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EnglishGrammar Class 7 PDF
EnglishGrammar Class 7 PDF
RESOURCE MATERIAL
In the grammar section of the question paper your knowledge of grammar is tested through Gap Filling, Editing
Omission, Sentence Completion, Dialogue Completion, Sentence Transformation and Sentence Reordering. The
resource material and assignments given in this book will prepare you to solve such questions accurately and within
the stipulated time.
1. THE SENTENCE
The Sentence
The sentence is a group of words that makes a complete sense. It is the most important building block of
language. Look at the following groups of words:
(i) Sent Saurabh e-mail an his boss to
(ii) should afforestation be promoted
What do you notice here? Do these groups of words make any sense? No. It is because these are simply
jumbled words. Hence, they are not sentences.
Let us rewrite them:
(i) Saurabh sent an e-mail to his boss.
(ii) Afforestation should be promoted.
Now they make complete sense, because the words are kept in their proper order. Such groups of words
are called sentences.
Remember the following important points:
A sentence always begins with a capital letter.
The words in a sentence must be kept in their proper order.
A sentence usually ends with a full stop (.) or a mark of interrogation (?).
The Phrase
The phrase is a group of words that makes sense but not a complete sense. These groups of words have
a particular meaning when used together. Look at the following examples:
(i) out of curiosity (ii) in the long run
(iii) in the meantime (iv) during the day time
(v) in the early morning
Note: A Phrase does not contain a subject and a verb like a sentence.
We can turn a phrase into a sentence by adding some words to it. For example:
(i) Children ask questions out of curiosity. (ii) We will get justice in the long run.
(iii) In the meantime I discussed with Mrs Kalra. (iv) The guests will come during the day time.
(v) We started our journey in the early morning.
EXERCISE
Re-arrange the following words to make sentences. Begin each sentence with a capital letter
and put a full stop or a mark of interrogation at the end:
1. Taj Mahal visit once again I want the to
2. ignorant man unhappy remains an huge wealth in spite of
3. magical effect hard work brings
4. India land of knowledge considered was the enlightenment and
5. Mother Teresa one of the great was servants humanity of
6. success good health in life is for essential
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7. like trees good men for others live
8. Ashoka a worshipper became of peace Kalinga after the war.
9. Where museum a place is our old relics can see we
10. Kulu Manali last year visited we
11. have where been you these all days
12. didn’t why come you yesterday school to
Kinds of sentences
There are four kinds of sentences:
1. Assertive (or declarative) Sentences or Statements
2. Interrogative Sentences or Questions
3. Imperative Sentences
4. Exclamatory Sentences
1. Assertive Sentences say or state something. For example:
(i) He works hard to get success. (ii) The earth revolves round the sun.
(iii) The baby is crying. (iv) Swimming is a good exercise.
Note: We put a full stop (.) at the end of Assertive Sentences.
2. Interrogative Sentences ask questions. For example:
(i) What is your name? (ii) What made you laugh suddenly?
(iii) When are you coming next time? (iv) Who are these people?
Note: We put a question mark (?) at the end of Interrogative Sentences.
3. Imperative Sentences give an order or an advice or make a request. For example:
(i) Don’t make a noise (order or command) (ii) Take medicine on time. (advice)
(iii) Please let me express my views. (request) (iv) Be an early riser.
Note: We put a full stop (.) at the end of Imperative Sentences.
4. Exclamatory Sentences express some strong or sudden feeling. For example:
(i) What a lovely flower! (ii) How beautiful the Taj is!
(iii) Alas! she is no more. (iv) How innocent children are!
Note: We put an exclamation mark (!) at the end of Exclamatory Sentences.
EXERCISE
Say whether the following sentences are assertive, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory:
1. Please tell me your name. 2. What is your future plan?
3. What a pleasant weather! 4. Do I enjoy shopping?
5. I got many beautiful gifts on my birthday 6. It is a beautiful flower.
7. Pass me your dictionary, please. 8. Have you read J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter?
9. Shut the door. 10. How beautiful the pink rose is!
11. Go from here. 12. What were you doing yesterday?
13. I love gardening. 14. Whose house is this?
15. What a wise decision it is! 16. What a pleasant day is today!
17. Don’t forget to do your homework. 18. Hard work is key to success.
19. Where is your uniform? 20. Please do this favour for me.
EXERCISES
1. Classify the following sentences into Subject and Predicate:
1. The boy sitting in the front row is my friend.
2. My mother is a home maker.
3. The Indian soldiers fought bravely during the Kargil War.
4. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is worth-visiting.
Wings of Fire is an autobiography of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
5.
6. The beggar in rags asked for food.
7. Once a merchant went to a fair.
8. A hare and a tortoise were good friends.
9. Water from kitchens and bathrooms should be collected.
10. Mischievous children should be punished.
11. We should not throw garbage into the rivers.
12. Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal, is a very polluted city.
2. Add Subjects to the following Predicates.
1. …............... is a historical building.
2. …............... barked at the stranger.
3. …............... served the guests nicely.
4. …............... are lined up for the prayer.
5. …............... should not hurt the sentiment of others.
6. …............... are awarded by a council called ‘Nobel Foundation of Sweden’.
7. …............... are formed due to condensation of water vapour.
8. …............... is good for our health.
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9. …............... occurs due to the earth’s motion.
10. …............... is one of the billions of stars in the sky.
3. Add Predicates to the following Subjects.
1. The Ramayana …............................ . 2. King Dasharath …............................ .
3. The rainbow …............................ . 4. The birds in the sky …............................ .
5. The rich …............................ . 6. The moon …............................ .
7. Smaller streams of water …............................ . 8. Rain …............................ .
9. Volcanic mountains …............................ . 10. America …............................ .
3. NOUN
A Noun is a naming word. It is the name of a person, animal, place or thing. It may also name a feeling
or an idea.
For example:
(i) The Principal (the name of a person) (iv) Mobile phone (the name of a thing)
(ii) Tiger (the name of an animal) (v) Kosi (the name of a river)
(iii) Ahmedabad (the name of a place) (vi) Pride (the name of a feeling)
Kinds of Nouns
There are five kinds of nouns:
1. Proper Noun 2. Common Noun 3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun 5. Abstract Noun
1. Proper Noun: It is the name of a particular person, place or thing. For example:
(i) Sunita is a domestic worker.
(ii) India is a vast country.
(iii) Sunday is enjoyed by all.
(iv) The Ramayana is a sacred book.
(v) Haridwar is a religious place.
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are proper nouns. Sunita is the name of a particular
person, India is the name of a particular country, Sunday is the name of a particular day, The
Ramayana is the name of a particular book and Haridwar is the name of a particular place.
Proper noun includes the names of persons, villages, countries, cities, towns, rivers, ships, historical
places, mountains, streets, newspapers, books, months of the year, days of the week, festivals, etc.
Note: A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.
2. Common Noun: A noun that does not point out any particular person, place or thing, but is common
to all persons, places or things of the same class or kind is called a Common Noun. For example:
(i) The tree is laden with fruits. (ii) Children are playing.
(iii) I have bought a book. (iv) This is a table.
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Common Nouns.
3. Collective Noun: A Collective Noun stands for a collection of persons or things, considered as one
complete whole. For example:
(i) I gifted him a bouquet of flowers. (ii) The boy lost a bunch of keys.
