DISTILLATION – is a process of heating a liquid until its more volatile

constituents pass into the vapor phase and then cooling the vapor to
recover such constituents in liquid form by condensation.

The main purpose of distillation is not only to concentrate the alcohol but
also to remove a large portion of the unpleasant tasting impurities.

A distilled beverage is a drinkable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

that is produced by means of distilling fermented grain, fruit or vegetables.

The term liquor may mean spirits, spirits and liqueurs; or all alcoholic
beverages including wine, sake, beer and mead.

The word spirit generally refers to distilled beverages low in sugars and
containing at least 35% alcohol by volume. Popular spirits include:

DISTILLED: • Brandy

• Rum COMPOUNDED: FERMENTED:

• Tequila
• Vodka • Gin • Wine
• Whisky • Liqueurs/Cordia • Beer
ls

TWO TYPES OF DISTILLATION:

• POT STILL Distillation – still directly heated by fire (low proof)

• COLUMN STILL/PATENT STILL Distillation – heated by steam (high
proof)

Spirits may be served in a variety of ways some of which include:

1. ON THE ROCKS – spirits to be served and drunk over ice.

2. STRAIGHT UP – the spirits to be shaken or stirred with ice, but
drunk by itself, with the ice filtered out.
3. NEAT – the spirit is served and consumed by itself with nothing
added.
4. WITH A SIMPLE MIXER – such as tonic, water, cola, etc.
5. WITH WATER
6. WITH WATER POURED OVER SUGAR, e.g. absinthe
7. AS INGREDIENTS IN COCKTAILS
DISTILLED SPIRITS

RUM – a distilled beverage made from sugar cane by products such as

molasses and sugarcane juice by a process of fermentation and distillation.

TYPES OF RUM:

1. LIGHT RUM also referred to as light, silver and white rums. In

general, light rum has very little flavor aside from a general
sweetness, and serves accordingly as a base for cocktails.
2. GOLD RUM also called amber rums are medium-bodied rums which
are generally aged. These gain their dark color from aging in wooden
barrels.
3. SPICED RUM these rums obtain their flavor through addition of spices
and sometimes, caramel. Most are darker color from aging in wooden
barrels.
4. DARK RUM also known as black rum, classes as a grade darker than
gold rum. It is generally aged longer in heavily charred barrels. Dark
rum has a much stronger flavor than either light or gold rum. It is used
to provide substance in rum drinks, as well as color. In addition to
used in mixed drinks, dark rum is the type of rum most commonly
used in cooking.
5. FLAVORED RUM some manufacturers have begun to sell rums which
they have infused with flavors of fruits such as mango, orange, citrus,
coconut and limke which is lime rum found in Sweden.
6. OVER PROOF RUM is rum which is much lighter than the standard
40% alcohol. Most of these rums bear greater than 75% alcohol; in
fact and preparations of15 to 160 proof occur commonly.
7. PREMIUM RUM As with other sipping spirits, such as Cognac and
Scotch, a market exists for premium and super-premium rums. These
are generally boutique brand which sell very aged and carefully
produced rums. They have more character and flavor than their
“mixing” counterparts, and are generally consumed without the
addition of other ingredients.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS

According to Color and Alcohol Content:

1. LOW PROOF / BROWN SPIRITS Examples: whisky/whiskey, tequila,

rum, brandy, liqueurs
2. HIGH PROOF / WHITE SPIRITS Examples: gin, vodka, lambanog

According to Ingredients used:

1. Fruit Based – brandy, lambanog

 2. Grain Based – vodka, gin, whisky/whiskey
3. Plant Based – tequila

BRANDY – from a Dutch term, BRANDEWIJN meaning burnt wine; is a

general term for distilled wine that usually has a 40 to 60% ethyl alcohol by
volume. Aside from wine, this kind of spirit can also be made from grape
pomace or fermented skins of the grapes or from other fermented fruit
juices. Brandy normally consumed as an after dinner drink.

TYPES OF BRANDY:

• Grape Brandy
• Cognac – French brandy that is produced from the Cognac Region in
France.
• Armagnac – type of French brandy that is produced in Armagnac
Region in Southwest of France.
• Cognac Grades – unofficial grades used to market Cognac include:
1. V. S. – Very Special, where the youngest brandy is stored at
least two years in cask.
2. V. S. O. P. – Very Superior Old Pale, where the youngest brandy
is stored at least four years in cask.
3. X. O. – Extra Old, Napoleon, Hors D’ Age, the youngest brandy is
stored at least six years in cask.

