on the Bank overdraft is considered as current liability, no part of the entity, it is a current asset, there is no offsetting is allowed except when the company offsetting except when it is immaterial maintains multiple accounts in one same bank and Credit balances of customer accounts, it is a current one of the accounts have a negative balance liability, it is an overpayment on the part of the Deferred tax asset or liability is always considered customer as Non-current regardless of when they are If the loan is refinanced after the reporting period reversible but before the issuance of financial statements, it is FA through other comprehensive income and those classified as current asset that are measured at amortized cost are considered If before the end of the reporting period, it is as Non-Current considered as Non-current because it is an adjusting Intangible assets are considered as non-current event assets If the entity has the discretion to roll-over the Non-current asset held for sale is considered as payments of the liability, it is considered as Non- current, they cease to be depreciated but is subject Current to impairment Treasury shares are considered as deduction to Sinking Fund & Investments in Associate are Non- equity Current assets Working capital is computed as the difference Goods received on consignment is not part of between current assets and CL inventories of the consignee but that of the Bond sinking Fund- Its classification depends on the consignor related liability Cash is generally unrestricted as to withdrawal Foreign currency translation adjustment is part of If cash is restricted to pay a specific liability, its the other comprehensive income, thus part of the classification depends on the related liability reserve section Inventories are recorded at LCNRV or lower Cost in excess of billings in construction contracts, between cost and net realizable value is a current asset Notes Receivable Discounted Account is deducted Billings in excess of cost in construction contracts, to the Notes receivable in arriving at the total current is a current liability assets The interest based on the nominal rate in issuing Accounts receivable whether assigned or not bonds is to be recognized as accrued liability but for assigned is to be added in arriving for the interest expense it is based on the carrying amount computation of current assets multiplied by the effective rate Advances to subsidiary is considered as Non- If the loan is payable on demand, then it is current in the separate books of the parent considered as current Undelivered checks issued by the entity at the end account while decrease in such account is placed in of the reporting period is to be reverted back to cash the normal balance of such account and accounts payable Gross Margin is synonymous to Gross Profit Cash surrender value applies only to Life Insurance Accounts Receivable Turnover Expense and when the entity is the beneficiary; it is Net Sales/Average Accounts Receivable classified as non-current asset Inventory Turnover Unamortized issue cost of note payable is treated as Cost of Goods Sold/Average Inventory deduction to its carrying amount Unrealized loss on foreign currency translation is presented in the other comprehensive income TOPIC 2: NOTES TO FINANCIAL Any adjustment of profit of prior year is treated as STATEMENTS an adjustment to the Retained Earnings (net o any Intercompany sales are always eliminated when tax effect) consolidated FS is prepared Any dividend from an associate is not considered an PAS 24 paragraph 16 requires disclosure of key income, but a deduction to the investment in management personnel compensation associate account Sales to affiliated entities shall be disclosed in their Depreciation error has no counterbalancing effect separate FS but eliminated in the consolidated FS therefore treated retrospectively Adjusting events are those events happening after Any error in the valuation of ending inventory has a the end of the reporting period but is reflective of counterbalancing effect in the succeeding year the events happening during that year, it calls for an Any loss on disposal of a division/segment is adjustment recorded in the profit/.loss from discontinued The bankruptcy of a customer after the end of the operations reporting period is an event that gives a condition Unrealized gain from a derivative contract, for the uncollectibility of any receivable from that revaluation surplus during the year, foreign customer, therefore it is an adjusting event. currency translation adjustment is recorded as part Issuance of share capital after the end of the of the other comprehensive income reporting period is a Non-adjusting event The decline of the market value of trading securities after the end of the reporting period is a Non- TOPIC 4: NON-CURRENT ASSET HELD Adjusting event, it is recorded in the period on FOR SALE which such decline occurs. PFRS 5, paragraph 15, provides that an entity shall Declaration of any dividend