(iii) Our team won the match. (iv) A fleet of ships is lying on the seashore.
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Collective Nouns. Bouquet denotes a collection of
flowers, bunch denotes a collection of keys, team denotes a collection of players and fleet denotes
a collection of ships. Find below a list of some popular collective nouns:
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4. dom
free – freedom wise – wisdom king – kingdom
5.
hood
boy – boyhood child – childhood man – manhood
girl – girlhood mother – motherhood woman – womanhood
6.
ence
excellent – excellence innocent – innocence patient – patience
absent – absence obedient – obedience present – presence
7.
ity
human – humanity popular – popularity real – reality
brief – brevity clear – clarity equal – equality
8.
ment
appoint – appointment pay – payment punish – punishment
agree – agreement treat – treatment move – movement
9.
ness
kind – kindness happy – happiness dark – darkness
blind – blindness hard – hardness cheap – cheapness
10.
ship
hard – hardship friend – friendship lecture – lectureship
11.
th
bear – birth dear – dearth deep – depth
grow – growth true – truth wide – width
12.
tion
act – action invent – invention protect – protection
educate – education introduce
– introduction repeat – repetition
13.
sion
decide – decision omit – omission provide – provision
invade – invasion revise – revision precise – precision
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with the noun form of the words given in the brackets.
1. Emperor Akbar was famous for his ..................... . (tolerate)
2. One should show ..................... in difficult times. (patient)
3. My father told me to measure the ..................... of the bedsheet. (long)
4. I have full hope in his ..................... . (able)
5. Everybody praises my grandfather’s ..................... . (generous)
6. The voice of the ..................... cannot be ignored. (young)
7. The ..................... of this child is not good. (grow)
8. We should check the ..................... of water. (waste)
9. The Indian soldiers are known for their ..................... . (brave)
10. ..................... makes a man perfect. (know)
2. Make abstract nouns by adding suffixes like ness, tion, ence and ment.
Educate happy protect agree treat
excellent obedient invent dark introduce
appoint fair absent act hard
Formation of Plurals
Following rules are used to change singular nouns into plural ones:
1. Most nouns form their plurals by adding –s to the singular:
Note: When ‘ch’ has the sound of ‘k’, the plural is formed by adding ‘s’, not ‘es’; as
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4. By adding –s when a noun ends in –y and the –y has a vowel before it:
life lives sheaf sheaves
calf calves knife knives
half halves thief thieves
shelf shelves wolf wolves
leaf leaves wife wives
elf elves loaf loaves
Note: However, following nouns form their plurals by simply adding –s to the singular:
chief – chiefs gulf – gulfs
proof – proofs roof – roofs
Singular Plural Singular Plural
10. Some nouns have the same form in both the numbers; e.g.,
deer, dozen, fish, score, sheep
11. Some nouns are used only in plural number; e.g.,
cattle, socks, shoes, scissors, spectacles, trousers, measles
12. Some nouns are used only in singular number; e.g.,
furniture, news, innings, scenery, economics, politics, summons
EXERCISE
Change the following sentences from the singular into the plural:
1. A goose can swim but a hen cannot. 2. Apple is good for my health.
3. A yellow leaf fell from the tree. 4. The bird is building a nest.
5. A good child is always obedient. 6. The deer runs fast.
7. The fox is a clever animal. 8. This is a beautiful flower.
9. The policeman ran after the thief. 10. The sheep is grazing.
5. NOUNS: GENDER
There are four genders:
1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender
3. Common Gender
4. Neuter Gender
1. Masculine Gender: A noun that denotes a male person or animal is said to be of the masculine
gender; e.g., tiger, emperor, prince, son, etc.
2. Feminine Gender: A noun that denotes a female person or animal is said to be of the feminine
gender; e.g., tigress, empress, princess, daughter etc.
3. Common Gender: A noun that denotes both a male and a female is said to be of the common
gender; e.g., teacher, doctor, student, friend, parent, baby, etc.
4. Neuter Gender: Any noun that denotes a non-living thing is said to be of the Neuter gender; e.g.,
table, television, pen, desk, house, temple, mosque etc.
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Formation of Feminine Gender of Nouns
There are three ways in which feminine nouns can be changed from masculine nouns.
1. By adding –ess to the masculine:
EXERCISE
Rewrite the following sentences changing the nouns in italics to the opposite gender:
1. The actor is praised for his good acting. 2. His daughter never tells a lie.
3. The tiger is sleeping in his cage. 4. The washerwoman washes clothes neatly.
6. ADJECTIVE
An Adjective is a word that adds something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun. For example:
(i) Sachin is an intelligent boy.
(ii) His loud cry disturbed everyone.
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Adjectives.
Kinds of Adjectives
There are six kinds of Adjectives:
1. Adjective of Quality 2. Adjective of Quantity
3. Adjective of Numbers 4. Demonstrative Adjective
5. Interrogative Adjective 6. Possessive Adjective
1. Adjective of Quality tells us what kind of a person or a thing is. For example:
(i) Saumya has a sharp brain. (ii) This is a new building.
Adjectives of Quality answer the question – ‘of what kind?’
2. Adjective of Quantity tells us how much of a thing is intended. For example:
(i) The beggar has little food to eat. (ii) There is much water in the jug.
(iii) I have some money to spend. (iv) I don’t have enough milk to drink.
Adjectives of Quantity answer the question – ‘how much?’
3. Adjective of Number tells us how many persons or things there are or in what order any of them
stands. For example:
(i) Many students took part in this competition. (ii) Only two students were without uniform.
(iii) Mary Kom is the first woman boxer. (iv) Some students are very careless
Adjectives of Number answer the question – ‘how many?’ or ‘in what order?’
4. Demonstrative Adjective is used to point out which persons or things are meant. For example:
(i) These cows are strong. (ii) I don’t like such ideas.
(iii) I want those dresses. (iv) Those apples are fresh.
Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question – ‘which?’
5. Interrogative Adjective is used to ask questions. For example:
(i) What colour is your tie? (ii) Whose purse is this?
(iii) Which books do you want?
6. Possessive Adjective shows possession or belonging. For example:
(i) My advice is good. (ii) Her handbag is new.
(iii) Priya got her pen. (iv) Your diary is not updated.
Possessive Adjectives answer the question – ‘whose?’
Formation of Adjectives
1.
From nouns
duty – dutiful respect – respectful
honour – honourable doctrine – doctrinal
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2.
From verbs
trouble – troublesome don – donnish
neglect – neglectful express – expressive
3.
From other adjectives
yellow – yellowish white – whitish
blue – blueish lovely – lovable
EXERCISE
1. Underline the Adjectives and say their kind.
1. Give me some salt. 2. The man showed much patience.
3. Whose umbrella is this? 4. Charles Dickens was a great novelist.
5. I don’t like such ideas. 6. There were many children playing in the park.
7. What colour do you like the most? 8. Everyone respects honest people.
9. I was appreciated for my brave act. 10. He ate two mangoes.
11. This is a difficult sum. 12. My house is in front of the temple.
13. I have enough food to give to the hungry. 14. Whose shoes are these?
2. Fill in the blanks with the suitable adjectives indicated in the brackets.
1. ............... colour is your new car? (interrogative)
2. ............... colours are mine. (demonstrative)
3. ............... student did well. (distributive)
4. Give me ............... sugar. (quantity)
5. I drank ............... water. (quantity)
6. ............... flat is well-furnished. (possessive)
7. ............... dogs bark a lot. (demonstrative)
8. ............... laptop is this? (interrogative)
9. I purchased a ............... suit. (quality)
10. We met a ............... man. (quality)
7. DETERMINERS
Determiners are the words used before nouns to determine its meaning.
