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If theofdecedent
time is an
his death, inhabitant
whether of the
a citizen or Philippines at will
an alien, his the The main function of a probate court is to settle
shall be proved, or letters of administration granted, and liquidate the estates of deceased person either summa
his estate settled, in the RTC in the province in which he or through the process of administration.
resides at the time of his death, and if he is an inhabitant of
a foreign country, the RTC of any province in which he had The probate court exercises limited jurisdiction, thus it
his estate. The court first taking cognizance of the no power to take cognizance of and determine the issu
settlement of the estate of a decedent, shall exercise title to property claimed by a third person adversely to
jurisdiction to the exclusion of all other courts. decedent unless the claimant and all other parties h
legal interest in the property consent, expressly
Under RA 7691, the law expanding the jurisdiction of the impliedly, to the submission of the question to the prob
inferior courts, MTC, MeTC and MCTC shall exercise court. In that case, if the probate court allows
exclusive original jurisdiction over probate proceedings, introduction of evidence on ownership it is for the
purpose of determining whether the subject proper
testate and intestate,
not exceed P300,000 where theMetro
(outside value Manila)
of the estate does
or where should be included in the inventory, which is within
such estate does not exceed P400,000 (in Metro Manila). probate court’s competence.
The jurisdiction of the RTC is limited to the settlement and The determination is only provisional subject to a pro
adjudication of properties of the deceased and cannot action in a separate action to resolve the title.
extend to collateral matters.
The jurisdiction of the probate court merely relates
VENUE IN JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE matters having to do with the settlement of the estate
the probate of wills, the appointment and remova
The residence of the decedent at the time of his death is administrators, executors, guardians and trustees.
question of ownership is, as a rule, an extraneous ma
determinative of the venue of the proceeding.
which the probate court cannot resolve with finality.
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settlement
liquidation, of
andthe estate, such
distribution as estate;
of the administration,
and claim that may be filed under section 4 of this rule.
5) Determine the following: The fact of the extrajudicial settlement or administrat
a) Heirs of the decedent; shall be published in a newspaper of general circulatio
b) Recognition of natural child; the manner provided in the next succeeding section;
c) Validity of the disinheritance effected no extrajudicial settlement shall be binding upon
by testator; person who has not participated therein or had no no
d) Status of a woman who claims to be thereof.
the lawful wife of the decedent;
e) Validity of waiver of hereditary heirs; Extrajudicial partition of the estate shall be valid when
f) Status of each heir; following conditions concur:
g) Whatever property in inventory is 1) The decedent left no will;
conjugal or exclusive property of 2) The decedent left no debts, or if there were de
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creditors, heirs, or other persons for the full period of two against the distributees within the statute
(2) years after such distribution, notwithstanding any limitations, but not against the bond.
transfers of real estate that may have been made. 3) The action to annul a deed of extrajudicial settlem
on the ground of fraud should be filed within f
AFFIDAVIT OF SELF-ADJUDICATION years from the discovery of the fraud.
BY SOLE HEIR
If there is only one heir, he may adjudicate to himself the PRODUCTION AND PROBATE OF WILL
entire estate by means of an affidavit filed in the office of RULE 75)
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A petition for the allowance of a will must show, so far as belonging to persons who are inhabitants of another st
known to the petitioner: or country.
1) The jurisdictional facts;
2) The names, ages, and residences of the heirs, If the court is satisfied, upon proof taken and filed, that
legatees, and devisees of the testator or decedent; will was duly executed, and that the testator at the tim
3) The probable value and character of the property its execution was of sound and disposing mind, and
of the estate; acting under duress, menace, and undue influence,
4) The name of the person for whom letters are fraud, a certificate of its allowance, signed by the jud
prayed; and attested by the seal of the court shall be attached
5) If the will
name has
of the not been
person delivered
having custodytoofthe
it. court, the the
the will
clerk.and the willcopies
Attested and certificate
of the willfiled and recorded
devising real es
and of certificate of allowance thereof, shall be recorde
But no defect in the petition shall render void the the register of deeds of the province in which the lands
allowance of the will, or the issuance of letters
testamentary or of administration with the will annexed. The general rule universally recognized is t
administration extends only to the assets of the deced
GROUNDS FOR DISALLOWING A WILL found within the state or country where it was granted
that an administrator appointed in one state or coun
The will shall be disallowed in any of the following cases; has no power over the property in another state
1) If not executed and attested as required by law; country.
2) If the testator was insane, or otherwise mentally
incapable to make a will, at the time of its When a person dies intestate owning property in
3) execution;
If it was executed under duress, or the influence of country of his shall
administration domicile as inwell
be had bothascountries.
in foreign coun
That wh
fear, or threats; is granted in the jurisdiction of the decedent’s domicil
4) If it was procured by undue and improper termed the principal administration, while any ot
pressure and influence, on the part of the administration is termed ancillary administration.
beneficiary, or of some other person for his ancillary administration is proper whenever a person d
benefit; leaving in a country other than that of his domic
5) If the signature of the testator was procured by property to be administered in the nature of assets of
fraud or trick decedent, liable for his individual debts or to
6) If the testator acted by mistake or did not intend distributed among his heirs.
that the instrument he signed should be his will at
the time of affixing his signature thereto.
LETTERS TESTAMENTARY AND OF ADMINISTRATION
RULE 78)
REPROBATE; REQUISITES BEFORE WILL PROVED
OUTSIDE ALLOWED IN THE PHILIPPINES; EFFECTS OF
PROBATE
Letters testamentary is the appointment issued b
probate court, after the will has been admitted to prob
Will proved outside Philippines may be allowed here. Wills to the executor named in the will to administer the es
proved and allowed in a foreign country, according to the of the deceased testator, provided the executor named
laws of such country, may be allowed, filed, and recorded the will is competent, accepts the trust and gives a bond
by the proper Court of First Instance in the Philippines.