BRANDY LABELS

Brandy has a rating system to describe its quality and condition; these
indicators can usually be found near the brand name on the label.

1. A. C.: aged two years in wood.

2. V. S.: Very Special or 3-star, aged at least three years in wood.
3. V. S. O. P.: Very Superior Old Pale or 5-star, aged at least five years
in wood.
4. X. O.: Extra Old, Vielle Reserve aged at least six years, Napoleon at
least four years.
5. Vintage: stored in cask until the time it is bottled with the label
showing the vintage date.
6. Hors D’ Age: These kinds of brandies are too old to determine the
age, although ten years plus is typical, and are usually of great
quality.

LAMBANOG – is a locally produced distilled spirit made by distilling palm

wine locally known as “tuba”.
Sources of Tuba/Lambanog:

1. Coconut
2. Nipa/Sasa – a family of palm tree commonly found along river banks or
swamps.
3. Sugar palm or locally known as “kaong”

TYPES OF LAMBANOG:

1. Plain
2. Flavored

VODKA – is typically a colorless, odorless, tasteless distilled spirits made

from fermented beverages that are made from grains, vegetables, and other
ingredients. The word shares a root with the word for “water” in various
Slavic languages (voda, woda). Vodka usually has an alcohol content
ranging from 35% to 50% by volume. The traditional Russian and Polish
vodka is 40% equivalent to 80 USA proof. This can be attributed to the
Russian standards for vodka production introduced in 1894 by Alexander III
from research undertaken by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev found
the perfect percentage to be 38. At strengths less than this, vodka drunk
heat can taste “watery”, above this strength, vodka can have a “burn”
taste. Some governments set a minimum alcohol content for a spirit to be
called “vodka”. For example, the European Union sets a minimum of 37.5%
alcohol by volume.

TYPES OF VODKA:

1. Plain/traditional vodka
2. Flavored vodka
• Strawberry
• Black currant
• Apple
• Lemon
• Banana
• Mandarin
• Vanilla
• Citron
• Orange

Popular Vodka Brands:

1. Value Brands
 • Olifrant, 80 2. Premium Brands
proof Holland • Absolut, Sweden
• Smirnoff, • Clear Heart, US
80 proof US • Finlandia, Finland
• Luksusowa, • Skyee, US
80 proof Poland • Stolichnaya,
Russia

3. Super Premium Brands

• Belvedere,
Poland
• Bong Vodka, 4. Flavored Brands
Holland • Sherbay (Plain,
• Sherbay, US Green Tea, Raspberry,
• Chopin, Holland Pomegranate)
• Cristall, Russia • Herbs Aromatic
• Greygoose, Vodka
France • Orange V Orange
• Han Asian Vodka • Skyee (Melon,
(Rice and Barley) Vanilla, Berry, Citrus,
• Mor, Estonia Orange)
• Trump, Holland • Van Gogh

GIN – is a spirit with flavorings primarily juniper berries and aromatics.

TYPES OF GIN

1. LONDON DRY GIN – London dry because this type of

gin originated in London and it has a dry taste or less or no sweetness.
It is made by taking a neutral grain spirit (usually produced using a
column still) and redistilling after the botanicals are added. Aside from
juniper berries, it is usually made with a small amount of citrus
botanicals that may be used include anise, angelica root, orris root,
licorice root, cinnamon, coriander and cassia bark.
2. SLOE GIN – is a common ready sweetened form of gin
than is traditionally made by infusing sloes (the fruit of the blackthorn)
in gin.
3. PLYMOUTH GIN – is a clear, slightly fruity, full-bodied
gin that is very aromatic. This style of gin originated in the port of
Plymouth on the English Cannel, but only one distillery, Plymouth,
Coates & Co., has the right to produce Plymouth gin now.
4. DUTCH GIN/JENEVER – Jenever (also known as junever,
genievie, genever, jeniever, peket or in England as Holland gin), is a
juniper flavored and a strong in alcohol traditional liquor of The
Netherlands and Belgium, where gin evolved and developed.
 There are two types of Jenever:

• “OUDE” (old) – Oude jenever must contain at

least 15% malt liquor but not more than 20 grams of sugar per
liter. In modern times jenever distilled from grain and malt is
only label Granjenever.
• “JONGE” (young) – the new style, which contains
more grain instead of malt and can even contain plain sugar-
based alcohol. It contains no more than 15% malt wine and 10
grams of sugar per liter. Dutch-based lucas Bols produces and
sells oude genever, known as ginebra in Spanish. In the
Philippines, Ginebra is a popular locally produced gin.
5. AMERICAN GIN – similar to Dutch gin but it is twice
distilled and flavored with juniper berries.