after the end of the measure a Non-current asset or a disposal group reporting period is an adjusting event. classified as held for sale at the lower of carrying Destruction of assets caused by circumstances amount and the Fair value less cost of disposal beyond the control of man are considered Non- The loss on disposal of a NCA held for sale is Adjusting event (but is to be disclosed). It is to be calculated as the difference between the proceeds recorded in the period on which it occurred. and the value designated at the time of sale (lower between carrying amount and the FV-cost of TOPIC 3: STATEMENT OF disposal) COMPREHENSIVE INCOME The entity shall not depreciate a NCA while it is Distribution costs are costs incurred relating to the classified as held for sale or while it is part of a selling activity of the entity disposal group classified as held for sale Cost of Goods Sold: Any gain on reversal of impairment loss shall not Beginning Inventory exceed the impairment loss previously recognized Plus: Net Cost of Purchases An entity shall measure a NCA that ceases to be Less: Ending Inventory at LCNRV classified as held for sale at the lower between An increase in an account by an amount is placed in a. Carrying amount on the basis that the asset had the opposite side of the normal balance of such never been classified as Held for Sale b. Fair value less cost of disposal at the time it was income and not considered as a prior-period error, it not intended to be sold is treated currently and prospectively Change in the method of computing inventory TOPIC 5: DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS obsolescence and provision of uncollectible accounts Termination costs related to the discontinued are changes in accounting estimate and therefore has operation expected to be incurred shall be accrued in no effect on retained earnings the year the legally binding contract was signed When the fair value less cost of disposal (recoverable TOPIC 9: OPERATING SEGMENT amount) is less than the carrying amount of the Under PFRS 8, an entity shall disclose information disposal group, there is an impairment loss about an operating segment that meets any of the When the fair value less cost of disposal of a segment following quantitative thresholds: or a disposal group exceeds the carrying amount, any a. Segment revenue (both intersegment and external) gain is not to be recognized, the basic rule is LCNRV should be 10% or more of the total combined revenue A segment is a separate identifiable component of all segments (both intersegment & external) TOPIC 6: CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING b. Segment’s profit or loss is at least 10% of the POLICY greater in absolute amount between the combined It is accounted for retrospectively segments profits and the combined segment’s losses Change from FIFO to weighted-average is a change in accounting policy on inventory valuation c. The assets of the segment are 10% or more of the The cumulative effect of a change in inventory combined assets of all operating segments method is determined by considering only the ending The total external revenues of the reportable inventory of the immediately preceding year. segments must be at least 75% of the total entity’s Changes in inventory valuation of prior years has a external revenues counterbalancing effect A major customer disclosure is required if an entity Any prior period effect is charged to retained derived 10% or more of its external revenue from a earnings single customer or group of entities under common control TOPIC 7: CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING Expenses regularly received by the chief operating ESTIMATE decision maker as a measure of profit/loss is to be Change in the useful life, depreciation method, allocated by all the segments on a specified basis. residual value of the asset is a change in accounting General corporate expenses are not traceable to a estimate; it is treated currently and prospectively specific segment and therefore not to be allocated There is no entry to be made to reflect the accounting among them change of a change in the useful life of the asset Interest expense and interest revenue must be Of all the depreciation methods, only the Declining reported separately unless a majority of the segment balance method ignores residual value when it comes revenue is from interest and the chief operating to computation for depreciation decision maker relies primarily on net interest In the sum of year’s digit method (SYD), the revenue in assessing performance denominator’s formula: (n) (n+1/2), where n= useful Segments that are below the 10% threshold can be life aggregated into one segment if they have similar economic characteristics and share a majority of the TOPIC 8: PRIOR PERIOD ERROR 5 aggregation criteria: A prior-period error is not included in profit/loss but a. Nature of the product is treated as an adjustment of the beginning balance of b. Nature of the production process