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Chapter I Factors
Chapter I Factors
Introduction
like quality education, the people from the environment, personal choice; and
secondary schools may not have solid decision on where to go in college and what
degree program they may possibly take. They are planning to enter college without
clear idea of what career to pursue for their future Ramirez & Dizon, (2014). They
may sometimes consider the people and the information they received within their
environment. There are several factors that may affect the decision of students
and parents, where it can be a good source of insight for private higher education
institutions to offer quality services that will suit to the needs, expectations and
requirements of the customers, prospective students and other clients like industry
Degree programs and other student services are being developed to promote the
&Sell, (2013).
With the curricular offerings of private colleges and universities which are
almost identical programs makes diversification very difficult. Vaz & Mansori,
guiding the parents towards the achievement of their desire for the success of their
children. The decision on good career choice and school sometimes depend on
how the way students perceive the world and their future. Some of them may not
have enough knowledge and consciousness about how they should process
Pafili and Mylonakis (2011) emphasized that incoming up with the right decision of
what profession to take, students can properly utilize their skills and knowledge to
gain proper experience who could contribute to the development and welfare of
the society butKoni, Zainal, and Ibrahim (2012) noted that some studies show that
not all students who enter a university have the intention to obtain the degree.
research which include multiple variables for analysis, As cited by Aquino (2014)
phenomena with the used of close ended questionnaire and likert scale to know
According to Orzel (2016), there are four important things to consider when
reasonably good offers, you're in a great spot, and will end up fine. In fact, if you
find that you're stressed out about the choice between multiple good schools, that's
probably an indication that it doesn't much matter which of them you pick. Your
the final choice among comparable colleges is to some degree an aesthetic one.
That is, you want to choose the place where you will feel most comfortable, and
most able to make use of the resources provided to you. Your classmates matter
Ozrel, (2016). Far more time is going to be spent outside the classroom, and unless
you're planning to be a total hermit, a lot of that time will be spent interacting with
your fellow students. Academic environment matters. Capino, (2016). The success
the right general area, and get a sense of that environment as well also to evaluate
its facilities if it cope with demand of society which only constant is change
help the school to improve the things that need to improve to increase the number
The main purpose of this study is to know the Factors Affecting Criminology
2019-2020.
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
1.4 resident?
3. What are the suggestion of the respondents for BHMC to become more
the respondents of this study are 50 freshmen students who are randomly
currently enrolled for the School Year 2019-2020 and pass all the requirements
stipulated to enrol on the course, the researchers limit the study on the
courses are doubled compared on the previous year and other department.
The researchers have high hope that the result of this study may help the
Students- the result of this study may help students to develop their interest
toward their career choice, also it will serve as guiding principle about the
College Administration- The result of this study could serve as a baseline data
facilities, faculty profile, curriculum and anything related to the operation of the
colleges
Teachers- The result of this study may serve as an eye opener to create and
the quality of education that colleges offered comparing to other school, the result
of this study may also serve as the baseline to improve facilities, teaching styles,
and curriculum which also parent look for, because they are likely to enroll his/her
Future Researchers- The result of this study can serve as basis a reference in
Definition of Terms
study.
BHMC- a one of the colleges in the province of Bataan offer criminology courses
the will serve as the research local of the study and the place where the research
study conducted.
Criminology- a courses offered by BHMC and the center of the research study.
Factors- referring to the different things that might affect someone in decision
making, in this research it pertains to the things that serve as the cause of reason
run such as the result of board examination, competencies of the faculty and
graduates.
Training- an activity conducted by the faculty to the students as a preparation to
their field. Moreover, it develops physical and mental skills of the students which
Conceptual Framework
* Department’s achievement
*Survey
Questionnaire
*Data Tabulation,
Analysis and
OUTPUT Interpretation
*Statistical
Treatment
-Weighted Mean
the major variables of the study such as, the profile of the respondents perceived
On the other hand, The second frame of the study is the process which
are the questionnaire use to gain the data needed to answer the research problem
of this study also data tabulation, interpretation and statistical treatment such as
weighted mean to answer the sub-problem number 2 took place, after the research
data was tabulated computed and undergo on the different statistical treatment
After conducting this research, the third frame which is the output of the
study such as it will give idea to improve the service offered by the criminology
department and to increase its number of the enrolees perceived and expected by
the researchers to be their contribution on the field. On the other hand, the arrow
of each frames show the actual flow of this study in performing this research.