Popular Brands of Gin:

Value Brands Premium Brands

• Aristrocrat – US, 80 proof • Broker’s London Dry – England,
• Barton London Extra Dry – US 94 proof
80 proof • Bodles London Dry – England
• Taaka Dry – US, 80 proof • Beefeater – England, 94 proof
• Booth’s London Dry – England, • Bombay Dry – England, 80
90 proof proof
• Glenmore London Dry – US • Tanqueray London Dry –
• McCormick Dry – US, 80 proof England, 94.6 proof
• Fleischmann Extra Dry – US • Tanqueray Rargpur – England,
• Gordon’s London dry – US, 80 82.6 proof
proof • Beefeater Wet – England, 70
• Seagrams Extra Dry – US, 80 proof
proof • Tower of London – England, 80
• Burnett’s London Dry – US, 80 proof
proof • Bombay Sapphire England –
England, 94 proof
• Hendrick’s Scotland – 88 proof
Super Premium Brands
• Bafferts – England, 80 proof
• Junipero – US, 97 proof
• Bulldog – England, 80 proof
• Tanqueray No.Ten – England, 94.6 proof
• Martin Miller’s London Dry – England, 94 proof
• Van Gogh – Holland, 89 proof
• Zuidam – Holland, 94 proof
• Kensington London Dry – Scotland 94.4 proof
• Magellan – France, 80 proof
• Old Raj – England, 110 proof
WHISKY/WHISKEY – It refers to a broad category of alcoholic beverages
that are distilled from fermented grain, mashed and aged in oak barrels or
casks. Different grains are used for different varieties of types of whisky,
including barley, malted barley, rye, malted rye, wheat and maize (corn).

Whisky originated from Scotland and Whiskey originated from Ireland. It

came Scottish and Irish term Uisgebaugh and Uisgebetha which was cut
into Uisgeb and later on into whisky and whiskey. Today, away from Scotch
Whisky and Irish Whiskey other countries also produce similar products.
America also produces whiskey and whisky from Canada.

SCOTCH WHISKIES – are generally distilled twice and matured for at least
three years in oak casks.

TYPES SCOTCH WHISKY:

1. MALT WHISKY – is whisky made entirely from malted barley and

distilled in an anion-shaped pot still.
2. SINGLE MALT – Whisky is from a single distillery, but will usually
contain whisky from many casks.
3. GRAIN WHISKY – is made from unmalted barley (and even other
grains) usually in a continuous “patent” or “coffee still”
4. BLENDED WHISKIES – are the cheaper whiskies made from a
mixture of malt and grain whiskies.

IRISH WHISKEYS – are generally distilled three times and must be aged in
wooden casks for a period of not less than three years.

TYPES OF IRISH WHISKEY:

1. SINGLE MALT WHISKEY – made from 100% malted barley distilled in

a pot still.
2. GRAIN WHISKEY – made from grains distilled in a column still. Grain
whiskey is much lighter and more neutral in flavor than single malt
and is almost never bottled as a single grain. It is instead used to
blend with single malt to produce a lighter blended whiskey.
3. PURE POT STILL WHISKEY – (100% barley both malt and unmalted,
distilled in a pot still). The “green” unmalted barley gives the pure pot
still whiskey a spicy, uniquely Irish quality. Like single malt, pure pot
still is sold as such or blended with grain whiskey.

CANADIAN WHISKIES – Canadian whiskies have the regulatory

requirement of being aged for at least three years in a cask or barrel.

AMERICAN WHISKEY – includes both straights and blend types.