the retained earnings c. Class of customer Change in the depreciation method, is a change in d. Method of distributing product accounting estimate, therefore no effect in current net e. Regulated environment TOPIC 10: INTERIM REPORTING -It is part of cash if it is not restricted as to withdrawal PAS 34, paragraph 28, the general rule in preparing -If it is legally restricted, it is excluded from the interim FS is that cost and expenses that clearly amount shown as cash and is to be shown separately benefit more than 1 interim periods are allocated to as current or non-current depending on the bank loan the interim periods affected to which it is related. Gains and losses are not allocated over the interim Outstanding checks are deducted from the cash in periods, it is recorded in the period on which it occurs bank if the cash balance given is per bank statement Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and Deposit in a bank closed by BSP, is a non-current net realizable value even for interim purposes asset and is often reduced to its liquidation value If NRV<COST, a los on inventory writedown shall be Checks drawn by the entity to the order of the petty recognized regardless of whether the writedown is cash custodian is actually a replenishment check temporary or non-temporary and therefore part of cash Inventory loss from market decline is reported in the Checks drawn payable to the order of a petty cash interim period in which the decline occurs. Recovery custodian representing her salary is an of such loss on the same inventory in later interim accommodation check periods is recognized as gain, but such amount is Unrestricted foreign bank account in equivalent limited only to the amount of loss previously pesos is part of cash. If restricted, it is reported as recognized NCA The effects of a disposal of segment of business are A Bank overdraft is a current liability; offsetting is reported separately in the interim periods in which not allowed except when a company has multiple they occur accounts in one same bank and one account has a Gain should be recognized in the interim periods negative balance realized The cumulative effect of a change in accounting TOPIC 12: BANK RECONCILIATION policy is shown in the statement of retained earnings & PROOF OF CASH not in the income statement Bank Reconciling Items: Deposits in Transit TOPIC 11: CASH AND CASH Outstanding Checks EQUIVALENTS Errors Under PAS 7, treasury bills, money market Book Reconciling Items: placements and time deposit normally qualify as cash Debit Memo equivalents only when they have a short maturity of Credit Memo 3 months or less from the date of acquisition Errors The classification of a cash fund depends on the A certified check is no longer outstanding for nature of its purpose to which it is being set aside reconciliation purposes, such amount is deducted Undelivered checks issued by the entity is restored from the total outstanding checks back to cash balance Cash balance per bank statement is an unadjusted A certificate of deposit is a cash equivalent balance per bank while cash balance per ledger is Postdated customer check is reverted back to AR an unadjusted per book Share investments cannot qualify as cash equivalents although they are very actively traded, such TOPIC 13: ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE investments do not have maturity date The recovery of accounts written off does not Commercial papers are actually money market affect the balance of AR because the effect is placements offsetting A compensating balance is a minimum checking or Net realizable value of AR demand deposit account balance that must be AR Balance maintained in connection with a borrowing Less: Allowance for Bad Debts arrangement with a bank Estimated future sales returns A security deposit is a non-current receivable difference between the proceeds received and the carrying amount of the receivables assigned TOPIC 14: ESTIMATION OF Factoring differs from assignment because the DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS former actually transfers ownership to the buyer The allowance for doubtful accounts per aging is the In assignment, the assignor retains ownership of the required ending allowance for bad debts, it is used assigned accounts in the computation for the Net realizable value In assignment, no gain or loss is recognized because Only the bad debt expense decreases working it is a secured borrowing not a sale capital The write-off does not affect anymore the working TOPIC 16: DISCOUNTING OF NOTE capital because the effect is offsetting on current RECEIVABLE assets If weighted average time, use 365 days Under the Aging Method, the amount computed Cost of Factoring= Factor Fee + interest represents the required ending allowance for Discounting specifically pertains to Notes uncollectible accounts Receivable If the percentage of AR is used, the amount Endorsement may be with recourse which means computed represents the required ending allowance