Determiners are classified as following:
I. Articles
II. Demonstratives
III. Possessives
IV. Adjectives
I. ARTICLES
There are three articles – a, an, and the. These three articles have been categorised as indefinite
article and definite article.
• A or an is indefinite article because it does not point out any particular or definite person, place
or thing. For example:
(i) My father booked a flat.
(ii) I eat an apple everyday.
• The is definite article because it points out a particular person or thing. For example:
(i) The book that I purchased yesterday is very interesting. (a particular book)
(ii) Delhi is situated on the bank of the Yamuna. (a particular river)
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Remember these rules
1. A common noun in the singular number must have an article before it; e.g.,
(i) I saw a white cat.
(ii) I eat an apple everyday.
(iii) Everyone read the storybook that I purchased yesterday.
2. When a common noun in the singular number is used in a general sense, no article comes before
it; e.g.,
Man is mortal.
3. When we speak of a person or thing for the first time we use a or an; but when we speak of the
same person or thing a second time we use the; e.g.,
(i) There was a fox.
(ii) The fox was clever.
4. Common nouns in the plural number do not have the definite article the placed before them; e.g.,
(i) Dogs bark at strangers.
(ii) Trees give us many different things.
Uses of article ‘A’
A is used:
1. before a common noun beginning with a consonant and has a consonant sound; e.g., a pen,
a mobilephone, a telephone, a chair, a table, a cat, a notebook, a school, etc.
2. before a word beginning with ‘u’, ‘u’, giving the consonant sound ‘yu’; e.g., a union, a university, a
unique, a European, a useful, etc.
3. before the word ‘one’ which begins with the consonant sound ‘wa’; e.g., a one–rupee note, a one–eyed
man, etc.
4. before a word beginning with ‘h’ and the letter sounds ‘h’; e.g., a hero, a hospital, a horse, a hen,
a hill, a house, a home, etc.
Uses of article ‘An’
An is used:
1. before a word beginning with a vowel and has a vowel sound; e.g., an umbrella, an owl, an egg, an
armchair, an elephant, an ear, an orange, an eagle, an inkpot, etc.
2. before a word beginning with a silent ‘h’; e.g. an honest man, an hour, an heir, an honourable person
etc.
3. before abbreviations; e.g., an M.L.A., an M.P., an S.D.O., an M.Sc., an F.I.R., an X-ray, etc.
These abbreviations though start with consonants but they have vowel sound. Hence, an is used
before them.
Uses of article ‘The’
The is used:
1. before a particular person or thing or one already referred to; e.g.,
(i) My father knows the man who gave such a fine speech.
(ii) The city we live in is very populous.
2. before a common noun in singular number which is used to indicate a whole class or kind; e.g.,
(i) The tiger is a ferocious animal. (ii) The cow is a useful animal.
3. before common nouns unique of their kind; e.g., the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, etc.
4. before the names of rivers, seas, oceans, gulfs, mountain ranges, groups of islands, cards, lakes,
dams, deserts; e.g., the Ganga, the Bay of Bengal, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalaya, the Panama
Canal, the Dal Lake, the Thar Desert, the Hirakund Dam, the Red Sea, etc.
II. DEMONSTRATIVES
The demonstrative determiners are this, that, these and those. These are demonstrative adjectives
and are used before a noun to indicate the same.
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• This and that are used with singular nouns. For example:
(i) This house is mine. (ii) That house is yours.
• These and those are normally used with nouns in the plural. For example:
(i) These boys are studious. (ii) Those boys are not studious.
III. POSSESSIVES
The possessive determiners are my, your, his, her, their, our, and its. These determiners tell us to
whom a thing belongs. For example:
(i) I respect my teachers. (ii) Rekha is busy in solving her own problems.
(iii) Birds are chirping in their cages. (iv) We should be aware of our rights and duties.
(iv) We should respect our national flag.
IV. ADJECTIVES
Little, a little, the little; few, a few, the few; each, every; some, any; either, neither; much, many; all;
several; both etc.
Uses
1. Little, A little, The little
These are adjectives of quantity.
Little means not much or hardly any. It is a negative adjective.
Examples:
(i) I have little money. (ii) They have little influence.
A little means some at least. It is an affirmative adjective.
Examples:
(i) He gave me a little help. (ii) My father has a little money.
The little means the whole, though very little.
Examples:
(i) The little water that he gave me didn’t quench my thirst.
(ii) The little food he has is not enough for his hunger.
2. Few, A few, The few
These are adjectives of number.
Few means not many. It is a negative adjective.
Examples:
(i) Few students are present today. (ii) I have few apples.
A few means some, though not many. It is an affirmative adjective.
Examples:
(i) A few students took part in this game. (ii) I can speak a few languages.
The few means all of them, though very few. Plural noun is used after the few.
Example:
The few mangoes I have are very delicious.
3. Each, Every
Each means one of two things or one of any number more than two.
Examples:
(i) Each of the two girls knows knitting. (ii) Each student of this school is praiseworthy.
Every is used when we speak of more than two.
7. Enough, Several
Enough denotes both the number and quantity. It takes a plural verb.
Example:
The beggar got enough food.
Several denotes only number.
Examples:
(i) I need several students for this work. (ii) Several girls have taken part in the dance competition.
8. Another
Another is used in the sense of addition.
Examples:
(i) I need another room for my research work. (ii) The beggar asked for another bread.
9. Much, Many
Much means a large quantity of. It is used with uncountable nouns.
Examples:
(i) Don’t add much sugar to my tea. (ii) An optimist finds much joy in his life.
Many means a large number of. It is used with countable nouns.
Examples:
(i) There are many mangoes in the basket. (ii) I saw many children playing in the field.
Grammar 133
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with articles a, an or the:
1. .......... Times of India is a leading newspaper of India.
2. I bought .......... tie, .......... dress and .......... umbrella for myself.
3. .......... man came to .......... police station to lodge .......... F.I.R.
4. .......... beggar knocked at my door. .......... beggar was hungry.
5. .......... Himalayas protect India from invasion and .......... cold winds which would otherwise
sweep across .......... Northern plains.
6. .......... elephant excels most other animals in intelligence.
7. All .......... students became quiet on seeing .......... Principal coming towards them.
8. Some of my close relatives have settled in .......... USA.
9. Japanese is not .......... easy language.
10. Rohan is .......... unique boy. He lives with his uncle who is .......... honourable man.
11. .......... sun is a huge ball of fire. It rises in .......... east and sets in .......... west. .......... earth
revolves around it.
12. .......... water of this river looks clean. We can take .......... dip into it.
13. .......... Guru Granth Sahib is .......... book of .......... Sikhs.
14. Do you know how to play .......... tabla?
15. .......... Indian ocean is named after our country India.