WHEN AND TO WHOM LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION
If it appears at the hearing that the will should be allowed
GRANTED
in the Philippines, the court shall so allow it, and a
certificate of its allowance, signed by the judge, and
No person is competent to serve as executor
attested by the seal of the court, to which shall be attached
administrator who:
a copy of the will, shall be filed and recorded by the clerk, a) Is a minor;
and the will shall have the same effect as if originally
b) Is not a resident of the Philippines; and
proved and allowed in such court.
c) Is in the opinion of the court unfit to execute
duties of the trust by reason of drunkenn
When a will is thus allowed, the court shall grant letters
improvidence, or want of understanding
testamentary or letters of administration with the will
integrity, or by reason of conviction of an offe
annexed, and such letters testamentary or of
involving moral turpitude.
administration, shall extend to all the estate of the testator
in the Philippines. Such estate, after the payment of just
The executor of an executor shall not, as such, admini
debts and expenses of administration, shall be disposed of
the estate of the first testator.
according to such will, so far as such will may operate
upon it; and the residue, if any, shall be disposed of as is
provided by law in cases of estates in the Philippines
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A married woman may serve as executrix or sufficiency of such grounds. A petition may, at the sa
administratrix, and the marriage of a single woman shall time, be filed for letters of administration with the
not affect her authority so to serve under a previous annexed.
appointment.
POWERS AND DUTIES OF EXECUTORS AND
When a will has been proved and allowed, the court shall ADMINISTRATORS; RESTRICTIONS ON THE POWERS
issue letters testamentary thereon to the person named as RULE 84)
executor therein, if he is competent, accepts the trust, and
gives bond as required by these rules. An EXECUTOR is the person nominated by a testato
When all of the executors named in a will cannot act carry outofthe
dispose hisdirections
property and requests
according to inhishistestament
will and
because of incompetency, refusal to accept the trust, or provisions after his death.
failure to give bond, on the part of one or more of them,
letters testamentary may issue to such of them as are An ADMINISTRATOR is person appointed by the cour
competent, accept and give bond, and they may perform accordance with the governing statute, to administer
the duties and discharge the trust required by the will. settle intestate estate and such testate estate as
competent executor was designated by the testator.
If no executor is named in the will, or the executor or
executors are incompetent, refuse the trust, or fail to give The executor or administrator of the estate of a decea
bond, or a person dies intestate, administration shall be partner shall at all times have access to, and may exam
granted: and take copies of, books and papers relating to
a) To the surviving husband or wife, as the case may partnership business, and may examine and make invo
be, or or
court, next
to of kin,
such or both,
person in thesurviving
as such discretion of the
husband of the property
surviving partnerbelonging to on
or partners, such partnership;
request, and
shall exhibi
or wife, or next of kin, requests to have appointed, him all such books, papers, and property in their hand
if competent and willing to serve; control. On the written application of such executor
b) If such surviving husband or wife, as the case may administrator, the court having jurisdiction of the es
be, or next of kin, or the person selected by them, may order any such surviving partner or partners to fre
be incompetent or unwilling, or if the husband or permit the exercise of the rights, and to exhibit the bo
widow, or next of kin, neglects for thirty (30) days papers, and property, as in this section provided, and m
after the death of the person to apply for punish any partner failing to do so for contempt.
administration or to request that administration
be granted to some other person, it may be An executor or administrator shall maintain in tenanta
granted to one or more of the principal creditors, repair the houses and other structures and fen
if competent and willing to serve; belonging to the estate, and deliver the same in such rep
c) If
to there
serve,isit no
maysuch creditorto
be granted competent
such otherand willing
person as to the heirs or devisees when directed so to do by
court.
the court may select.
An executor or administrator shall have the right to
ORDER OF PREFERENCE; PRIORITY IN SELECTING AN possession and management of the real as well as
ADMINISTRATOR personal estate of the deceased so long as it is necess
for the payment of the debts and the expenses
1) Surviving spouse, or next of kin, or both, or person as administration.
such surviving spouse, or next of kin, requests;
2) One or more of the principal creditors – if such An administrator of an intestate cannot exercise the r
surviving spouse, or next of kin, or the person selected, of legal redemption over a portion of the property ow
be incompetent or unwilling, or if they neglect for 30 in common sold by one of the other co-owners since th
days after the death of the decedent to apply for not within the powers of administration.
administration
granted to someorother
to request
person, that
administration
it may be granted to,be
if Where the estate of a deceased person is already
competent and willing to serve; subject of a testate or intestate proceeding,
3) Such other person as the court may select. administrator cannot enter into any transaction involv
it without any prior approval of the Court.
OPPOSITION TO ISSUANCE OF LETTERS
TESTAMENTARY; SIMULTANEOUS FILING OF PETITION The right of an executor or administrator to the possess
FOR ADMINISTRATION and management of the real and personal properties of
deceased is not absolute and can only be exercised so l
Any person interested in a will may state in writing the as it is necessary for the payment of the debts
grounds why letters testamentary should not issue to the expenses of administration.
persons named therein executors, or any of them, and the
court, after hearing upon notice, shall pass upon the APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL ADMINISTRATOR
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When there is delay in granting letters testamentary or of TIME WITHIN WHICH CLAIMS SHALL BE FILED;
administration by any cause including an appeal from the EXCEPTIONS
allowance or disallowance of a will, the court may appoint
a special administrator to take possession and charge of The court shall state the time for the filing of claims aga
the estate of the deceased until the questions causing the the estate, which shall not be more than twelve (12)
delay are decided and executors or administrators less than six (6) months after the date of the f
appointed. publication of the notice. However, at any time before
order of distribution is entered, on application o
If an executor
account or administrator
and settle neglects to
the estate according to law,
render
or his
to CLAIM OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR AGAINST TH
ESTATE
perform an order or judgment of the court, or a duty
expressly provided by these rules, or absconds, or If the executor or administrator has a claim against
becomes insane, or otherwise incapable or unsuitable to estate he represents, he shall give notice thereof
discharge the trust, the court may remove him, or, in its writing, to the court, and the court shall appoint a spe
discretion, may permit him to resign. When an executor or administrator, who shall, in the adjustment of such cla
administrator dies, resigns, or is removed the remaining have the same power and be subject to the same liabilit
executor or administrator may administer the trust alone, the general administrator or executor in the settlemen
unless the court grants letters to someone to act with him. other claims.
