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Phy Lab PDF
Phy Lab PDF
EXPERIMENT NO.1
Aim: to determine the force constant or spring constant (stiffness constant k) by using oscillation
method.
Apparatus and material required: A light weight helical spring with a pointer attached at the lower
end and a hook, A rigid support, hanger and five slotted weight of 10 gram Clamp stand, A
measuring scale and Stop watch.
Principle:
The relationship between time period (T) and spring constant is given by
𝑚
T= 2𝜋√ 𝑘 Where m is the load of the object. If spring
has large mass itself then expression change to
𝑚𝑜+𝑚
T= 2𝜋 ( ) 1/2 (2)
𝑘
Where mo. and m are the effective masses of the spring system.
One can easily eliminate the term m0 of the spring system appearing in
equation (2) by substituting two different object (load) of masses m1 and
m2 and measuring their respective period of oscillation T1 and T2 .Then
𝑚𝑜+𝑚1
T1= 2𝜋( )1/2 (3)
𝐾
𝑚𝑜+𝑚2
And T2 =2𝜋( )1/2 (4)
𝐾
Eliminate the term mo. from equation and above equation and subtract the
equation 4 from 3, we get
1. Suspend the helical spring SA (having pointer P and the hanger H at its free end A),
from a rigid support, as shown in figure (1).
2. Set the measuring scale, close to the spring vertically. Take care that the pointer P
moves freely over the scale without touching it.
3. Suspended the load or slotted weight with mass m1 on the hanger gently. Wait till the
pointer comes to rest. This is the equilibrium position for the given load. Pull the load
slightly downwards and then release it gently so that it is set into oscillation in a
vertical plane about its rest (or equilibrium) position. The rest position (X) of the
pointer P on the scale is the reference or mean position for the given load. Start the
Stop watch as the pointer P just crosses its mean position (say, upward to downwards)
and simultaneously being to count the oscillations.
4. Keep on counting the oscillation as the pointer crosses the mean position (x) in the
same direction. Stop the watch after n (say, 10to 2o) oscillation are complete. Note
the time (t) taken by the oscillating load for n oscillations.
5. Repeat this observation at least thrice and in each occasion note the time taken for
the same number of oscillation (n). Find the mean time (t1), for n oscillation and
compute the time for one oscillation, i.e., the time period T1 (=t1/n) of oscillating
helical spring with load m1.
6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for two more slotted weights.
7. Calculate time period of oscillation T=t/n for each weight and tabulate your
observations.
8. Compute the value of spring constant (K1, K2 and K3) for each load and find out the
mean value of spring constant K of the given helical spring.
Observation:
Table: Measuring the time period T of oscillation of helical spring with load.
Substitute the value of m1, m2, m3 and T1, T2, T3 in above equation. We get
K1=4𝜋2(m1-m2) / (T12-T22);
Precaution:
T=2𝜋√𝐿/𝑔 (1)
4𝜋2 𝐿
g= (2)
𝑇2
Where T= time period of oscillation.
L= Distance between center of oscillation and suspension.
Procedure:
1. The bar pendulum is suspended vertically about the knife edge from the
hole nearest to one end.
2. The knife edge is made horizontal by means of levelling screws.
3. A telescope is focused on the lower end of the pendulum. The bar is
allowed to oscillate through small angle with knife edge passing through
the hole no (1) and the time for 30 oscillation is noted with the help of stop
watch. The time period of thirty oscillation is calculated.
4. Then the bar pendulum is suspended successively from its other hole and
the corresponding time for 30 oscillation is noted. This distance of each
hole from any one end of the bar pendulum is also noted. Further the
position of C.G, is determined by balancing the pendulum about a knife
edge.
5. A graph is plotted between the measured distance and the corresponding
time period.
Observation table:
No. of Distance of the No. of Time taken in (s) Time period
holes knife edge from oscillation 1 2 3 mean
the end A
Result: From graph
PR= …….. cm= ……. m
QS= ………cm=………m
OE = T = ……. S.
𝐿
g = 4π2 ( ) = …….m/s2.
𝑇2
Sources of error and Precaution:
1. The knife edge is made horizontal before starting the experiment.
2. The amplitude of oscillation should be kept small.
3. The time of oscillation should be counted at least for 30 oscillation with
the help of telescope.