2. Fill in the blanks with the correct determiners given in the brackets.
1. I have .......... money in my purse. (some/any)
2. He bought .......... food to distribute among the hungers. (many/some)
3. .......... children love to play with toys. (All/Each)
4. .......... dress is cheap in this shop. (Either/Neither)
5. My mother didn’t make .......... soup. (some/any)
6. We should do .......... exercises everyday. (some/many)
7. I regret to say that there is .......... I can do in this matter. (little/a little)
8. .......... my brothers are intelligent. (All/Both)
9. .......... child should be hale and hearty. (Each/Every)
10. I don’t have .......... story books. (many/much)
11. Please wait .......... longer for me. (little/a little)
12. The woman sold .......... jewellery she had. (a few/the few)
13. .......... boy is worthy and dependable. (Neither/Either)
14. Have you got .......... sweets? (some/any)
15. I spent .......... money I had on books. (the little/a little)
8. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
There are three degrees of comparison:
1. The Positive Degree 2. The Comparative Degree 3. The Superlative Degree
1. The Positive Degree of an adjective is used when we do not make any comparison. For example:
Rajat is an intelligent boy. Mamta is a tall girl.
Here, the words intelligent and tall are said to be in the positive degree.
dark darker darkest
great greater greatest
high higher highest
low lower lowest
deep deeper deepest
strong stronger strongest
bold bolder boldest
tall taller tallest
rich richer richest
young younger youngest
cold colder coldest
fine finer finest
noble nobler noblest
able abler ablest
brave braver bravest
large larger largest
wise wiser wisest
dense denser densest
safe safer safest
nice nicer nicest
Grammar 135
3. By changing the last ‘y’ of the positive degree into ‘e’ and adding –er and –est.
4. By doubling the final (last) consonant of positive degree if preceded by a vowel and then
adding –er and –est.
EXERCISE
Supply the proper form of the adjectives given in the brackets.
1. This drawing is .......... than that. (beautiful)
2. Mt. Everest is the .......... peak of the Himalayas. (high)
3. Bengaluru is a .......... city. (clean)
4. I am as .......... as my brother. (tall)
5. Rohan’s writing is .......... . His brother’s writing is .......... than Rohan’s. (bad)
6. Delhi is .......... than Chennai. (hot)
7. This is the .......... of all sums. (difficult)
8. Mahatma Gandhi was .......... leader of his time. (famous)
9. Please inform me about the .......... happening. (late)
10. Akbar was the .......... of all Mughal Emperors. (tolerant)
11. This sum is .......... than that. (easy)
12. My neighbour is .......... than me. (rich)
13. It was the .......... dress that I had ever purchased. (costly)
14. Neha is not as .......... as her sister. (strong)
15. The Pacific Ocean is the .......... of all oceans. (deep)
9. PRONOUN
A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. For example:
• Sachin Tendulkar is a great cricketer. He plays for India. He is known for his nice batting style.
People adore him.
In the above example, all the italicised words (he, his, him) are pronouns because they stand for
Sachin Tendulkar.
Note: • Pronouns are used to avoid the repetition of nouns.
• The noun for which a pronoun stands is called its antecedent. In the example given above
Sachin Tendulkar (noun) is the antecedent of the pronouns He, his and him.
Kinds of Pronouns
There are seven kinds of pronouns:
1. Personal Pronoun 2. Demonstrative Pronoun 3. Interrogative Pronoun
4. Reflexive Pronoun 5. Emphasising Pronoun 6. Possessive Pronoun
7. Relative Pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun: Personal pronoun stands for persons or things. For example:
(i) I study in class VII. (ii) We are young.
(iii) You are healthy. (iv) They are kind.
(v) He/She/Vinay/Veena is simple.
Grammar 137
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are personal pronouns because they stand for three
persons:
• the person speaking (First Person)
• the person spoken to (Second Person)
• the person spoken of (Third Person)
• The pronouns I and we denote the person or persons speaking. So, they are said to be personal
pronouns of the First Person.
• The pronoun you denotes the person or persons spoken to. So, they are said to be personal
pronouns of the Second Person.
Note: ‘You’ is used both in singular and plural.
• The pronouns they/he/she/Vinay/Veena denote the person or persons spoken of. So, they are
said to be personal pronouns of Third Person.
2. Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out the object/objects to which they refer. For example:
(i) This is a mobile phone. (ii) These are books.
(iii) That is a tree. (iv) Those are trees.
Note: The words this, that, these, those, etc. are adjectives when used with a noun, but pronouns
when used for a noun; as
This pen is mine. (This qualifies the noun pen, hence, it is an adjective)
This is my pen. (This stands for the noun pen, hence, it is a pronoun, i.e. demonstrative pronoun)
3. Interrogative Pronoun: It is used in asking questions. For example:
(i) What is your name? (ii) Who came just now? (iii) Which is your bag?
Note: The words what and which can be used both as an interrogative pronoun and an interrogative
adjective; as
What is your opinion? (Interrogative pronoun)
What opinion do you give? (Interrogative adjective)
4. Reflexive Pronoun: Pronouns like myself, yourself, ourselves, when used as the receiver of an action
are called Reflexive Pronouns. For example:
(i) He saved himself. (ii) They hurt themselves.
(iii) I blamed myself. (iv) We washed the towel ourselves.
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Reflexive Pronouns.
5. Emphasising Pronoun: It is used to convey emphasis. For example:
(i) He himself came to me. (ii) We ourselves did the homework.
(iii) You yourself went there. (iv) I myself prepared tea.
In the above sentences, all the italicised words are Emphasising Pronouns.
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct personal/possessive pronouns given in the brackets.
1. Once there was a rich merchant. ..................... traded in cotton. (It/He)
2. He said, “ ..................... father likes the company of children”. (His/Your)
3. ..................... have done my work. (I/You)
4. Is that Mr. Rahul? Yes, it is ..................... . (it/he)
5. Mr. Talwar has sold ..................... house. (he/his) Now ..................... lives in a rented house.
(he/his)
6. Sujit lost ..................... new book (him/ his) and could not find ..................... . (it/him)
7. The birds flew over the house. Did you see .....................? (it/them), Yes, ..................... saw
..................... . (I/them)
8. We met to the Principal in ..................... chamber (him/his) and talked to ..................... (him/
his) about ..................... problems. (their/our)
9. I forgot ..................... pen (my/mine) and requested Deepa to give ..................... (I/me) .....................
pen. (her/hers)
2. Fill in the blanks with Reflexive Pronoun.
1. He thanked ..................... . 2. My friend ..................... came to see me.
3. Girls, you ..................... complete this task. 4. They must do it ..................... .
5. Children hid ..................... . 6. She was sitting there ..................... .
7. Manju criticised ..................... . 8. Sunita and her sister cook ..................... .
9. We ..................... washed all the clothes. 10. My parents ..................... went there.
3. Fill in the blanks with relative pronouns.
1. My uncle applied for job ..................... was advertised last month.
2. We can meet Mr Kalra ..................... address I know.
3. The man ..................... knocked at my door was a thief.
4. The old woman ..................... I helped blessed me.
5. I know the flat ..................... he lives in.
6. The man ..................... robbed me was finally caught by the police.
7. I lost the watch ..................... I bought last week.
8. This is the book ..................... I wanted for so long.
9. The girl ..................... hair is golden is my friend.
10. He knows ..................... I want.
11. The people ..................... live in our neighbourhood are all very helpful.
12. The horse ..................... the trader bought was very strong.
13. This is the movie ..................... I wanted to see.
14. He has got ..................... he wanted.
15. The bike ..................... my father bought last month is stolen.
Grammar 139
4. Fill in the blanks with interrogative pronouns.
1. ..................... are those two boys? 2. ..................... is this beautiful purse?