Assumption of the Study
influence and affect in choosing colleges and deciding on the career choice
of students.
Theoretical Framework
cooperative and harmonious society, and release creativity in all of its forms. In
19th century Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (2012) developed a theory called
working class is condemned to a life of drudgery and death, but that with education
they had a chance to create a better life. This theory have been used to highlight
the social functions of education, their concepts and this methods have served to
both theorize and criticize education in the reproduction of societies, and to support
projects of alternative for the quality of education. Therefore, looking at the above
theory the researcher ought to emphasize the importance and the significance of
the quality of education in reshaping the individuals and the society at large. In
order to arrive at full fulfilment of this task, the educationalists need to offer the
best quality of education and to improve the academic excellence of the students.
Profile
Variables
Students
Career School Facilities/
Guidance Training/Faculty
Department
Achievement
The figure above theoretically anchored and shows the relationship of the
students.
Chapter II
In this chapter, a number of relevant past studies from local and foreign will
be reviewed, explained and linked with our present investigation. Hence, in this
chapter each possible independent variable will be defined based on relevant past
Literatures Review
School Performance
According to, Smith (2009), Students would likely to enrol in one university
or colleges that perform well in academic and sports this is because they see that
the name and performance of the school in licensure examinations and the quality
of education that school’s offered, are the thing that served as the criteria of the
Similarly, Mallari (2017), said that training such as on the job training are
also one of the factor it offers actual job experience and some company directly,
competencies mattered most students who are likely to enrol in the school which
have a faculty staff who is approachable, and has a mastery on their subject
thought by the students and use variety of styles in teaching, location of school
school nearer to their residency especially if the school offer courses they prepared
According to, Nanor (2015) school facilities should also one of the factors
in choosing colleges by the students, they likely to enrol in school that has a high
value of facilities such as modern library, air condition room, that make them
comfortable in studying.
High schools are a transition to higher institutions of learning and the world of work
so they have a critical role in assisting students choose careers. If students have
too many choices of careers or have not made a decision on which career to take,
school career guidance is helpful in selecting their study paths and in identifying
Similarly Lapan, Tucker, Kim and Fosciulek (2003) stated that the
transition from high school to university or the world of work has been understood
current study sought to find out whether career guidance offered in schools
Interest in Field
Begs (2008), some students grow up knowing what they want to do in life.
These are the students who will go the extra mile to reach their dream job.
However, students often settle on a different path due to many factors they can’t
control. Students will research their chosen career path and explore everything
about it. The salary and benefits of that job do not play a role in this decision. In a
research study the factor “match with interest” rated over job characteristics, major
choose a major.
In addition to, Nabor, (2015), said that students will seek out schools that
are well known for that major or trade. Most students today are more concerned
with the amount of money they can earn. However, there are a few students who
Furthermore, Mcglyn (2008) found out that many students choose their
major based on their academic ability However, some students do not have the
ability or the work habits to succeed in some majors that may require more study
than other fields of studies. These students may find a better fit in a less work
intensive major that requires fewer difficult classes. This affects the career paths
of these students. Other students have the ability to handle majors with greater
workloads and choose the career path that will lead to a job requiring more
For jobs such as these, students need more than one degree. On the other hand,
some students have the drive to put in the work in very labor intensive fields but
do not have the intelligence to perform the tasks that are needed for their chosen
field.
Similarly, Roca, (2014) said that students often receive help from tutors,
special education teachers, and special exceptions when taking exams and doing
homework. Students are given every opportunity to excel and work in their field.
Based on grade point averages, agriculture colleges are receiving students with
good high school GPA’s. Studies show that the average high school GPA of
students is above. Therefore, students who enter board courses generally have
Stamps (2008), most parents want their children to go college and get great
jobs. However, not all high school students want to or have the ability to go to
workforce will always need the blue collar people who do manual labor jobs. Even
though technology continues to evolve and grow, there will always be a demand
for trade centered who want to work straight out of high school. Some high school
students join the armed forces after graduating. Such students may want to follow
the path of their parents or find that military service is a way to pay for more
education.