If there is no remaining executor or administrator,
administration may be granted to any suitable person (Sec. The court may order the executor or administrator to
2, Rule 82). to the special administrator necessary funds to def
such claim.
CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE RULE 86)
PAYMENT OF DEBTS RULE 88)
Administration is for the purpose of liquidation of the If there are sufficient properties, the debts shall be p
estate and distribution of the residue among the heirs and thus:
legatees. Liquidation means the determination of all the 1) All debts shall be paid in full within the t
assets of the estate and payment of all debts and expenses. limited for the purpose (Sec. 1);
2) If the testator makes provision by his will,
The purpose of presentation of claims against decedents of designates the estate to be appropriated for
the estate in the probate court is to protect the estate of payment of debts they shall be paid according
deceased persons. That way, the executor or administrator the provisions of the will, which must
will be able to examine each claim and determine whether respected (Sec. 2);
it is a proper one which should be allowed. 3) If the estate designated in the will is not suffici
such part of the estate as is not disposed of by
Further, the primary object of the provisions requiring shall be appropriated for the purpose (Sec. 2);
presentation is to apprise the administrator and the 4) The personal estate not disposed of by will s
probate court of the existence of the claim so that a proper be first chargeable with payment of debts
and timely arrangement may be made for its payment in expenses (Sec. 3);
full or by pro rata portion in the due course of the 5) If the personal estate is not sufficient, or its
administration, inasmuch as upon the death of a person, would be detrimental to the participants of
his entire estate is burdened with the payment of all his estate, the real estate not disposed of by will s
debts and no creditor shall enjoy any preference or be sold or encumbered for that purpose (Sec. 3
priority; all of them shall share pro rata in the liquidation 6) Any deficiency shall be met by contributions fr
of the estate of the deceased. devisees, legatees and heirs who have entered i
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in accordance
established with
by the Civilthe
Codepreference
(Sec. 7); of credits Whenever a party to a pending action dies, and the claim
2) No creditor of any one class shall receive any not thereby extinguished, it shall be the duty of his coun
payment until those of the preceding class are to inform the court within thirty (30) days after such de
paid (Sec. 8); of the fact thereof, and to give the name and address of
3) If there are no assets sufficient to pay the credits legal representative or representatives. Failure of coun
of any one class of creditors, each creditor within to comply with this duty shall be a ground for disciplin
such class shall be paid a dividend in proportion action. The heirs of the deceased may be allowed to
to his claim (Sec. 8); substituted for the deceased, without requiring
4) Where the deceased was a nonresident, his estate appointment of an executor or administrator and the co
in the Philippines shall be disposed of in such a may appoint a guardian ad litem for the minor heirs.
way that creditors in the Philippines and
elsewhere may receive an equal share in The court shall forthwith order said legal representativ
5) proportion
Claims duly to their
provedrespective
againstcredits (Sec. 9);
the estate of an representatives
period of thirtyto (30)
appear andfrom
days be substituted withile
notice. If no
insolvent resident of the Philippines, the executor representative is named by the counsel for the decea
or administrator, having had the opportunity to party, or if the one so named shall fail to appear within
contest such claims, shall e included in the specified period, the court may order the opposing pa
certified list of claims proved against the within a specified time, to procure the appointment o
deceased. The owner of such claims shall be executor or administrator for the estate of the decea
entitled to a just distribution of the estate in and the latter shall immediately appear for and on be
accordance with the preceding rules if the of the deceased. The court charges in procuring s
property of such deceased person in another appointment, if defrayed by the opposing party, may
country is likewise equally apportioned to the recovered as costs.
creditors residing in the Philippines and other
creditors, according to their respective claims When the action is for recovery of money arising fr
as
six the circumstances
(6) months of the
for a single estate require
extension not the
nor so that exceeding
whole 1) There is a deficiency of assets in the hands of
executor or administrator for the payment of de
period allowed to the original executor or administrator and expenses of administration;
shall exceed two (2) years (Sec. 15). 2) The deceased in his lifetime had made or attempte
make a fraudulent conveyance of his real or perso
property, or a right or interest therein, or a deb
ACTIONS BY AND AGAINST EXECUTORS AND
credit, with intent to defraud his creditors or to av
ADMINISTRATORS RULE 87)
any right, debt or duty; or had so conveyed s
property, right, debt, or credit that by law
No action upon a claim for the recovery of money or debts conveyance would be void as against his creditors;
or interest thereon shall be commenced against the 3) The subject of the attempted conveyance would
executor or administrator. liable to attachment by any of them in his lifetime;
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the deceased
the court to any
having heir mayofbe
jurisdiction heard
the and
estate determined
proceedings;
the final order of the court thereon shall be binding on
DISTRIBUTION AND PARTITION RULE 90) person raising the questions and on the heir.
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A trustee may be removed upon petition to the proper RTC Such new trustee shall have and exercise the same pow
of the parties beneficially interested, after due notice to the rights, and duties as if he had been originally appoin
trustee and hearing, if it appears essential in the interests and the trust estate shall vest in him in like manner a
of
all the petitioners.
persons The court
interested, may
remove also, after
a trustee whodue notice or
is insane to had
placevested
he is or would haveand
substituted; vested,
the in the trustee
court in wh
may order s
otherwise incapable of discharging his trust or evidently conveyance to be made by the former trustee or
unsuitable therefor. A trustee, whether appointed by the representatives, or by the other remaining trustees, as m
court or under a written instrument, may resign his trust if be necessary or proper to vest the trust estate in the n
it appears to the court proper to allow such resignation. trustee, either alone or jointly with the others.