that the endorser shall pay the endorsee if the for bad debts maker dishonors the note. This is the Under the percentage of sales method, the amount contingent/secondary liability of the endorser computed already represents the uncollectible In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, accounts expense endorsement is with recourse Historical bad debt loss percentage computation: Net Proceeds (Write-off – Recoveries)/ Credit Sales Maturity Value less Discount Individually significant accounts receivable shall be Maturity Value= Principal + Interest (If interest- individually assessed for impairment, if not bearing), If non-interest bearing, the face value of impaired, it will be included in the other accounts the note is already the maturity date receivable not individually significant for collective Discount = Maturity value * Discount rate * assessment of impairment Discount period Gain or Loss on Discounting TOPIC 15: ASSIGNMENT & Net Proceeds – Carrying Amount of Note FACTORING Receivable Receivable financing is the financial flexibility or -recognized only if the discounting is without capability of an entity to raise money out of its recourse and a conditional sale receivables Types of Discounting with Recourse When accounts are pledged, no entry would be a. Conditional Sale- Note Receivable Discounted necessary; disclosure is sufficient thereof in the b. Secured Borrowing- Liability for NR notes to FS discounted In substance, Assignment of AR means that a In discounting without recourse, the sale of the NR borrower called the assignor transfer its rights in is absolute and therefore there is no contingent some of its AR to a lender called the assignee, it is liability a more formal type of pledging Note Receivable Discounted in conditional sale is Pledging is general while assignment is specific deducted from the total notes receivable when Assignment may be done either on a nonnotification preparing the statement of financial position with or notification basis disclosure of the contingent liability Equity in Assigned Accounts If the discounting is treated as a secured borrowing, AR Assigned – Notes Payable the note receivable is not derecognized but instead Factoring is a sale of AR on a without recourse an accounting liability is recorded at an amount notification basis, a gain or loss is recognized for the equal to the face amount of the note receivable PV of estimated future cash flows discounted at the discounted original effective rate of the loan. There is no gain/loss on discounting, if it is a It is important to take note of the date of assessment secured borrowing of impairment The entity shall derecognize an asset when: a. The contractual rights to the cash flows have TOPIC 19: INVENTORY expired Inventories are assets which are held for sale in the b. It has been transferred based on the extent of ordinary course of business, in the process of the transfer of the risks and rewards of production for such sale or in the form of ownership materials/supplies to be consumed in the Rules on the transfer of Risks and Rewards: production process or in the rendering of services. a. If the entity has transferred substantially, As a rule, all goods to which the entity has title derecognized shall be included in the inventory, regardless of b. If retained, do not location If neither transferred nor retained, it depends on FOB Destination-seller owns the goods if still in whether the entity has retained control of the asset transit FOB shipping point- The buyer owns if already in TOPIC 17: NOTE RECEIVABLE transit Notes Receivable are claims supported by formal FAS or free alongside- buyer owns the moment the promises to pay. Conceptually, notes receivable I carrier possesses it measured at present value CIF- buyer Short term receivables are measured at face value Ex ship- transfers to the buyer the moment the Interest-bearing long-term notes are measured at goods are unloaded face value which is actually the PV upon issuance Consigned goods shall be included in the Non-interest bearing long-term notes are measured consignor’s inventory and excluded from the at present value which is the discounted value of consignee’s the future cash flows using the effective interest Freight and other handling charges on goods out on rate consignment are part of the cost of goods Subsequent measurement: Amortized cost using consigned the effective interest method Periodic system calls for the physical counting of If the note is made under customary trade terms it goods on hand at the end of the reporting period to is recorded at face value determine the quantities -this approach gives actual or physical inventories, TOPIC 18: LOAN RECEIVABLE & used in individual inventory items that are of small IMPAIRMENT OF LOAN peso investment A financial asset arising from a loan granted by a Perpetual system requires the maintenance of bank or other financial institution to a borrower or records called stock cards that usually offer a a client running summary of the