TYPES OF AMERICAN WHISKEY:

1. BOURBON, which must be at least 51% corn (maize)

2. RYE, which must be at least 51% rye
3. CORN, which must be at least 80% corn

Popular Brands of Whiskey:

Irish Whiskey: Single-Malt Scotch:

• Power – 80 proof • Bowmore Legend – 80 proof
• Bushmills – 80 proof • Deanston 12 year – 86 proof
• Kilbeggan – 80 proof • Aberlour 10 year – 86 proof
• Jameson – 80 proof • Glenlivet 12 year – 80 proof
• Tullamore Dew 12 year – 80 • Macallan 12 year – 86 proof
proof • Ardberg 10 year – 92 proof
• Black Bush – 80 proof • Glendronach 12 year – 80
• Jameson 18 year – 80 proof proof
• Bushmills/608 – 92 proof • Bruichladdich 15 year – 92
• Midleton Very Rose – 80 proof
proof • Glenfarclas 25 years – 86
proof
• Macallan 25 years – 86 proof

Blended Scotch: • Benchmark – 80 proof

• Cutty Sark – 80 proof • Ancient Age – 80 proof
• Grant’s 8 years – 80 proof • Jim Beam – 80 proof
• Dewar’s White Label – 80 • Knob Creek Small Batch –
proof 100 proof
• J & B – 80 proof • AH Hirsch 16 year – 91.6
• Chivas 12 years – 80 proof proof
• Johnnie Walker Black Label – • Marker’s Mark – 90 proof
80 proof • Woodfor Reserve – 90.4
• Famous Grouse – 80 proof proof
• Chivas 18 years – 80 proof • Blanton’s Single Barrel – 93
• Johnnie Walker Blue Label – proof
80 proof • Old Rip’s Vanwinkle 15 year
• Ballantine’s 30 years – 80 – 197 proof
proof • Brooker’s Small Batch –
125.3 proo
Bourbon:

Tennesse Whiskey:
• Gentleman jack – 80 proof
• George Dickel #12 – 90 proof
• Jack Daniels Old No. 7 Black Label – 80 proof
 • George Dickel Special Barrel – 86 proof
• Jack Daniels Single Barrel – 94 proof

Rye Whiskey • Canadian Mist – 80 proof

• Old overholt – 80 proof • Black velvet – 80 proof
• Jim beam Rye – 80 proof • Canadian Club Classic 12
• Wild Turkey Rye – 101 proof year – 80 proof
• Anchor Old Potrero 18th • Seagram’s VO – 80 proof
century style – 125.1 proof • Forty Creek Three Grain – 80
• AH Hirsch 21 year – 93 proof proof
• Crown Royal – 80 proof
• Tangle Ridge Double Cask –
80 proof
• Wisers Deluxe 18 year – 80
proof
• Crown Royal Special Reserve
Canadian Whiskey – 80 proof

TEQUILA – is a spirit made from the blue agave tequilana weber plant
(also called Maguey by the local people), part of the lily and amaryllis
families,which is native to Mexico. It is primarily in the area surrounding
Tequila, a town in the Western Mexican State of Jalisco, 65 km Northwest of
Guadalajara. Most tequilas are 35% to 55% alcohol (70 to 110 people).

TWO BASIC CATEGORY OF TEQUILA

1. MIXTOS – used up to 49% of other sugars in the fermentation process

both glucose and fructose.
2. AGAVE – glucose-based, easier for the human body to break down.

TYPES OF TEQUILA

1. ORO (“gold”) – un-aged tequila which known as “joven y abogado” (young and
adulterated)
2. BLANCO (“white) or PLATA (“silver”) – not aged usually white in color
3. REPOSADO (“rested”) – aged for a minimum of two months but less
than a year in oak barrels
4. AñEJO (“aged” or “vintage”) – aged minimum of one yearbut less than
three years in oak barrels.
5. MADURO (“mature” “ultra aged”) – aged at least three years or more
in a barrel.

TOP 10 TEQUILAS FOR TEQUILA SHOTS

1. Jose Cuervo Gold tequila

2. herencia De Plata Tequila Blanco
3. Don Platinum Tequila
4. Lapis Platinum Tequila
5. Olmeca Tequila Blanco
6. Olmeca tequila Gold
7. Don Diego Gold Tequila
8. Real De Magueyes Silver mescal
9. El Tesoro De Don Felipe Platinum Tequila
10. Monte Alban Mezcal