4. The pendulum should be oscillate only in a vertical plane.
5. Smooth curves should be drawn on the graph paper.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Applied science lab
Subject Code: 1602107
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Apparatus:
1. Resonance tube apparatus
2. Two tuning fork of different frequencies
3. A rubber pad
4. Water in a beaker.
5. A plumb line.
6. A thermometer.
7. A set-square.
Theory: if l1 and l2 are the length of the air column for first and second resonance
position as shown in figure (3).
l2 + x = λ/4 (2).
Where x is the end- correction and λ is the wave length of the sound wave.
Or λ = 2(l2-l1) (4).
V=nλ
Reading of the upper end (open end) A of the resonance tube = a = ……cm.
Second 1 l2
2
n2 First 1 l1
2
Second 1 l2
2
Calculate the velocity of sound v1 in air by putting the value of n1, l1 and l2 in the
formula
V1 = 2n1 (l2-l1)
= ……m/s.
In the same manner, calculate the velocity of in air v2 by putting the value of n1, l1 and l2
in the formula
V2 = 2n2 (l2-l1)
= ….. M/s.
V t = ….. M/s.
Precaution:
The resonance tube apparatus should be placed vertically.
The vibrating tuning fork should be held horizontally over the open end of the tube.
The prongs of vibrating tuning fork should note touch the tube.
Sources of error:
The resonance tube may not be vertical.
The presences of moister in the tube will be increase the velocity of sound.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Applied Science Lab
Subject Code: 1602107
EXPERIMENT NO.4
Practical Name: sonometer
Apparatus:
1. A sonometer
2. A set of tuning forks of known frequency.
3. 0.5kg weight hanger.
4. Some 0.5kg slotted weights.
5. Rubber pad.
6. Paper rider.
7. Meter scale.
Theory: when a stretched wire is set in vibrations, the frequency n of the
fundamental note is produced by it, is given by
For a give wire, m (mass per unit length) is constant, and wire is stretched under
given tension i.e., T is constant, i.e., if m and T are kept constant then equation
(1) gives
n 1/l or n l = constant
Hence if we plot a graph between n and 1/l the graph will be a straight line.
Observations:
Constant value of load on the wire = M kg
1. Plot a graph between 1/l and frequency n of the tuning fork, taking n along
X-axis and 1/l along Y- axis. It will be a straight line as shown in figure.
Result: The frequency V/s reciprocal of length graph is a straight line, which
indicates that, frequency is inversely proportional to resonant length.
Observation:
Table for the calculation of resonant length and tension in the wire
Sources of error:
1. Wire may not have uniform area of cross section.
2. Pulley may not be frictionless.
3. Weight used may not be standard.
4. Bridges may not be sharp.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Applied science lab
Subject Code: 1602107
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Practical Name: Determination of refractive index using
spectrometer device.
Aim: To calculate the refractive index of material of prism by using a spectrometer device.
Refractive index μ of the prism is given by the following formula:
Apparatus Required: Spectrometer, prism, mercury vapor lamp, spirit level and reading lens
( )
Formula Used: Then μ =
( )
Where A = angle of the prism, δm = angle of minimum deviation.
Procedure: The following initial adjustments of the spectrometer are made first.
• The spectrometer and the prism table are arranged in horizontal position by using the
leveling Screws.
• The telescope is turned towards a distant object to receive a clear and sharp image.
• The slit is illuminated by a mercury vapour lamp and the slit and the collimator are
suitably
Adjusted to receive a narrow, vertical image of the slit.
• The telescope is turned to receive the direct ray, so that the vertical slit coincides with the
Vertical crosswire.
• The telescope is turned to receive the direct ray, so that the vertical slit coincides with the
Vertical crosswire.
• Determine the least count of the spectrometer.
• Place the prism on the prism table with its refracting angle A towards the collimator and with
It’s refracting edge A at the center. In this case some of the light falling on each face will be
Reflected and can be received with the help of the telescope.
• The telescope is moved to one side to receive the light reflected from the face AB and the cross
Wires are focused on the image of the slit. The readings of the two Vernier’s are taken.