inventory inflow and Initial Measurement: outflow Fair Value + Direct Origination Cost – Direct -this gives book/perpetual inventories Origination fees When physical count < book count, there is Indirect Origination Costs are expensed outright shortage. It is usually closed to COGS because Subsequent measurement this is often a result of normal shrinkage and Amortized cost using effective interest rate method breakage in inventory Measurement of Impairment Abnormal and Material shortage shall be The amount of loss is measured as the difference separately classified and presented as Other between the carrying amount of the loan and the expense Trade discounts are not recorded, invoice price is The goods sold FOB shipping point and lost in usually net of any trade discounts transit are properly included in sales because the Cost of inventories shall comprise the following: customer will suffer the loss because ownership Cost of purchase, cost of conversion, other cost has been transferred to the latter incurred in bringing the inventories in its present Revenue should be recognized at the point of location and condition sale which is usually the point of delivery Cost of purchase comprises: purchase price, Revenue is recognized at the point of production import duties, irrecoverable purchase taxes, for agricultural, mineral and forest product freight, handling and other costs directly when a sale is assured under a forward contract attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services TOPIC 22: GROSS PROFIT METHOD Trade discounts, rebates are excluded Gross profit rate is assumed to be based on sales The cost of purchase shall not include any foreign The cost of any inventory not covered by an exchange differences from the recent acquisition insurance is to be reported as loss from of inventories involving a foreign currency explosion Storage costs for goods in process are capitalized The sales discounts are ignored for purposes of while for finished goods they are expensed estimating inventory under the gross profit method TOPIC 20: INVENTORY VALUATION AND Loss from explosion is presented as a separate INCLUSION expense not part of the cost of goods sold PAS 2, paragraph 9 provides that inventories shall Like sales discounts sales allowances are be measured at LCNRV ignored in determining net sales under the gross FIFO method assumes that the goods first profit method purchased are first sold and consequently the goods remaining in the inventory at the end of the TOPIC 23: RETAIL INVENTORY METHOD period are those most recently purchased or PAS 2, paragraph 22 provides that this method produced is often used in the retail industry for measuring In a period of inflation or rising prices, FIFO inventory of large number of rapidly changing yields the highest net income items with similar margin for which it is In a period of deflation or decreasing prices, FIFO impracticable to use other costing methods yields the lowest net income Basic Formula: Weighted Average-Periodic GAFS at retail price Total cost of GAFS divided by the total units Less: Net sales (net of any sales returns only) available for sale yield cost per unit =Ending Inventory at Retail price Weighted Average-Perpetual (Moving Average) Multiply: Designated cost ratio A new weighted average unit cost must be = Ending inventory at cost computed after every purchase and purchase Employee Discounts- added back to sales return. Normal Shortage- deducted to GAFS retail Purchase commitments are obligations of the Abnormal Shortage- deducted from GAFS cost entity to acquire certain goods sometime in the and retail future at a fixed price and a fixed quantity Approaches in the use of Retail method Inventories specifically segregated per sale 1. Conventional/Conservative/LCNRV contract is excluded -includes net mark-up but excludes net Goods sold to a customer which are being held for markdown in determining the cost ratio the customer to call at his convenience are 2. Average Approach excluded -both mark-up and mark-down TOPIC 21: SALES REVENUE 3. FIFO Retail Method Characteristics of a Financial Instrument 1. There must be a contract -same as average but excludes beginning inventory 2. At least 2 parties to a contract in the computation of the cost ratio 3. Give rise to a financial asset on one party and Estimated shoplifting losses is deducted together a financial liability/equity instrument of with sales from GAFS at retail price another Employee discounts, normal shortage, abnormal Financial Assets are: shortage are not included in the computation of the 1. Cash cost ratio 2. A contractual right to receive cash or another FA from another entity TOPIC 24: BIOLOGICAL ASSETS 3. A contractual right to exchange financial PAS 2 instrument under conditions that are -applies after the point of harvest, inventory shall potentially favorable be recorded at the lower between cost and net 4. Equity instrument of another entity realizable value 2 major classifications of financial assets: Initial