3. ..................... of these sums would you solve? 4. ..................... of these girls is your cousin?
5. ..................... are they making fun of? 6. ..................... prepared such delicious dishes?
7. ..................... is this beautiful house? 8. ..................... do you want to meet?
9. ..................... did you see from your cabin? 10. ..................... did the man marry?
10. VERB
A Verb denotes an action or being or possession. For example:
(i) The dancer danced well. (action)
(ii) The dog barks at strangers. (action)
(iii) Rahul is tall. (being)
(iv) Rajesh Khanna was a superstar. (being)
(v) I have a nice dress. (possession)
(vi) The man has a strong body. (possession)
Kinds of Verbs
There are three kinds of verbs:
1. Transitive Verb
2. Intransitive Verb
3. Incomplete Verb, Complements
1. Transitive Verb requires an object to complete their meaning. For example:
I wrote a letter.
In this sentence, letter is the object of the verb wrote and this object is needed to complete the
meaning of above sentence. If we don’t use an object (letter) here, the sentence remains incomplete.
Some other examples are:
(i) The man saw a snake. (ii) Mother is washing clothes.
(iii) They are doing their homework. (iv) The boy received a prize.
In the above sentences, snake is the object of the verb saw, clothes is the object of the verb is
washing, homework is the object of the verb are doing and prize is the object of the verb received.
2. Intransitive Verb does not require an object to complete their meaning or sense but makes good
sense by themselves. For example:
(i) The sparrow flew. (ii) The man laughs.
(iii) The stars twinkle. (iv) The baby cried.
In the above sentences, the verbs make good sense by themselves and they do not need objects after
them.
There are some verbs which can be used both as transitive and intransitive verbs. For example:
(i) He writes stories. (transitive) (ii) He writes neatly. (intransitive)
(iii) Farmers grow a variety of crops. (transitive) (iv) Small children grow fast. (intransitive)
(v) I stopped my bike. (transitive) (vi) The old man stopped for a while. (intransitive)
3. Incomplete Verb, Complements: Verbs like be (is, are, am, was, were, will be, shall be, etc.), appear,
seem and look are incomplete verbs and they require complements to complete their meaning. For
example:
(i) The man is gentle. (ii) He appears strong.
(iii) She looks smart. (iv) The old man seems weak.
EXERCISES
1. Pick out the verbs in the following sentences and say whether they are transitive or intransitive.
1. Water is boiling. 2. The cat is mewing.
3. I am writing a letter. 4. The farmer works in the field.
5. The man caught a bird. 6. Fire burns brightly.
7. Anil prepared food. 8. The teacher punished some students.
9. The little girl laughed suddenly. 10. The leader delivered a fine speech.
11. Mother is washing clothes. 12. The soldiers are fighting.
13. Mr Sinha teaches us science. 14. The cobbler makes shoes.
15. The sun is hot.
2. Rewrite the following sentences by changing the order of the objects.
1. A man gave me a letter. 2. I sent him a reply.
3. The Principal offered Ratna a job. 4. She lent me a seat.
5. The Principal granted him four days’ leave. 6. My grandmother told me a story.
7. The peon brings me a glass of water. 8. They call her a genius.
9. He taught them science. 10. Tom gave his friends an apple.
3. Complete the following by supplying suitable objects.
1. The hunter killed ................... . 2. The girl writes ................... .
3. The gardener is watering ................... . 4. Cats catch ................... .
5. Trees give us ................... . 6. The boy snatched ................... .
7. Some naughty boys broke ................... . 8. You can win ................... .
9. Rupa is drawing ................... . 10. He had taken ................... .
11. I will help ................... . 12. That woman was reading ................... .
13. Tom had painted ................... . 14. My mother washed ................... .
15. Mr Guha will give ................... .
Grammar 141
11. FINITE AND NON–FINITE VERBS
Verbs are placed under two categories:
I. Finite Verbs
II. Non-finite Verbs
I. FINITE VERBS
A Finite Verb is limited by the person and number of the subject; e.g.,
1. Rohan plays. 2. Rohan and Mohan play.
In sentence 1, the subject Rohan is in singular form and so the verb plays is also in singular form.
In sentence 2, the subject Rohan and Mohan is plural and so the verb play is also in plural form.
1. INFINITIVE
An Infinitive is the base form of a verb. Its structure is — to + V1. It is not limited by the number and
person of the subject. It functions as a noun. For example; to walk, to talk, to sit, etc.
Uses of Infinitives
• As subject of a verb; e.g.,
(i) To err is human. (ii) To write is a good habit.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as a subject of a verb.
• As object of a verb; e.g.,
(i) People like to gossip. (ii) I want to accompany you.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as object of a verb.
• As complement of a verb; e.g.,
(i) Raman’s pastime is to play piano. (ii) My friend made me to face the situation.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as complements of a verb.
• As object of a preposition; e.g.,
(i) The baby is about to fall. (ii) The hunter came out to fire the gun.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives used as object of a preposition.
• As case in opposition to a noun or a pronoun; e.g.,
(i) It is your responsibility to look after your family. (ii) He allowed the children to play in the park.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Infinitives in opposition to a noun or a pronoun.
Uses of Gerunds
• Gerund as a subject; e.g.,
(i) Smoking is bad for health. (ii) Swimming is a type of exercise.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Gerunds used as a subject of a verb.
• Gerund as an object; e.g.,
(i) I love reading. (ii) He likes travelling.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Gerunds used as object of a verb.
3. PARTICIPLE
A Participle is the form of verb which has the characteristics of a verb as well as an adjective. Its form
is — Verb + Adjective = Participle. For examples; He told me an amusing incident.
1. Present Participle:
Form : V1 + ing; as talking, singing, working, etc.
Grammar 143
• As a subject complement; e.g.,
(i) This film is entertaining. (ii) She entered the room sobbing.
In the above sentences, the italicised words are Present Participles used as subject complement.
2. Perfect Participle:
Form :
Having + V3 (past participle)
3. Past Participle:
Form : V1 + –d/ –ed/ –en/ –n
12. ADVERB
An Adverb is a word that adds to the meaning of a verb and tells how a thing is done, when it is done
or where it is done. For example:
(i) They spoke softly. (ii) I write neatly.
(iii) The guests will come tomorrow. (iv) The boy looked above.
All the italicised words are adverbs.
Kinds of Adverbs
There are six kinds of Adverbs:
1. Adverb of Manner 2. Adverb of Place 3. Adverb of Time
4. Adverb of Number 5. Adverb of Degree 6. Interrogative Adverb
1. Adverb of Manner tells how or in what manner an action is done or performed. For example:
(i) Mother walks slowly. (ii) Shalu paints beautifully.
(iii) They talk loudly. (iv) The man left his native place permanently.
Adverbs of Manner answer the question – ‘how?’
2. Adverb of Place tells where or at what place an action is done. For example:
(i) We play outside. (ii) My study room is upstairs.
(iii) He went there. (iv) Children stay inside during rains.
Adverbs of Place answer the question – ‘where?’