• The telescope is moved in other side to receive the light reflected from the face AC and again
the
Cross wires are focused on the image of the slit. The readings of the two Vernier’s are taken.
• The angle through which the telescope is moved; or the difference in the two positions gives
Twice of the refracting angle A of the prism. Therefore half of this angle gives the refracting
Angle of the prism.
• Place the prism so that its center coincides with the center of the prism table and light falls on
One of the polished faces and emerges out of the other polished face, after refraction. In this
Position the spectrum of light is obtained.
• The spectrum is seen through the telescope and the telescope is adjusted for minimum
Deviation position for a particular color (wavelength) in the following way: Set up telescope at
a particular color and rotate the prism table in one direction, of course the telescope should be
Moved in such a way to keep the spectral line in view. By doing so a position will come where
a
Spectral line recede in opposite direction although the rotation of the table is continued in the
Same direction. The particular position where the spectral line begins to recede in opposite
Direction is the minimum deviation position for that colour. Note the readings of two
Vernier’s.
• Remove the prism table and bring the telescope in the line of the collimator. See the slit directly
Through telescope and coincide the image of slit with vertical crosswire. Note the readings of
The two Vernier’s.
• The difference in minimum deviation position and direct position gives the angle of minimum
Deviation for that color.
• The same procedure is repeated to obtain the angles of minimum deviation for the other colors.
Observations:
(i) Value of the one division of the main scale = ……… degrees
Total number of Vernier divisions = ……….
Least count of the Vernier = ………. degrees = ……… second
(ii) Table for the angle (A) of the prism.
S.NO Vernier Telescope reading for reflection Differe Mean A Mean
. nce value A
From first face From second face θ = a- of 2a degras
b= 2A
MS VSR T(a) MS VS T(b)
R R R
1 V1
V2
2 V1
V2
3 V1
V2
MSR = Main Scale Reading, VSR = Vernier Scale Reading, TR = MSR+VSR = Total Reading.
(iii) Table for the angle of minimum deviation (δm).
S. Color Vernier Telescope reading Telescope reading Difference Mean
No. for minimum for direct image δm = a – b value
deviation of δm
MSR VSR TR MSR VSR TR
(a) (b)
1 Violet V1
V2
2 Yellow V1
V2
3 Red V1
V2
MSR = Main Scale Reading, VSR = Vernier Scale Reading, TR = MSR+VSR = Total Reading.
S. Colour Calculated refractive index Standard refractive index % Error
No
Calculations:
Angle of the prism = ………
Angle of minimum deviation for violet = ………..
Refractive index for violet = …………..
Angle of minimum deviation for blue = …………..
Refractive index for yellow = ………….
Angle of minimum deviation for red = ………..
Refractive index for red = …………..
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Theory: When The Body Is Placed Between The Two Jaws A And B ,The
V.C/ L.C. = (1- 9/10) 1M.S.D. = 1/10 × 1M.S.D. = 1/10 ×1mm = 0.1m
V.C. /L.C. = 0.1/10 = 0.01 cm
Table for calculation of diameter
Diameter Ι 1 D1 =
2
Diameter ǁ 1 D2 =
2
Diameter ΙΙΙ 1 D3 =
2
Table for the calculation for internal diameter
Calculation:
Mean Corrected Diameter Of Cylinder=D=D1+D2+D3/ 3=……..Cm
Mean Corrected Internal Diameter D=D1+D2+D3+D4 / 4=………Cm
Mean Corrected Height H=H1+H2+H3+H4 / 4= ………..Cm
Volume Of The Cylinder(V)=𝜋𝑟 2H …………….Cm
Result:
He Internal Diameter Of Given Cylinder Is………Cm
The Depth Of Calorimeter Is………Cm
The Volume Of The Given Cylinder Is …….Cm
Precaution:
1. Jaws of the Vernier Calipers Should Note Be pressed Hard.
2. The Vernier Constant And Zero Error Should Be Carefully Calculated And Recorded.
3. The Motion of Vernier Caliper on Main Scale Should Be Smooth. If Not It Should Be
Oiled.
Sources of error:
1. Jaws of the calipers may not be at right angle to the main scale.
2. Vernier scale may be loosely fitted with the movable jaws.
3. The graduations on scale may not be correct and clear.
4. Parallax may be there in taking in observation.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Basic Physics lab
Subject Code: 1601107
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: To measure diameter of a give wire and thickness of a of a sheet using screw gauge.