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If a devisee, legatee, heir, widow, widower or other person c) To bring or defend suits in behalf of the ward, a
entitled to such estate appears and files a claim thereto with the approval of the court, compound for de
with the court within 5 years from the date of such due the ward and give discharges to the debtor (
judgment, such person shall have possession of and title to 3);
the same, or if sold, the municipality or city shall be d) To manage the estate frugally and without waste,
accountable to him for the proceeds, after deducting apply the income and profits to the comfortable
reasonable charges for the care of the estate; hence, claim suitable maintenance of the ward and his family (
not made within such time limit shall forever be barred. 4);
e) To sell or encumber the real estate of the ward u
a) To have care and custody over the person of his ward, Qualifications of guardians:
and/or the management of his estate (Sec. 1); a) Moral character;
b) To pay the just debts of his ward out of the latter‘s b) Physical, mental and psychological condition;
estate (Sec. 2); c) Financial status;
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d) Relationship of trust with the minor; f) Habitual use of alcohol, dangerous drugs
e) Availability to exercise the powers and duties of a regulated substances;
guardian for the full period of the guardianship; g) Marital misconduct;
f) Lack of conflict of interest with the minor; and h) The most suitable physical, emotional, spirit
g) Ability to manage the property of the minor. psychological and educational environment
the holistic development and growth of the min
Order of preference in the appointment of guardian or the and
person and/or property of minor: i) The preference of the minor over 7 years of
a) The SURVIVING GRANDPARENT and in case and of sufficient discernment, unless the par
several
select anygrandparents
of them takingsurvive, the court
into account shall
all relevant chosen is unfit
The court shall(Sec.
order14, AM No.worker
a social 03-04-04-SC).
to condu
considerations; case study of the minor and all the prospec
b) The OLDEST BROTHER OR SISTER of the minor guardians and submit his report
over 21 years of age, unless unfit or disqualified; recommendation to the court for its guida
c) The ACTUAL CUSTODIAN of the minor over 21 before the scheduled hearing.
years of age, unless unfit or disqualified; and
d) Any OTHER PERSON, who in the sound discretion
ADOPTION RULES 99
of the court, would serve the best interests of the
100, SUPERSEDED BY AM 02-6-02-SC)
minor.
Factors to consider in determining custody: Adoption is a juridical act which creates between
a) Any extrajudicial agreement which the parties persons a relationship similar to that which res
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diplomatic
maintains a relations and whoseand government
similarly authorized accredited
agency and that adoption is allowed under his/her
national laws; and
10) Possesses all the qualifications and none of the
disqualifications provided in the ICAA and in other
applicable Philippine laws.
Requirement of Joint Adoption by Spouses Requirement of Joint Adoption by Spouses
General rule: husband and wife shall jointly adopt; Rule: if the adopter is married, his/her spouse must jointly file
otherwise, the adoption shall not be allowed. for the adoption.
Exceptions:
1) If one spouse seeks to adopt the legitimate
son/daughter of the other;
Decree of Adoption: Issued by Philippine Family Decree of Adoption: Issued by a foreign court.
Court. Consent Required:
Consent Required: Written consent of the 1) Written consent of biological or adopted children
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following to the adoption is required, in the form of above 10 years of age, in the form of sworn statement
affidavit: is required to be attached to the application to be filed
with the FC or ICAB;
1) adoptee, if 10 years of age or over; 2) If a satisfactory pre-adoptive relationship is formed
2) biological parent/s of the child, if known, or between the applicant and the child, the written
the legal guardian, or the proper government consent to the adoption executed by the DSWD is
instrumentality which has legal custody of the required.
child;
3) legitimate and adopted sons or daughters, 10
years
adoptee,of ifage
any;or over, of the adopter/s and
4) illegitimate sons/daughters, 10 years of age of
over, of the adopter if living with said adopter
and the latter‘s spouse, if any;
5) spouse, if any, of the person adopting or to be
adopted.
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judicial rescission. Vested rights acquired prior to function of the special proceeding of habeas corpus i
judicial rescission shall be respected. inquire into the legality of one’s detention.
INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION RA 8043) In all petitions for habeas corpus, the court must inqu
into every phase and aspect of the petitioner’s detent
Inter-Country Adoption refers to the socio-legal process of from the moment petitioner was taken into custody u
adopting a Filipino child by a foreigner or a Filipino citizen the moment the court passes upon the merits of
permanently residing abroad where the petition is filed, petition and only after such scrutiny can the court sat
the supervised trial custody is undertaken, and the decree itself that the due process clause of the Constitution
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8) To put an end to an immoral situation, as when a a) For asserting or vindicating denial of right to ba
minor girl, although preferring to stay with her b) For correcting errors in appreciation of facts
employer, maintains illicit relationship with him. appreciation of law – where the trial court had
9) When a bond given by an accused entitled thereto jurisdiction over the cause, over the person of
is not admitted or excessive bail is required of accused, and to impose the penalty provided
him. by law, the mistake committed by the trial co
10) To determine the legality of an extradition. in the appreciation of the facts and/or in
11) To determine the legality of the action of a appreciation of the law cannot be corrected
legislative body in punishing a citizen for habeas corpus;
12) contempt.
To obtain freedom after serving minimum c) Once
he maya person detained
no longer is dulyfor
file a petition charged
habeasincorp
co
sentence when the penalty under an old law has His remedy would be to quash the information
been reduced by an amendatory law. warrant.
Note: for CONTENTS OF THE PETITION and CONTENTS OF WHEN WRIT DISALLOWED/DISCHARGED
THE RETU RN of Habeas Corpus, please see the table below)
If it appears that the person alleged to be restrained of
PEREMPTORY WRIT PRELIMINARY CITATION liberty is in the custody of an officer under process iss
Unconditionally Requires the respondent to by a court or judge or by virtue of a judgment or order
commands the respondent appear and show cause court of record, and that the court or judge had jurisdic
to have the body of the why the peremptory writ to issue the process, render the judgment, or make
detained person before the should not be granted order, the writ shall not be allowed; or if the jurisdic
court
thereinatspecified;
a time and place appears after
discharged bythe writ of
reason is allowed, the person
any informality shall not
or defect in
process, judgment, or order. Nor shall anything in this r
be held to authorize the discharge of a person char
WHEN NOT PROPER/APPLICABLE with or convicted of an offense in the Philippines, or
person suffering imprisonment under lawful judgment.
Instances when the writ of habeas corpus is not proper
are:
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RTC, enforceable within its area of RTC, Sandiganbayan, CA, SC; Writ is RTC, SC, CA, Sandiganbayan; Writ is also
jurisdiction. CA or SC, enforceable enforceable anywhere in the enforceable anywhere in the Philippines.
anywhere in the Philippines. Philippines.