Hence, Gilroy (2007), said that the armed forces can help students who
struggle with structure and motivation, something that students need when
instead of attending college. Trade schools can provide training in fields such as
In addition to, Stamps, (2008), the short school year allows students to go
to work more quickly after graduating from high school instead of having to stay in
school for four or more years. Trade schools also allow students to work in a field
Gender
Bronstein (1998) in the past, gender roles in the work force have been
uneven and unfair). Women usually had lower paying jobs than men.
Moreover, Greenwood (2009), said that currently the playing field between
the two are more even. However, when looking at the workforce you can still find
Mihyeon (2009), studies have shown that young men and women have
different styles when it comes to choosing a career. Men have a more liberal and
progressive style of thinking. Women prefer a hierarchical style of thinking. So that
stereotype believe that this job is for men only, other the intensity of training
physical and mental are designed to test the optimum development of the man.
Personality
choice. Studies have shown that students will choose a major that they think will
fit their personality type. The confidence that a student has can determine how far
a student will go with their education. Students who believe in themselves have
more confidence and are more likely to go for what they want instead of settling
for something that is comfortable. The personality of students can also play a role
in choosing a major.
personality are more likely to major in science fields. Students with an artistic
personality are more likely to major in arts and in interdisciplinary fields. Students
who are very social people are more likely to major in the social sciences.
In addition to, Wildman and Torress (2006), said that family and friends
college. Family role models have more of an influence on what students major in
there are many people in a student’s life who can influence their career decisions.
Most of the time, parents and friends play a large role, but coaches and teachers
Similarly, Ozel (2016), said that teachers and coaches can help a student
to do better in school, to get into college or to get on a better path. The impact that
these adults have on young students can have a major influence on their career
path. Academic or athletic coaches are role models for students and also play a
big part in moulding future generations. Coaches help prepare young men and
women for the challenges outside of high school by exposing them to challenges
Blum, (1995), affirms that how students react to these lessons early in life
can play a big part in what decisions students make down the road. A bad role
model or coach can have a negative influence leading to bad life choices, while a
good role model or coach can have a positive influence leading to good decisions.
options. These values according to him stem from life experiences, educational
background, and the environment. Values are also attached to the stability which
career choice is the school to which they belong. Different curriculum options,
hidden curriculum, and school culture are all determinant of a student’s career
choice. Schools role is to provide accurate guidance, and also encourage students
usually set high standards from the very outset, and then pave the way for
Related Study
Bean (2000), in his studies have been done in order to explore the various
antecedents and factors which effect the university or college selection choice
decisions among students. Many variables have been identified and investigated
Ariffin et al (2008), the student’s own ability and aptitude also reported as
College choice. He noted that college proximity and distance from home could also
offerings, its content range and duration also found to have a significant
very strong predictor of College choice. He observed that college reputation has a
persuasive power on student college attendance. They analyzed that financial aid
relation with college choice decisions and found that employment opportunities are
In another study, Garma and Moy (2003), also identified and reported a
persuade them to enrol in the college. On the other hand Marketing Mix, Marketing
college choice. Many researchers study this variable and found it a very significant
explained that Program and Price attribute of Marketing mix are significant
CAREER GUIDANCE
Hossler (2010), also examined the influence of advertisement on student
college selection and found that radio and television ads provide a good vehicle
for educational marketers to communicate a good image and build strong brand
old adage goes, nothing succeeds like success, similarly, a student who fare well
struggling ones.
information related to career choice, and reads more to make the crucial
decision. Thus their decisions are likely to be correct and wise. The role of parents
determined the careers for their wards, and only serve to steer them in that
direction. In other research, it is elaborated that the attitude of parents and the
schools in students’ choices of careers when they argue that it is in schools where
students learn about and explore various careers before they make career choices.
Korrir and Wafula’s (2012), study highlighted the influence of the school
interest in this career could have been developed at high school. The study was
carried out at a university and looked at a particular career. The current study does
not look at a particular career but careers in general. Also, the participants in Korrir
and Waffle’s study are different from the current study which looks at high school
students in Zimbabwe.
were influenced at high school to follow STEM subjects which eventually prepare
GENDER
has been documented in many studies. In Nigeria, female students go for careers
that are feminist in nature while their male counterparts opt for careers that are
masculine in nature.