THEORY: If a wire or a sheet is placed between A and B of the cap lies ahead of x division on
pitch scale, then linear scale or pitch scale reading=x
Observation:
Determination of least count of screw gauge
Pitch=b ÷a=…mm
S no. Reading along any direction(d1) Reading along perpendicular direction(d2) Observed
diameter
Linear No. of Circular Diameter No. of Circular Diameter d’=
scale circular scale D1= x + Linear circular scale d2=x + y 𝑑1+𝑑2
reading scale reading y scale scale reading 2
X division Y= n× reading division Y=x +
mm coinciding L.C. X coinciding y
(n) mm Mm n mm
RESULT:
1. The diameter of given wire is ………cm.
2. The thickness of given sheet is ………cm.
PREACUTION:
1. The screw should free from friction. It should be oiled if it is needed.
2. Screw should be always turned by ratchet and not by cap to avoid excess pressure.
3. Zero correction must be noted with proper sign and added algebraically.
4. Stop turning the ratchet, when it start slipping.
5. Take the reading of the diameter in two mutually perpendicular directions.
6. Error due to the parallax should be avoided.
SOURCS OF ERROR:
1. The screw gauge may have backlash error.
2. The threads of the screw may not be of equal pitch.
3. The screw may have friction.
4. The division on linear scale and circular scale may not be evenly spaced.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Basic Physics lab
Subject Code: 1601107
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
APPARATUS: Searle’s apparatus, two long identical steel wires of same length
and same area of cross-section, Screw gauge, Meter rod, Slotted weights and
Hanger.
If L is the original length of the wire having area of the cross–section a and l is the
increase in length produced by a stretching force F acting its length then
Observation:
= ……..cm.
𝑑
Mean radius = r = = …….cm = …….m
2
8
Mean extension for 2 kg load = l = …..cm
= …….m
Result: The Young modulus of the material (steel) of the wire by Searle’s
apparatus is …. N/m2.
Precaution:
1. There should be no kinks in the wire
2. Do not load the wire beyond the maximum permissible load.
3. The load should be changed in equal steps of 0.5 kg and it should be done
very gently.
Sources of error:
1. The diameter of the wire may change on loading or unloading.
2. The experimental wire may not have a uniform Area of cross- section
throughout its length.
3. Slotted weights used may have standard weight.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Basic Physics lab
Subject Code: 1601107
EXPERIMENT NO.4
Practical Name: Coefficient of viscosity
Apparatus:
1. A long glass cylinder of length one meter and diameter 5 cm.
2. Rubber cork.
3. A small glass tube of 0.5 to 1.0 cm internal diameter.
4. Lead shots of different sizes.
5. Stop watch.
6. Meter road.
7. Thermometer.
8. Glycerin.
9. Screw gauge.
10. Plumb line.
11. Cotton thread or gummed paper.
12. Clamp stand.
Theory:
Terminal velocity of a freely falling steel ball-bearing in a homogenous viscus
liquid can be given as.
(𝜌−𝜎)
V = 2𝑟 2 (1)
9𝜂
Where v is the terminal velocity of the steel ball- bearing.
2.
3.
4.
Calculation:
Plot a graph between radius r2 and terminal velocity v taking r2 along X- axis and
v along Y- axis. The graph between r2 and v is straight line as shown in figure.
Find the slope of straight line by taking two point A and B on the line.
𝐵𝐶 𝑣
Slope of the straight line = = 𝑟2
𝐴𝐶
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐺−𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐹
= 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑎𝑡 𝐸−𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑡 𝐷
2 𝑟2
η = (ρ-σ) g.
9 𝑣
On putting the value of r2/v in equation (2) and also put the value of ρ, σ and g we
can calculate the value of coefficient of viscosity using equation (2).
G B
G
G
Terminal velocity v (cm/s)
F A
C
D E
Precaution:
1. The steel ball-bearing should be of small size so that they take longer time to
fall through the given distance.
2. The ball-bearing should be dropped gently.
3. The ball-bearing should fall along the central axis of glass cylinder.
4. The ball –bearing should be thoroughly coated with the given viscous liquid.
5. Diameter of the ball-bearing should be measured in two mutually
perpendicular direction.