Where is the venue:
If filed in the RTC:
a) in the place where the petitioner
resides;
b) in the place where the respondents
reside;
c) in the place
information where the
is gathered, data or
collected or
stored.
– At the option of the petitioner
Petitioner is exempted to pay Indigent petitioner is exempted to pay
docket and other lawful fees. docket and other lawful fees.
When issued: When issued: When issued:
Forthwith when a petition Immediately if on its face it ought to Immediately if on its face it ought to be
therefor is presented and it be issued; Served immediately; issued; Served within 3 days from
appears that the writ ought to Summary hearing set not later than issuance; Summary hearing set not later
issue, seven (7) days from date of than ten (10) work days from date of
issuance. issuance.
Contents of verified petition: Contents of verified petition: Contents of verified petition:
a) That the person in whose a) Personal circumstances of a) Personal circumstances of petitioner
behalf the application is made petitioner and of respondent and respondent;
is imprisoned or restrained of responsible for the threat, act or b) The manner the right to privacy is
his liberty; omission; violated or threatened and how it
b) The officer or name of the b) Violated or threatened right to affects the right to life, liberty or
person by whom he is so life, liberty and security of security of aggrieved party;
imprisoned or restrained; or, aggrieved party, and how c) Actions and recourses taken by
if both are unknown or committed with attendance petitioner to secure the data or
uncertain, such officer or circumstances detailed in information;
person may be described by supporting affidavits; d) Location of files, registers or
an assumed appellation, and c) Investigation conducted, databases, government office, and the
the person who is served with specifying names, personal person in charge, in possession or in
the writ shall be deemed the circumstances and addresses of control of the data or information, if
person intended; investigating authority or known;
c) The place where he is so individuals, as well as manner e) Reliefs prayed for, which may include
imprisoned or restrained, if and conduct of investigation the updating, rectification,
known; together with any report; suppression or destruction of the
d) A copy of the commitment or d) Actions and recourses taken by database or information or files kept
cause of detention of such petitioner to determine the fate by respondent;
person, if it can be procured or whereabouts of aggrieved f) In case of threats, relief may include a
without impairing the party and identity of person prayer for an order enjoining the act
efficiency of the remedy; or, if responsible for the threat, act or complained of; and
the imprisonment or restraint omission; and g) Such other reliefs as are just and
is without any legal authority, e) The relief prayed for. equitable.
such fact shall appear f) May include general prayer for
other just and equitable reliefs.
Contents of return: Contents of return: Contents of return:
a) Whether he has or has not the Within 72 hours after service of the a) Lawful defenses such as national
party in his custody or power, writ, respondent shall file a verified security, state secrets, privileged
or under restraint; written return together with the communications, confidentiality of
b) If he has the party in his supporting affidavits, which shall source of information;
custody or power, or under contain: b) Disclosure of data/info about
restraint, the authority and a) Lawful defenses; petitioner, nature of data/info,
the true and whole cause b) Steps or actions taken to purpose of collection;
thereof, set forth at large, determine whereabouts of c) Steps or actions taken by respondent
with a copy of the writ, order, aggrieved party; to ensure security and confidentiality
execution, or other process, if c) All relevant information of data or information;
any, upon which the party is pertaining to threat, act or d) Currency and accuracy of data or
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The court,
proceed to justice or judge
hear the petitionshall
ex The
hearcourt, justice orexjudge
the petition shall
parte, proceedthe
granting to
parte. petitioner such relief as the petition may
warrant unless the court in its discretion
requires petitioner to submit evidence.
Procedure for hearing: Procedure for hearing:
The hearing on the petition shall be The hearing on the petition shall be
summary. However the court, summary. However the court, justice or
justice or judge may call for a judge may call for a preliminary
preliminary conference to simplify conference to simplify the issues and
the issues and determine the determine the possibility of obtaining
possibility of obtaining stipulations stipulations and admissions from the
and admissions from the parties. parties.
The hearing shall be from day to day
until completed and given the same
priority as petitions for habeas
corpus.
Interim reliefs available before final (Not applicable)
judgment:
a) ) Temporary Protection Order –
protected in a government
agency of by an accredited
person or private institution
capable of keeping and securing
their safety;
b) Inspection Order – with a
lifetime of 5 days which may be
extended, may be opposed on
the ground of national security
or privileged information,
allows entry into and inspect,
measure, survey or photograph
the property;
c) Production Order – to require
respondents to produce and
permit inspection, copying or
photographing of documents,
papers, books, accounts, letters,
photographs, objects or tangible
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shall
petitionbefor consolidated with the
the writ of amparo. the petition for the writ of habeas data.
Appeal: Appeal: Appeal:
To the SC under Rule 45, within To the SC under Rule 45, within 5 Any party may appeal the decision within
48 hours from notice of judgment. days from notice of adverse 5 working days from the final judgment or
A writ of habeas corpus does not judgment, to be given the same order to the SC by way of Petition for
lie where petitioner has the priority as habeas corpus cases. Review on Certiorari under Rule 45 on
remedy of appeal or certiorari pure questions of law and facts or both, to
because it will not be permitted to be given the same priority as habeas
perform the functions of a writ of corpus and amparo cases.
error or appeal for the purpose of
reviewing mere errors or
irregularities in the proceedings
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RULE 103 Change of Name) RA 9048 Clerical Error Act) RULE 108 Cancellation or
correction of entries in the civil
registry)
Petition should be filed in the RTC where Petitions filed with the city or Verified petition filed in the RTC
the petitioner resides municipal civil registrar, or with where the corresponding Civil
consul general for citizens living Registry is located
abroad
Civil Registrar is not a party. Solicitor Civil Registrar is an indispensable
General to be notified by service of a copy party. If not made a party,
of petition. proceedings are null and void.
Reason: he is interested party in
protecting the integrity of public
documents. Solicitor General must
also be notified by service of a
copy of the petition.