measurement of inventory at the point of a. FA at fair value (P&L /OCI) harvest shall be at fair value less cost of disposal b. FA at amortized cost Gain from the changes in the fair value consists of: Initial measurement a. Physical Change-Different Age, Same date 1. FA at FV through P&L b. Price Change – Same age, different date -any transaction costs are expensed Gain from Agricultural produce, used when an 2. FA at OCI inventory is harvested at the point of harvest Gain from change in fair value, used when an -any transaction costs are capitalized offspring is born (physical change) Subsequent Measurement PAS 41 -either at fair value or amortized cost -relates to agricultural activity, biological assets - depending on the entity’s business model for -applied to agricultural produce at the point of managing financial assets harvest FA through P&L -does not deal with processing of agricultural 1. Trading Securities produce after harvest 2. Irrevocable Designation through P&L Hierarchy of Fair Value Measurement 3. Quoted Equity instruments Level 1- quoted price for identical assets in an FA through OCI active market By irrevocable election, any investment in equity Level 2- quoted price for similar assets in an active instrument not held for trading market or quoted prices for identical assets in an inactive market TOPIC 26: INVESTMENT IN EQUITY Level 3- unobservable inputs for the asset SECURITIES -uses the best available information from the Initial Measurement entity’s own data If trading, any transaction costs are expensed If not, any TC are capitalized TOPIC 25: FINANCIAL ASSET AT FAIR Acquisition by Exchange VALUE Acquisition cost is determined in the order of Reasons for handling investments: priority: Accretion of wealth/regular income a. FV of the asset given Capital appreciation b.FV of the asset received Ownership control c. CA of the asset given Meeting Business requirements Lumpsum Acquisition For Protection -the single cost is allocated based on the The investment is initially recorded at cost, and securities fair value the carrying amount is increased by the investor’s -If only 1 security has a known market value, share of the profit of the investee and decreased then that amount will be allocated to that security by the investor’s share of the loss of investee. and the remainder is allocated to a security with Dividends received reduced the carrying amount no known market value. of the account -Investment in unquoted equity instruments: Cost Excess of cost over carrying amount is Cash Dividends attributable to: Dividend-On a. Undervaluation of investee’s assets: building, -From the date of declaration to the date of record land and inventory Ex-Dividend b. Goodwill -date of record to date of payment If attributable to a depreciable asset, the excess is PAS 18, paragraph 29, provides that dividends amortized over the remaining useful life of the shall be recognized as revenue when the asset shareholders right to receive payment is If attributable to land and goodwill, not established (Date of declaration) amortized Property Dividends or dividends in kind are If attributable to inventory, expensed the moment dividends in the form of property or NCA. They it is sold are considered as income and recorded at fair Excess of net fair value over cost is included as value income in the determination of the investor’s Liquidating dividends represent return of share of the associate’s profit/loss in the period invested capital and therefore they are not in which the investment is acquired income. It can also be partially income as well as PAS 28, if an investor’s share of losses of an liquidating one. associate equals or exceeds the CA of an Stock dividends are not income, there is no investment, the investor discontinues distribution of assets to the stockholder recognizing its share of further losses. They are recorded by means of a memorandum The investment is reported at nil/zero value entry. It does not affect the total cost of If the associate subsequently reports income, the investment but reduce the investment cost per investor resumes including its share of such share income after its share of such income after its Stock dividends different from those held, the share of the income equals the share of the losses original cost of the investment is apportioned not recognized between the original shares and the stock dividends on the basis of market value of each at the date of receipt.
TOPIC 27: INVESTMENT IN ASSOCIATE
If the investor holds directly or indirectly through subsidiaries 20% or more of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the investor has significant influence, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case If less than 20%, presumed that investor does not Prepared by: have significant influence, unless such influence King Christopher R. Laganao, CPA can be clearly demonstrated Equity method is an accounting method used to account for the investment in associate Noted By: Marie Antoinette Emata, CPA, MBA