3. Adverb of Time tells when or at what time an action is done. For example:
(i) The boy gives the newspaper daily. (ii) The guests arrived late.
(iii) I will do this work today. (iv) We will go to Shimla tomorrow.
Adverbs of Time answer the question – ‘when?’
4. Adverb of Number tells how often an action is done. For example:
(i) I never tell a lie. (ii) The Principal always comes to school on time.
(iii) We have visited the Taj twice. (iv) They frequently come to our home.
Adverbs of Number answer the question – ‘how often?’
5. Adverb of Degree tells how much or to what extent a thing is done. For example:
(i) He is totally confused. (ii) I am very happy.
(iii) The old man was nearly tired. (iv) What you say is partly true.
Adverbs of Degree answer the question – ‘how much?’
Grammar 145
6. Interrogative Adverb is used to ask questions. For example:
(i) Where have you hidden the purse? (ii) How do you feel today?
(iii) When did the peon ring the bell? (iv) Why are you so sad?
EXERCISE
1. Underline the Adverbs and say their kinds.
1. The auditorium was fully packed. 2. My grandmother frequently goes to the temple.
3. The train arrived late. 4. The guests will come soon.
5. Stay inside while it is raining. 6. Your answer is partly correct.
7. We should always try to be honest. 8. Our school will remain closed tomorrow.
9. The little girl danced beautifully. 10. We solved our problem easily.
11. I have never visited the Taj Mahal. 12. Put your luggage here.
13. Why are you sad? 14. They work diligently.
15. Where did you keep the waterbottle?
2. Choose a suitable adjective from the box and change it into an Adverb to fill in the blanks.
quick, graceful, careful, beautiful, brave, noisy, glad, certain, extreme, immediate
• Adverbs of one syllable form their comparative and superlative by adding er and est respectively to
the positive.
Positive Comparative Superlative
fast faster fastest
loud louder loudest
short shorter shortest
• Adverbs ending in -ly form their comparative and superlative by adding more and most respectively.
Positive Comparative Superlative
quickly more quickly most quickly
happily more happily most happily
gently more gently most gently
politely more politely most politely
beautifully more beautifully most beautifully
Note:
The comparative and superlative degree of early are earlier and earliest.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative or superlative degree of the adverbs given in
the brackets.
1. Rohit acted ............... than his brother. (wisely)
2. Little Zoya reached the school ............... of all the children of her age. (happily)
3. The teacher came and sat ............... to me. (near)
4. He talked to the stranger ............... than his sister. (politely)
5. Of all the Mughal kings, Aurangzeb acted the ............... . (aggressively)
6. It is raining ............... than yesterday. (heavily)
7. The cheetah runs the ............... of all the land animals. (swiftly)
8. My brother does any work ............... than me. (efficiently)
Position of Adverbs
The position of Adverbs is not fixed in a sentence. They vary from one sentence to another. However,
they are not placed between a verb and its object.
• Adverbs are generally placed before an adjective or another adverb or after the intransitive verb.
For example:
(i) My mother is quite ready to accompany me. (ii) The girl is very beautiful.
(iii) I am fairly well. (iv) It is raining heavily.
• Adverbs of frequency such as always, often, sometimes etc. are placed after the verb if the verb is
a/are/am/was/were/will/shall/should/must etc. But they are placed before the main verb.
For example:
(i) Jimmy is always punctual. (ii) Neha is often late to school.
(iii) He always speaks the truth. (iv) They must follow the traffic rules.
• Adverbs of manner that qualify a transitive verb are usually placed after the object.
For example:
(i) She does her work smartly. (ii) The Principal delivered a speech nicely.
(iii) He learnt the lesson sincerely. (iv) They paint the door carefully.
• Adverbs of time are usually placed after the verb if the verb is intransitive and after the object if the
verb is transitive.
For example:
(i) The train arrived late. (ii) The gardener watered the plants yesterday.
• For emphasis, adverbs of time may also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
For example:
(i) Tomorrow we will visit Agra. (ii) Yesterday my uncle came from London.
Grammar 147
• The adverb enough is always placed after the word it modifies.
For example:
(i) I am wise enough to tackle the problem. (ii) The man was polite enough to please everyone.
• If a sentence has two or more than two adverbs after a verb, the normal order is – adverb of manner,
adverb of place, adverb of time.
For example:
(i) She danced well in the party yesterday.
↑ ↑ ↑
adv. of adv. of adv. of
manner place time
EXERCISE
Rewrite the following sentences by inserting the Adverbs in their correct place.
1. The boy ran fast to catch the train. (enough)
2. She speaks English and Punjabi. (fluently)
3. The man comes to meet my father. (frequently)
4. Mr. Sharma decided the matter. (carefully)
5. The teacher gave me a beautiful prize. (only)
6. Rahul knows me well. (fairly)
7. He promised not to tell a lie any more. (faithfully)
8. We meet to make plans for the next project. (regularly)
9. The doctor is late. (never)
10. My uncle reached here. (last night)
11. We are going to purchase a new car. (tomorrow)
12. The boy is intelligent. He solved the sum. (quickly)
13. I met the Chief Guest. (smartly)
14. My grandparents visit their native place. (often)
15. I don’t know what happened to Sumit. He comes to the school. (rarely, nowadays)
14. PREPOSITION
The word Preposition means placing before. It shows the relation between a noun or a pronoun and
some other word in a sentence. The other words can be a noun, a verb or an adjective. For example:
(i) My brother went to Bengaluru by plane.
(ii) The inspector arrived on time.
Grammar 149
• In, Into:
In denotes position or rest and into denotes motion inward. For example:
(i) My grandfather is in his room. (ii) My grandmother went into his room.
(iii) The boy threw a pebble into the well.
• By, With:
By is placed before an agent or doer and with relates to the instrument with which the action is
done. For example:
(i) The thief was chased by the policeman. (ii) I cut vegetables with a sharp knife.
• Of, Off:
Of relates to somebody and off shows separation. For example:
(i) My ear-ring is made of gold. (ii) The boy fell off the horse.
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
(A) 1. The students are sitting .......... the classroom.
2. The farmer distributed the land .......... his four sons.
3. The naughty child laughed .......... the beggar.
4. He was born .......... Shahdara .......... New Delhi.
5. The boy is standing .......... Raman and Chaman.
6. The Sadhu took a holy dip .......... the river Ganga.
7. They are not allowed to write .......... a pen.
8. We went .......... Shimla .......... Manali.
9. The chief guest arrived .......... 10 O’ clock.
10. The boy fell .......... the horse.
11. My neighbour is going .......... Haridwar.
12. The snake was killed .......... Govind.
13. Sonu lives .......... his uncle.
14. .......... the chief guest, two persons were there.
15. The little child got lost .......... the crowd.
16. Marble is cut .......... big pieces from the rocks .......... machines.
Grammar 151
honoured with something
39. 40. honest in dealings
heir to property
41. 42. Ill with fever
introduce to a person
43. 44. jealous of a person or thing
junior to someone
45. 46. knock at the door
loyal to someone
47. 48. laugh at someone
listen to something
49. 50. long for something
mad with anger
51. 52. mistaken for a person or a thing
negligent of duties
53. 54. obliged to a person
obliged for something
55. 56. pride in something
polite to a person
57. 58. proud of something
related to a person
59. 60. relevant to some matter
satisfied with something
61. 62. sympathise with someone
think over a matter
63. 64. unfit for a post
warn off/against something
65. 66. wish for something
wonder at achievement
67. 68. yield to a temptation
15. CONJUNCTION
A Conjunction is a word used to join words, groups of words or sentences. For example:
(i) I bought fruits and vegetables. (ii) He is tall but his brother is short.