Petition is filed by the person desiring to Verified petition in the form of By a person interested in any acts,
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change his name affidavit is filed by any person event, order or decree
having direct and personal interest
in the correction
Involves change of name only Involves first name and nickname All cancellation or correction of
entries of: (see below grounds or
instances)
Involves substantial changes Involves clerical or typographical Substantial and adversary if
errors change affects the civil status,
citizenship or nationality of a
party; Summary if involves mere
clerical errors.
Grounds: Grounds: Grounds:
a) Name is ridiculous, dishonorable or a) First name or nickname is Cancellation or correction of
extremely difficult to write or found to be ridiculous, tainted entries of: (a) births; (b)
pronounce; with dishonor or extremely marriages; (c) deaths; (d) legal
b) Change is a legal consequence of difficult to write or pronounce; separation; (e) judgments or
legitimation or adoption; b) The first name or nickname annulments of marriage; (f)
c) Change will avoid confusion; has been habitually and judgments declaring marriages
d) One has continuously used and been continuous used by petitioner void from the beginning; (g)
known since childhood by a Filipino publicly known by that first legitimations; (h) adoptions; (i)
name and was unaware of alien name or nickname in the acknowledgments of natural
parentage; community; children; (j) naturalizations; (k)
e) Change is based on a sincere desire to c) Change will avoid confusion. election, loss or recovery of
adopt a Filipino name to erase signs of citizenship; (l) civil interdiction;
former alienage, all in good faith and (m) judicial determination of
without prejudice to anybody; and filiation; (n) voluntary
f) Surname causes embarrassment and emancipation of a minor; and (o)
there is no showing that the desired changes of name.
change of name was for a fraudulent
purpose, or that the change of name
would prejudice public interest.
Order for hearing to be published once a Petition shall be published at least Order shall also be published once
week for three consecutive weeks in a once a week for two consecutive a week for three consecutive
newspaper of general circulation in the weeks in a newspaper of general weeks in a newspaper of general
province. circulation. Also to be posted in a circulation in the province, and
conspicuous place for ten court shall cause reasonable
consecutive days. notice to persons named in the
petition.
Entry is correct but petitioner desires to Entry is incorrect. Cancellation or correction of
change the entry correct or incorrect entries
An appropriate adversary proceeding An appropriate administrative An appropriate summary or
proceeding. adversary proceeding depending
on effects
Requires judicial order Does not require judicial order. Directed or changed by the city or
municipal civil registrar or consul
general without judicial order
Service of judgment shall be upon the civil Transmittal of decision to civil Service of judgment shall be upon
register concerned registrar general the civil register concerned
Appeal may be availed of if judgment or In case denied by the city or Appeal may be availed of if
final order rendered affects substantial municipal civil registrar or the judgment or final order rendered
rights of person appealing. consul general, petitioner may affects substantial rights of
either appeal the decision to the person appealing, to the RTC or to
civil register general or file the CA.
appropriate petition with proper
court by petition for review under
Rule 43.
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be allowed
tainted when
with such names
dishonor or nicknames
or extremely aretoridiculous,
difficult write or court which
appealed fromrendered the judgment
and serving or final
a copy thereof uponor
pronounce; or the new name or nickname has been used adverse party. No record on appeal shall be requi
habitually and continuously petitioner and has been except in special proceedings and other cases
publicly known by that first name or nickname in the multiple or separate appeals where the law or
community; or the change will avoid confusion. Rules so require. In such cases, the record on app
shall be filed and served in like manner.
APPEALS IN SPECIAL PROCEEDING RULE 109) 2) Petition for review. The appeal to the CA in ca
decided by the RTC in the exercise of its appel
jurisdiction shall be by petition for review
JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS FOR WHICH APPEAL MAY BE
accordance with Rule 42.
TAKEN
An interested person may appeal in special proceedings 3) Petition for review
only questions on certiorari.
of law are raisedIn or
all involved,
cases wh
from an order or judgment rendered by a Court of First appeal shall be to the SC by petition for review
Instance or a Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court, where certiorari in accordance with Rule 45.
such order or judgment:
a) Allows or disallows a will;
b) Determines who are the lawful heirs of a deceased
person, or the distributive share of the estate to
RULE ON ADVANCE DISTRIBUTION
which such person is entitled;
c) Allows or disallows, in whole or in part, any claim
Notwithstanding a pending controversy or appeal
against the estate of a deceased person, or any
proceedings to settle the estate of a decedent, the co
claim presented on behalf of the estate in offset to
may, in its discretion and upon such terms as it may de
a claim against it;
proper and just, permit that such part of the estate as m
d) Settles the account of an executor, administrator,
trustee or guardian; not be affected by or
thelegatees,
controversy or compliance
appeal be distribu
among the heirs upon with
e) Constitutes, in proceedings relating to the
conditions set forth in Rule 90 of these rules.
settlement of the estate of a deceased person, or
the administration of a trustee or guardian, a final
determination in the lower court of the rights of
the party appealing, except that no appeal shall be
allowed from the appointment of a special REVISED RULES ON SUMMARY PROCEDURE
administrator; and
f) Is the final order or judgment rendered in the
(MeTC, MTC and MCTC)
case, and affects the substantial rights of the
person appealing, unless it be an order granting or
CASES COVERED BY THE RULE
denying a motion for a new trial or for
reconsideration.
1) CIVIL CASES
a. All cases of forcible entry and unlaw
detainer irrespective of the amount
WHEN TO APPEAL
damages or unpaid rentals sought to
recovered.
Appeals in special proceedings necessitate a record on
b. All other cases, except probate proceedi
appeal as the original record should remain with the trial
where the total amount of the plaintiff‘s cl
court; hence the reglementary period of thirty (30) days is
does not exceed P100,000 outside,
provided for the perfection of appeals in special
P200,000 in Metro Manila, exclusive
proceedings.
interest and costs.