In China, Chow and Ngo (2002), state that gender differences are
attributed to sex role socialisation which creates a clear distinction between sex
roles, prejudice and discrimination which affect the status of women in the
economy.
Griffin et al. (2011), established that, in America, when gender beliefs are
salient they shape behaviour most powerfully by affecting people’s sense of what
and preferences across a variety of contexts. Ahuja et al.’s study further explained
that male students use computers earlier in life especially to play computer games.
The current study sought to establish if similar results could be found in Zimbabwe.
It was also established in Nigeria that the use of computers and internet has the
potential to equip students with career information that would give male students
an edge over their female counterpart. On the other hand, an Australian study by
computers among girls. The participants were of different origins, among them
Australian.
computer and ICT careers among high school students in Zimbabwe. Igbinedion
be the most significant influence in the career choices of Indian boys and girls in
management. The same study further revealed that mothers also influenced girls.
The Indian study is consistent with Paa and McWhirter (2000), who
reported that American girls consistently reported more positive influences from
same sex parents, friends and teachers. Although the results for boys perceived
positive influences from their fathers, they also reported an equal and occasionally
higher percentage of positive influences from their mothers. The present study
technical and natural sciences are still male dominated despite efforts to
Klapwijk & Rommes, (2009), in spite of the fact that, in the Netherlands,
girls have wide ranging professional values and form a heterogeneous group, the
masculine image remains an important and persistent obstacle. Like in many other
countries, the belief that girls do not like to work with physical objects is also quite
Similarly, male and female American medical students differed in the value
students in America were more likely than their male counterparts to choose
occupations that involve helping others and expressing themselves while, in
contrast, boys were more interested in having higher self-efficacy and were more
Griffin et al., (2011), also purport that, generally, Nigerian girls are
interested in literacy, clerical, artistic, musical and social activities while boys
industrial professions. The belief that boys and girls choose careers based on
Klapwijk & Rommes, (2009), for girls, the gender bias may result in an
English boys tend to choose more traditionally male subjects and girls more
traditionally female subjects which are likely to influence their choices of gender
based careers.
Favara, (2012), this is in line with the Social Learning Theory, which informs
this study, which emphasises that students (boys and girls) will choose careers
that are dictated by their social interaction which is the environment. The present
only one university in America, it established that the public relations profession is
feminine in nature. Another study in America indicated that men and women in the
medical profession were different in their areas of speciality where women place
This is also in line with Corrigall and Konrad (2007, who purport that
women and men in America vary in their individual views concerning appropriate
roles and behaviours for the sexes in the paid work and family domains. This
implies that gender plays a pivotal role in career choice at different levels in life.
science and physical exertion are gendered male, that perception is likely to be
specialty areas as more ethical and more caring. Such areas have significantly
lower salaries than the male-oriented areas, which did not fare well in terms of
Zimbabwean male and female students in the choice of subjects where males
chose the sciences and females chose the arts. Such choices would influence
students to pursue different careers as guided by the subjects they had done. The
above studies indicate gender disparity among students. The present study sought
the studies were carried to establish how gender influences career choices on
certain types of careers, they cannot be generalised to other careers hence the
need to carry out a study that does not pay attention to a particular career.
career choices.
Similarly, Balin and Hirschi (2010), indicated that Swiss boys were less
counterparts. This implies that their line of thinking has already been established
due presumably to socialisation resulting in them choosing careers that are in line
Eyo et al. (2010), also stated that gender has a significant influence on the
attitudes of the students towards guidance and counselling services. They further
revealed that gender difference in the students’ attitudes gave a mean score of
22.00 for female and a lower mean score of 19.00 for male. The study also
compared to boys.
students were more satisfied than male students with career counselling they
received. However, in the same study, females, more than males, reported feelings
of uneasiness when talking with guidance counsellors and males reported, more
often than females, that guidance counsellors were not well informed in terms of
careers. This implies that gender affected the way students responded to career
counselling.