(iii) Sit quietly or go outside. (iv) I could not go to school because I was sick.
All the italicised words are conjunctions. Other conjunctions are ‘therefore’, ‘otherwise’, ‘as’, ‘since’,
‘though’, ‘although’, ‘still’, ‘yet’, ‘as well as’, ‘while’, ‘either......or’, ‘neither.......nor’ etc.
Uses of Conjunctions
• and:
(i) The farmers are poor. The farmers are helpless. (ii) The farmers are poor and helpless.
• but:
(i) He is a wealthy man. He is a noble man. (ii) He is a wealthy but noble man.
• or, otherwise:
(i) Do hard work. You will fail. (ii) Do hard work or you will fail.
(iii) Do hard work otherwise you will fail.
• unless:
Unless you walk fast, you cannot catch the train.
• therefore, so:
(i) He is sick. He cannot go to school. (ii) He is sick, therefore he cannot go to school.
(iii) He is sick, so he cannot go to school.
• because, since:
(i) My parents cannot attend PT meeting. They are out of station.
(ii) My parents cannot attend PT meeting because they are out of station.
(iii) Since my parents are out of station, they cannot attend PT meeting.
• as well as:
(i) The pilot died. The passengers died. (ii) The pilot as well as the passengers died.
• whereas, while:
(i) I love dancing. My brother loves music.
(ii) I love dancing whereas (or while) my brother loves music.
16. TENSES
There are three main tenses (forms of verbs):
1. Present Tense – the time that is passing.
2. Past Tense – the time that has passed.
3. Future Tense – the time to come.
Thus, Present tense expresses actions in the present time, past tense expresses actions in the past time,
and future tense expresses actions in the future time. For example:
(i) The farmer works in the field. (Present tense)
(ii) The farmer worked in the field. (Past tense)
(iii) The farmer will work in the field. (Future tense)
The tense of a verb shows the time of an action or an event. It also shows continuance and perfection
of it.
Each of these three main tenses has four kinds:
I. Simple or Indefinite II. Continuous or Progressive
III. Perfect IV. Perfect Continuous
1. PRESENT TENSE
I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE
In the simple present tense we normally use the root (first) form of the verb. But with he, she, it and
other third person singular subjects, we add –s or –es to the root form of the verb.
Structure
Positive or Affirmative Sentences Sub + V1 + s or es (V1 or V5 form of verb)
Negative Sentences Sub + do not/does not + V1
Interrogative Sentences Do/Does + sub + V1 + ?
Interrogative-negative Sentences Do/Does + sub + not + V1 + ?
Positive Interrogative-
or Negative Interrogative negative
Affirmative
Grammar 153
Note: Short form of do not = don’t
Short form of does not = doesn’t
Uses
The Simple Present Tense is used to
1. express custom or habitual actions; e.g.,
(i) Ranjan goes to school by bus. (ii) The cow gives us milk.
(iii) He always speaks the truth. (iv) My grandmother goes to the temple every morning.
2. express permanent truth; e.g.,
(i) The sun rises in the east. (ii) The earth revolves round the sun.
(iii) Stars twinkle in the sky. (iv) The sun shines by day..
3. express a fact which is true at the time of speaking; e.g.,
(i) Two of my cousins study in metro cities. (ii) The Rajdhani Express stops at this station.
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs given in the brackets. Use Simple Present Tense.
1. My grandfather …............... beautiful short stories at bed time. (tell)
2. My grandmother …............... a few pages of the Ramayan everyday. (read)
3. An inter-house cricket match …............... place in our school every month. (take)
4. The teacher always …............... in a loud voice. (teach)
5. Two and two …............... four. (make)
6. The earth …............... round the sun. (move)
7. The weather …............... frequently. (change)
8. We …............... with our eyes, …............... with our ears and …............... with our nose. (see,
hear, smell)
9. When evening …..............., it …............... dark. (come/ become)
10. The sun …............... in the east and …............... in the west. (rise/ set)
11. It is considered a bad manner if anyone …............... loudly in the public. (talk)
12. We shall …............... to the cinema if we …
............... tickets. (go, get)
13. Children …............... to eat chocolates and junk food. (love)
14. We …............... our native place during summer holidays. (visit)
15. I don’t …............... what you …............... . (understand, say)
2. Rewrite the following sentences in affirmative sentences.
1. Children do not go to the park in the evening everyday.
2. She does not sing beautifully.
3. Do you like playing badminton?
4. Does Raman go to the market every Sunday?
5. The peon does not ring the bell at 9 O’ clock.
3. Rewrite the following sentences in negative form.
1. Gopal buys a book. 2. He seldom comes to meet me.
3. Ritu and her friend decide to visit the 4. The climate of a place always remains the
Taj Mahal. same.
5. Mohita paints beautifully. 6. Scientists work hard in their lab.
7. Kamala gives us music lessons. 8. They cook delicious food.
9. Smita plays the piano. 10. My neighbours take care of each other.
Uses
The Present Continuous or Progressive Tense is used to
1. show what is happening or going on at the time of speaking; e.g.,
(i) The fan is moving. (ii) I am going to the market.
(iii) My friends are doing their homework. (iv) Rupa and Shilpa are laughing.
2. express an action which may not be actually going on at the time of speaking, but it is going on in
general; e.g.,
(i) My father is doing some research work nowadays.
(ii) We are building a house at our native place.
(iiii) Sita is reading the Ramayana these days.
(iv) He is preparing for class Xth examination.
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3. express an action which is likely to happen in near future; e.g.,
(i) I am going abroad next month. (ii) I am going to attend a marriage party tomorrow.
(iii) We are going to Chennai next week. (iv) My cousins are arriving today.
EXERCISES
1. Change the following sentences into affirmative form.
1. They are not going to school. 2. Sabita is not planting trees.
3. Is Surabhi not coming today? 4. Are girls not taking part in this competition?
5. Are you not writing a letter? 6. Sanchi is not running fast.
2. Change the following into negative form.
1. My friend is coming today. 2. They are quarrelling among themselves.
3. Jolly is sleeping. 4. The baby is crying loudly.
5. Sugandha is singing beautifully. 6. The area of forest is dwindling very fast.
7. The environmentalists are working hard. 8. The teacher is explaining the rule.
9. South America is developing fast.
10. Namrata and Namita are talking in the lawn.
3. Change the following sentences into negative – interrogative form.
1. I am reading an adventurous story. 2. They are serving the guests.
3. We are going to see a cinema. 4. John is buying toys for me.
5. She is reciting a poem.
I have talked. I have not talked. Have I talked? Have I not talked?
You have talked. You have not talked. Have you talked? Have you not talked?
We have talked. We have not talked. Have we talked? Have we not talked?
He/ She/ It has talked. He/ She/ It has not Has he/ she/ it talked? Has he/ she/ it not
talked. talked?
They have talked. They have not talked. Have they talked? Have they not talked?