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damages
negligence, to property
where through
the imposable criminal
fine does not municipality or city for amicable settlement of all disput
exceed P1,000. EXCEPT:
e. In offenses involving damage to property 1) Where one party is the government or
through criminal negligence, where the subdivision or instrumentality thereof;
imposable fine does not exceed P10,000.00 2) Where one party is a public officer or employ
and the dispute relates to the performance of
Note: The Rule shall not apply in a civil case where the official functions;
cause of action is pleaded with another cause of action 3) Offenses punishable by imprisonment exceed
subject to the ordinary procedure, nor to criminal case one (1) year or a fine exceeding P5,000;
where the offense charged is necessary related to 4) Offenses where there is no private offended pa
another criminal case subject to the ordinary 5) Where the dispute involves real properties loca
procedure. in different cities or municipalities unless
PRELIMINARY
PARTIES CONFERENCE AND APPEARANCES OF that only individuals shall be parties to baran
conciliation proceedings either as complainant
respondents;
a preliminary conference shall be held not later 9) Disputes where urgent legal action is necessar
than 30 days after the last answer is filed. The prevent injustice from being committed or furt
rules on pre-trial in ordinary cases shall be continued, specially the following:
applicable to the preliminary conference unless a) A criminal case where the accused
inconsistent with the provisions of the Rule. under police custody or detention;
The failure of the plaintiff to appear in the b) A petition for habeas corpus by a per
preliminary conference shall be cause for the illegally detained or deprived of
dismissal of his complaint. The defendant who liberty or one acting in his behalf;
appears in the absence of the plaintiff shall be c) Actions coupled with provisio
entitled to judgment on his counterclaim. All remedies, such as preliminary injunct
cross-claims shall be
If a sole defendant dismissed.
shall fail to appear, the plaintiff attachment, replevin and supp
pendente litem;
shall be entitled to judgment as warranted by the d) Where the action may be barred by
allegations in the complaint and limited to the statute of limitations;
reliefs prayed for therein. The Rule shall not apply 10) Labor disputes or controversies arising fr
where one of two or more defendants sued under employer-employee relationship.
a common cause of action who had pleaded a 11) Where the dispute arises from the Comprehen
common defenses shall appear at the preliminary Agrarian Reform Law;
conference. 12) Actions to annul judgment upon a comprom
which can be filed directly in court.
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any time before trial, motu propio refer the case to the
No. 08-8-7-SC, as amended)
lupon concerned for amicable settlement.
VENUE
SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE RULE
1) Disputes between persons actually residing in the
same barangay; This Rule shall govern the procedure in actions before t
2) Those involving actual residents of different a) Metropolitan Trial Courts;
barangays within the same city or municipality; b) Municipal Trial Courts in Cities;
3) All disputes
whereinvolving
the real real property
or theorlarger
any interest c) Municipal Trial Courts; and
therein property portion d) Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
thereof is situated;
4) Those arising at the workplace where the contending for payment of money where the value of the cl
parties are employed or at the institution where such DOES NOT EXCEED P100,000.00 exclusive of inte
parties are enrolled for study, where such workplace and costs.
or institution is located.
Objections to venue shall be raised in the The MTCs shall apply this Rule in all actions which are:
mediation proceedings before the punong a) purely civil in nature where the claim or re
barangay; otherwise, the same shall be deemed prayed for by the plaintiff is solely for paymen
waived. Any legal question which may confront reimbursement of sum of money; and
the punong barangay in resolving objections to b) the civil aspect of criminal actions, either f
venue herein referred to may be submitted to the before the institution of the criminal action
Secretary of Justice,
representative, whose or his thereon
ruling duly designated
shall be reserved upon the filing of the criminal action
court, pursuant to Rule 111 of the Revised Rule
binding. Criminal Procedure.
WHEN PARTIES MAY DIRECTLY GO TO COURT These claims or demands may be:
1) Where the accused is under detention; a) For money owed under any of the followin
2) Where a person has otherwise been deprived or 1. Contract of Lease;
personal liberty calling for habeas corpus 2. Contract of Loan;
proceedings; 3. Contract of Services;
3) Where actions are coupled with provisional 4. Contract of Sale; or
remedies such as preliminary injunction, 5. Contract of Mortgage;
attachment, delivery of personal property, and b) For damages arising from any of
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the Statement of Claim is necessary to initiate a small EFFECT OF FAILURE TO FILE RESPONSE
claims action.
Should the defendant fail to file his Response within
RESPONSE required period, and likewise fail to appear at the date
for hearing, the court shall render judgment on the sa
The defendant shall file with the court and serve on the day, as may be warranted by the facts.
plaintiff a duly accomplished and verified Response within
a non-extendible period of ten (10) days from receipt of Should the defendant fail to file his Response within
summons. The response shall be accompanied by certified required period but appears at the date set for hearing,
photocopies
witnesses andof other
documents,
evidenceas inwell as affidavits
support of
thereof. No court shall
proceed ascertain
to hear, whatordefense
mediate he has
adjudicate the to offer
case on
evidence shall be allowed during the hearing which was same day as if a Response has been filed.
not attached to or submitted together with the Response,
unless good cause is shown for the admission of additional PROHIBITED PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS
evidence. The grounds for the dismissal of the claim, under
Rule 16 of the Rules of Court, should be pleaded.
a) Motion to dismiss the complaint; g) Petition for certiorari, mandamus, or prohibi
b) Motion for a bill of particulars; against any interlocutory order issued by
c) Motion for new trial, or for reconsideration of a court;
judgment, or for reopening of trial; h) Motion to declare the defendant in default;
d) Petition for relief from judgment; i) Dilatory motions for postponement;
e) Motion foror extension
affidavits, of time to file pleadings,
any other paper; j)
k) Reply;
Third-party complaints; and
f) Memoranda; l) Interventions.
2) must be related to or next-of-kin of the individual- to the court for approval.
party.
Juridical entities shall not be represented by a lawyer Settlement discussions shall be strictly confidential
in any capacity. any reference to any settlement made in the course of s
The representative must be authorized under a Special discussions shall be punishable by contempt.
Power of Attorney to enter into an amicable settlement of
the dispute and to enter into stipulations or admissions of FINALITY OF JUDGMENT
facts and of documentary exhibits.
After the hearing, the court shall render its decision on
EFFECT OF FAILURE TO APPEAR same day and the same shall be final and unappealable
if it is in favor of the plaintiff, the judgment shall
Failure of the plaintiff to appear shall be cause for the executed upon his motion.
dismissal of the claim without prejudice. The defendant
who appears shall be entitled to judgment on a permissive
counterclaim.
RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CASES
Failure of the defendant to appear shall have the same
AM No. 09-6-8-SC)
effect as failure to file a Response. This rule shall not apply
where one of two or more defendants sued on a common
cause of action appear.
Failure of both parties to appear shall cause the dismissal SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF THE RULE
with prejudice of both the claim and counterclaim.
These Rules shall govern the procedure in civil, crim
HEARING; DUTY OF THE JUDGE and special civil actions before the RTCs and M
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involving enforcement or violations of environmental and The judge shall put the parties and their coun
other related laws, rules and regulations. under oath, and they shall remain under oath in
pre-trial conferences.
The judge shall exert best efforts to persuade
CIVIL PROCEDURE
parties to arrive at a settlement of the dispute.
judge may issue a consent decree approving
PROHIBITION AGAINST TEMPORARY RESTRAINING agreement between the parties in accordance w
ORDER AND PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION law, morals, public order and public policy to pro
the right of the people to a balanced and healt
Except the Supreme Court, no court can issue a TRO or
writ of preliminary injunction against lawful actions of ecology.
Evidence not presented during the pre-trial, exc
government agencies that enforce environmental laws or newly discovered evidence, shall be deemed waived
prevent violations thereof except the Supreme Court. CONSENT DECREE refers to a judicially-appro
settlement between concerned parties based on pu
PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCE; CONSENT DECREE SEC. 5, interest aspect in environmental cases and encoura
RULE 3) the parties to expedite the resolution of litigation.
except to file
fifteen (15) answer, the extension not to exceed
days;
TEPO by the party or person enjoined. Within said per
Motion for postponement, motion for new trial and the court where the case is assigned, shall conduc
petition for relief from judgment shall only be allowed in summary hearing to determine whether the TEPO may
certain conditions of highly meritorious cases or to extended until the termination of the case.
prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. The satisfaction
of these conditions is required since these motions are The court handling the case shall periodically monitor
prone abuse during litigation. existence of acts that are the subject matter of the TE
and may lift the same at any time as circumstances m
Motion for intervention is permitted in order to allow the warrant.
public to participate in the filing and prosecution of
environmental cases, which are imbued with public An applicant is exempt from the posting of a bond. W
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If warranted, the court may grant to the plaintiff proper take in the enforcement of environmental laws, protec
reliefs which shall include the protection, preservation or of the environment or assertion of environmental rights
rehabilitation of the environment and the payment of
attorney‘s fees, costs of suit and other litigation expenses. A legal action filed to harass, vex, exert undue pressur
It may also require the violator to submit a program of stifle any legal recourse that any person, institution or
rehabilitation or restoration of the environment, the costs government has taken or may take in the enforcemen
of which shall be borne by the violator, or to contribute to environmental laws, protection of the environment
a special trust fund for that purpose subject to the control assertion of environmental rights shall be treated a
of the court. SLAPP.
PERMANENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORDER In a case is a SLAPP the defendant may file an ans
interposing as a defense that the case is a SLAPP.
The court may convert the TEPO to a permanent EPO or hearing on the defense of a SLAPP shall be summary
issue a writ of continuing mandamus directing the nature. The party filing the action assailed as a SLAPP s
performance of acts which shall be effective until the prove by preponderance of evidence that the action is
judgment is fully satisfied. a SLAPP and is a valid claim.
The court may, by itself or through the appropriate The defense of a SLAPP shall be resolved within thirty (
government agency, monitor the execution of the days after the summary hearing. If the court dismisses
judgment and require the party concerned to submit action, the court may award damages, attorney‘s fees
written reports on a quarterly basis or sooner as may be costs of suit under a counterclaim if such has been fi
necessary, detailing the progress of the execution and The dismissal shall be with prejudice. If the court rej
satisfaction of the
option, submit itsjudgment.
commentsThe
orother party may,
observations onat the
its the defensehearing
summary of a SLAPP,
shall the
be evidence adduced
treated as during
evidence of
execution of the judgment. parties on the merits of the case. Since a motion to dism
is a prohibited pleading, SLAPP as an affirmative defe
should be raised in an answer along with other defen
WRIT OF CONTINUING MANDAMUS
that may be raised in the case alleged to be a SLAPP.
The concept of continuing mandamus was originally or juridical person, entity authorized by law, peop
organization, non-governmental organization, or
enunciated in the case of Concerned Residents of Manila public interest group accredited by or registered with
Bay vs. MMDA, GR 171947-98, Dec. 18, 2008 . The Rules government agency, on behalf of persons wh
now codify the Writ of Continuing Mandamus as one of the constitutional right to a balanced and healthful ecolog
principal remedies which may be availed of in violated, or threatened with violation by an unlawful ac
environmental cases. omission of a public official or employee, or priv
individual or entity, involving environmental damage
STRATEGIC LAWSUIT AGAINST PUBLIC PARTICIPATION such magnitude as to prejudice the life, health or prope
of inhabitants in two or more cities or provinces .
STRATEGIC LAWSUIT AGAINST PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
(SLAPP) refers to an action whether civil, criminal or Those who may file for this remedy must represent
administrative, brought against any person, institution or inhabitants prejudiced by the environmental dam
any government
officials agency or
and employees, local
with thegovernment unit orvex,
intent to harass, its subject of the writ to be filed with the SC or CA.
applicant is exempted from payment of docket fees.
exert undue pressure or stifle any legal recourse that such
person, institution or government agency has taken or may PROHIBITED PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS
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A party may file a verified motion for the following reliefs: If warranted, the court shall grant the privilege of the w
a) Ocular Inspection - the court may order any of continuing mandamus requiring respondent to perfo
person in possession or control of a an act or series of acts until the judgment is fully satis
designated land or other property to permit and to grant such other reliefs as may be warran
entry for the purpose of inspecting or resulting from the wrongful or illegal acts of
photographing the property or any relevant respondent. Upon full satisfaction of the judgment, a f
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contain
Rule onanyWOKprovision for discovery
which measures,
incorporates unlike the
the procedural
environmental right of access to information through the
use of discovery measures such as ocular inspection order
and production order.
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