6. The liquid should be highly viscous
Sources of error:
1. The ball-bearing may not be perfectly spherical.
2. The liquid may not have uniform density.
3. The observed velocity may not be constant.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Applied science lab
Subject Code: 1602107
EXPERIMENT NO- 5
Practical Name: tension of water by capillary rise method
Apparatus:
T= (1)
For water the value of angle of contact θ is very small.
Hence cosθ = 1 (θ = o; cosθ = 1)
T= (2)
Where,
T= is the surface tension of the water.
r is the radius of the capillary tube.
h is the rise of water in capillary tube above the free
surface of the water.
D is the density of the water at room temperature.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Procedure:
(1) Clean the capillary tube and flat bottom glass dish with
alkaline solution (caustic soda) and the with water and
dry them.
(2) Fill the glass dish with water (free from dirt and gases)
and place it on the adjustable stand whose height can be
adjusted. Make it base horizontal by levelling screw.
(3) Mount the capillary tube C whose diameter are ranging
from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm on a glass plate with the help of
rubber bands. Set the glass plate vertically over the dish
containing water by holding it in a clamp stand and
adjust the position of adjustable stand so that ends of
capillary tubes are well within water as shown in figure.
(4) Mount a fine needle on the glass plate which is parallel
to the capillary tube with its tips just touches the water
surface as shown in figure.
Calculations:
We have the relation
T= ===================================================================================
Precaution:
(a) Capillary tube should be clean and liquid should
be free from dirt and grease.
(b) Capillary tube and needle should be set vertical.
(c) Microscope screw should be moved in lower
direction only to avoid backlash error.
(d) Do not use distilled water.
(e) Internal diameter of capillary tubes should be
measured along two mutually perpendicular
directions.
(f) Capillary tubes should be of uniform bores.
(g) Temperatures of the water should be measured in
the beginning and also at the end as surface
tension is very sensitive to the temperature.
Sources of error:
Experiment-6
Results:
The graph is a straight line through the origin, verifying that the pressure (p) is
proportional to (1/V), verifying Boyles Law. Also all values of pV are the same.
Results:
Pressure Volume 1
p/ atms V/cm3 Volume /cm-3
120 9.0 0.11
180 6.0 0.17
220 5.0 0.20
280 4.0 0.25
320 3.5 0.29
380 3.0 0.33
440 2.5 0.40
pV=k
To graph p against 1/V
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Boyles Law States……. That at constant temperature the volume of a fixed
mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
P α 1/V
This proves Boyles law as it is a straight line graph through the origin. That graph is P
α 1/V
Precautions:
1) After changing the pressure of the trapped air wait a minute or two before
reading the pressure or volume, to allow the air to reach room temperature.
This is necessary because when the air is compressed or expanded there may
be slight changes in temperature which will affect t the volume of gas )due
to expansion or contraction)
2) When reading volume make sure your eye is level with the Mercury
Meniscus.
3) Make sure air is connected tightly to oil reservoir in let.
4) If a hand suction pump is available you will be able to reduce the pressure of
the gas below atmospheric pressure. You can then take a future series of
values of p and V include them in the table and graph.
Government Polytechnic Muzaffarpur
Name of the Lab: Basic Physics lab
Subject Code: 1601107
EXPERIMENT NO- 7
Practical Name: Measurement of temperature using
Thermocouple.
Experiment-7
Setup:
Apparatus required:
Procedure:
Fill the water in beaker. Place an immersion heater in the beaker and
keep the thermometer as well as the thermocouple in the beaker too.
Connect the output of the signal conditioner with the DPM by a patch
cord (between T2 and T3). Switch ON the power. Put the toggle switch
towards mV side. Set gain adjustment pot at anticlockwise i.e set
minimum gain. Short the input (Thermocouple) of the setup with a patch
cord and measure the output on DPM (Digital Panel Meter). It must be
zero, if not adjust it to zero with the help of zero pot. Remove the input
short lead and connect the I/P with a millivolt source having reading
10mV (measure with a multimeter). The reading on DPM is in mV and
set it to 10.00 with gain adjustment POT. Remove the millivolt source
from the input and connect the thermocouple terminals. Switch ON the
heater to heat the water. The millivolt generated across the
thermocouple terminals will be displayed on the DPM. Note down the
reading of both thermocouple and thermometer after a fixed time
interval. Plot the graph between temperature indicated by thermometer
and thermocouple emf(mV).