A later American study by Griffin et al. (2011), also purported that, unlike
male students, female students reported that school counsellors and college
resource materials were helpful. In the same study, female students were more
likely than male students to report using various sources for information about their
girls in Zimbabwe are more satisfied than boys with career counselling in schools
and whether career counselling benefited both male and female students the same
way.
PEER
On the other hand, Bett (2013), purported that the rationale of peer
Theory which informs this study which purports that social variables, such as
choosing careers. As the students interact, they share information about careers.
This is in line with Krumboltz’ Social Learning Theory which emphasises the
with peers of diversified interests, races and backgrounds have the potential to
stimulate reflection, knowledge and beliefs which may lead to new ways of thinking
about the world, other peers and eventually themselves. For peers to understand
the world of work, their interaction makes it possible for them to venture into
when he stated that the academic orientation typical of the peer group to which
they belong may potentially have a long term impact on individual adolescents’
vocational careers.
Kiuru (2008), purports that, in Finland, peer group members who are
closely related are likely to end up in similar educational trajectories as they are
leads to greater effort and eventually to greater success. Since high school
students are adolescents, they may rely on people of their own age.
SCHOOL.
schools in students choices of careers when they argue that it is in schools where
students learn about and explore various careers before they make career choices.
a career. It investigated the factors that influence the choice of hospitality careers
at Moi University. They concluded that Kenyan students’ interest in this career
interventions in Philippine schools are concerned, not with telling students what to
do, but with helping them acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes that will help them
make better career choices and transitions hence ameliorating the problem of
career decisions.
awareness of their interests and abilities as well as the career opportunities that
exist.
relationships with students, encouraging them to closely examine and explore their
decision making involved in career planning and guiding them in their search for
Balin and Hirschi’s (2010), study was carried out in the German speaking
region of Switzerland. They concluded that Swiss students should work on more
career guidance activities that will provide awareness, comfort and skills for career
such as learning about the educational and vocational system and transitions, the
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods and procedures that were applied in this
computational techniques.
observational by describing the nature of the situation as it exists in the time of the
study and to explore the cause of the particular phenomena through survey
In this particular study, the researchers want to know the factors affecting
BHMC SY 2019-2020.
Respondents of the Study
The population of the study are 50 first year criminology student here at
Bataan Heroes Memorial College who has been randomly selected and subjected
as respondents in this study. The table below shows the actual breakdown of the
Table 1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents as to their sex
Item F %
Male 36 72
Female 14 28
Total 50 100
Population Sampling
from the population of interest to provide accurate information about the entire
respondents of this study. The researcher used the random sampling technique or
Research Instrument
The researchers read literature and study which were published in the
internet source to find the research gap of this study, after conceptualizing the data
The research questionnaires has 2 parts, the first parts of the questionnaire is the
1. The second part contains the close-ended question in connection with the
and career guidance technique which also aims to answer research problem
number 2 and 3. Items were answered and scored based on the scale displayed
on table 2.
Table 2
Likert Scale
a process, validation involves collecting and analysing data to assess the accuracy
that has enough training and MAED degree in Language and Mathematics in
criterion validity
The results will tabulate, analyze and constructe in appropriate tables. The
P= (f/n) x 100%
Where:
P= percentage
F= frequency
N= number of cases
2. Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the weight of responses with
the Formula;
Wm=Tw/N
The researchers will send a letter of request to the Dean of BHMC asking
for approval and permission to conduct research study to the freshmen criminology
students of BHMC after securing the approval the researcher will also sent a letter
of request to the adviser and written consent to all selected criminology students
indicating the purpose of this research study. After securing all the required things
and legal document needed for this research, the researchers will set schedule on
the respondents for the distribution of questionnaire which the respondents needs
to answer for 30 minutes or hour the researchers will also consider the availability
distributing or conducting this study. Afterwards, the group will tally and organized
the data necessary to answer the main and sub-problem of this study applying
of the female secondary school students on Ondo West local Government area of
496.
Corrigal, E.A. & Konrad, A.M. (2007). Gender role attitudes and careers: A
Cheema, J.R. (2014). Some general guidelines for choosing missing data
Methods, 13(2):53-75.