Observation:
Disconnect the thermocouple from the input and short again by a patch
cord. Toggle the switch towards oC. note down the reading on DPM
which is ambient temperature. Remove the short lead and connect the
millivolt source and set the value at 4.1mV by multimeter. Adjust the
DPM reading at 100+ambient temperature with gain adjustment pot.
Remove the millivolt source and connect the thermocouple and note
down the reading at different temperature position by heating the water.
Observation:
Pullinger's Apparatus
Construction
Working
The experimental rod is taken and its length is measured (say) L. The rod
is placed inside the cylinder and the initial temperature of the rod is taken
(say)θ1. Now the spherometer is rotated downward when it just touches the
rod. Initial reading on spherometer is taken and spherometer is rotated
upward to give a small space for expansion of the rod. The steam is
passed into the cylinder as steam is passed the reading in thermometer
rise. When the thermometer shows constant reading 8-10 the final
temperature of the rod is taken (say)θ2.The spherometer is rotated
downward when it touches the rod and the final reading of spherometer is
taken. let initial spherometer reading is R1and final reading is R2. Thenthe
increase in radius is R2 - R1.
We have
Linearexpansivity=increaseinlengthoriginallength×riseintemperatureL
inearexpansivity=increaseinlengthoriginallength×riseintemperature
∴α=R2−R1R1(θ2−θ1)∴α=R2−R1R1(θ2−θ1)
By finding values of R1, R2,θ2,θ1θ2,θ1and linear expansivity is determined.
l2=l1(1+αΔθ)l2=l1(1+αΔθ)
Where αα is the coefficient of linear expansion of the rod,
l2−l1=l1(αΔθ)l2−l1=l1(αΔθ)
Due to increase in temperature, the rod tries to expand but will not be able
to, to expand due to rigid ends. As a result, a force or tension is produced
which would compress the rod. From the definition of Young’s modulus of
elasticity, we have,
Υ=TA×l1l2−l1=TA×l1l1αΔθ=TAαΔθΥ=TA×l1l2−l1=TA×l1l1αΔθ=TAαΔθ
Or, T=ΥAαΔθT=ΥAαΔθ
Bimetallic Thermostat
Bimetallic strip (a) At normal temperature, (b) At higher temperature
Differential expansion
When metal rod of different metal are heated to the same range of
temperature their expansion are different i.e. differential expansion.
Let us consider two rod B and C having length and with linear expansivity
and respectively. Both the rods are heated so that the final length of the rod
are and respectively at the temperature.
We have,
l2=l1(1+αΔθ)l2=l1(1+αΔθ)
Δθ=θ2−θ1Δθ=θ2−θ1
Increase in length of rod ββ
For equal difference in length
l2−l1=l1αΔθl2−l1=l1αΔθ
or, l1αΔθ=l′1α′Δθl1αΔθ=l1′α′Δθ
or, l1α=l′1α′l1α=l1′α′
or, l1l′2=α′αl1l2′=α′α
This is the constant difference in length in all temperature.
Liquid does not have fixed shape so, we do not take linear and superficial
expansion in the case of liquid instead we take cubical expansion.
Let us consider liquid contain in a vessel having an original volume up to
level A suppose the system is heated at first. After heating the expansion of
vessel takes place and the level of a liquid decreases to point B. After
sometimes liquid gets heated the expansion of a liquid is greater than that
of solid. So, finally liquid reaches C.
Here,
AB = expansion of vessel
BC = AC + AB ----------(i)
BC=AC+AB…(i)BC=AC+AB…(i)
real expansion of liquid = apparent expansion of liquid + expansion of a
vessel
γrV×Δθ=γaV×Δθ+γV×ΔθγrV×Δθ=γaV×Δθ+γV×Δθ
γrV×Δθ=(γa+γ)V×ΔθγrV×Δθ=(γa+γ)V×Δθ
γr=γa+γγr=γa+γ
γr=γa+3α[∵γ=3α]