Uses
The Present Perfect Tense is used to
1. express an action which has just been completed; e.g.,
(i) I have completed my work. (ii) Radha has sung a song.
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs given in the brackets into Present Perfect Tense.
1. The train ..................... the platform. (leave)
2. I ..................... a moneyorder from my father. (receive)
3. Our team ..................... the match. (win)
4. I ..................... not .....................him since a long. (see)
5. The farmers ..................... not ..................... the field. (plough)
6. The peon ..................... already ..................... the bell. (ring)
7. The weather ..................... now. (improve)
8. We ..................... the Marina beach. (visit)
9. Children ..................... their lesson. (learn)
10. They ..................... the story. (read)
2. Change the following sentences into affirmative form.
1. He has not gone to Kerala. 2. Farmers have not got full-time job.
3. Has the boy gone outside? 4. Have they bought good news?
5. Have children painted the door?
3. Change the following sentences into negative form.
1. The postman has delivered letters. 2. They have done hard work.
3. Scientists have invented many things. 4. The weather has changed sharply.
5. One of his mistakes has ruined his life. 6. I have saved a drowning boy.
7. We have served the guests. 8. She has washed clothes.
9. The teacher has punished some students.
10. The massive flood has engulfed the entire city.
Grammar 157
7. You have done a good job. 8. The earthquake has brought disasters.
9. She has got brilliant marks in all the subjects.
10. All the boys and girls have prepared themselves for the examination.
Positive Interrogative-
or Negative Interrogative negative
Affirmative
I have been speaking I have not been Have I been speaking Have I not been
for two hours. speaking for two hours. for two hours? speaking for two hours?
You have been You have not been Have you been Have you not been
speaking since speaking since speaking since speaking since
5 o’clock. 5 o’clock. 5 o’clock? 5 o’clock?
He/ She/ It has He/ She/ It has not Has he/ she/ it Has he/ she/ it not
been speaking since been speaking since been speaking since been speaking since
8 o’clock. 8 o’clock. 8 o’clock? 8 o’clock?
They have been They have not been Have they been Have they not been
speaking for three speaking for three speaking for three speaking for three
hours. hours. hours? hours?
Uses
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action which began in the past but is still
continuing. Since or for is used to denote the length of time; For example:
(i) Neeru has been writing a letter since 9 o' clock.
(ii) Farmers have been working in the field for four hours.
Note: Since is used for a point of time; e.g., since 4 o' clock, since January, since 2000, etc.
For is used for a period of time; e.g., for four hours, for three days, for seven years, etc.
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs given in the brackets into Present Perfect Continuous
Tense.
1. You ................... your studies since long. (neglect)
2. I ................... this book since morning. (read)
2. PAST TENSE
I. THE SIMPLE PAST OR PAST INDEFINITE TENSE
In the simple past tense we use the second form of the verb. This form of verb is used to denote a
single action in the past.
Structure
Positive or Affirmative Sentences Sub + V2
Negative Sentences Sub + did not + V1
Interrogative Sentences Did + sub + V1 + ?
Interrogative-negative Sentences Did + sub + not + V1 + ?
Let’s understand them with examples:
Positive Interrogative-
or Negative Interrogative negative
Affirmative
Grammar 159
Uses
The Simple Past Tense is used to
1. express an action completed in the past; e.g.,
(i) I wrote a letter. (ii) They sang a song.
(iii) The girls danced beautifully. (iv) Smita ran fast.
2. express some past habit; e.g.,
(i) My father never hurt anyone's sentiment. (ii) We usually went to hills during holidays.
3. express some historical events; e.g.,
(i) Mahatma Gandhi struggled against the British.
(ii) Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal.
Note: When we express some past habit, we often use words such as generally, usually, never,
always, often, sometimes with the simple past tense.
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs given in the brackets into Simple Past Tense.
1. I .......... an old man yesterday. (help)
2. The peon .......... the bell. (ring)
3. We .......... a horse and .......... a lot. (ride, enjoy)
4. Yesterday my cousins .......... to see me. (come)
5. The man .......... so fast that soon he .......... an accident. (drive, meet)
6. We .......... the channel in only one hour. (cross)
7. The birds .......... suddenly. (fly)
8. As soon as I .......... my grandparents, I .......... to weep. (see, begin)
9. We .......... out to play in a nearby park.
10. I .......... him some money because he was in great need. (lend)
2. Change the following sentences into negative form.
1. We worked hard to win the match. 2. We missed the train.
3. He sent an e-mail to me. 4. My friend got success in the long run.
5. The Bishop pardoned the stranger. 6. Akbar ruled wisely.
7. The child smiled sweetly. 8. They wrote a letter to a higher authority.
9. I lost my briefcase at the railway station 10. The travellers rested under a shady tree.
3. Change the following sentences into interrogative form.
1. We solved the sum. 2. I slept well in the night.
3. Someone snatched my chain. 4. The cobbler polished my shoe.
5. The girls danced well. 6. They burst into laughter.
7. I walked fast. 8. My mother prayed for me.
9. We all obeyed the teacher.
10. The teacher selected a few students for the debate competition.
4. Change the following sentences into negative – interrogative form.
1. We suffered a lot for one mistake. 2. I welcomed the guest cordially.
3. We needed to work hard. 4. Salil received a parcel in the afternoon.
5. My neighbour heard a loud noise.
Positive Interrogative-
or Negative Interrogative negative
Affirmative
I was talking. I was not talking. Was I talking? Was I not talking?
You were talking. You were not talking. Were you talking? Were you not talking?
We were talking. We were not talking. Were we talking? Were we not talking?
He/ She/ It was He/ She/ It was not Was he/ she/ it Was he/ she/ it not
talking. talking. talking? talking?
They were talking. They were not talking. Were they talking? Were they not talking?
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs in the brackets into Past Continuous or Simple Past.
1. I .......... a novel when my father .......... my room. (read, enter)
2. What .......... you .......... in the morning when I .......... you? (do, telephone)
3. The villagers .......... under a banyan tree when I .......... that place. (sleep, cross)
4. I .......... a letter to my friend yesterday evening. (write)
5. I .......... the bridge when the mobile ........... . (cross, ring)
6. .......... he .......... his homework when his friend ..........? (complete, come)
7. The soldiers .......... bravely when some terrorists .......... on them. (fight, attack)
8. Children .......... noise when the Principal .......... the classroom. (make, enter)
9. Someone .......... at the door at midnight. (knock)
10. Radha and her friends .......... on an excursion when the accident .......... place. (go, take)
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2. Change the following sentences into negative-interrogative form.
1. They were playing cricket. 2. Sumit was drawing a beautiful portrait.
3. The boy was singing a song. 4. We were solving a sum.
5. The man was driving fast. 6. Some girls were talking loudly.
7. They were lifting a heavy box. 8. My grandmother was knitting a sweater for me.
3. Change the following sentences into Past Continuous Tense.
1. Kavita is writing a letter. 2. The train left the platform.
3. Who are you talking to? 4. Why did you fight?
5. I forget to bring my book. 6. We do not harm any one.
7. The new cellphone is not working well. 8. My parents went to the market.
9. They have done their homework. 10. Is it Atul who is talking so loudly?
The past perfect tense denotes an action completed at some point of time before another action was begun.
Structure
Positive or Affirmative sentences Sub + had + V3
Negative Sentences Sub + had not + V3
Interrogative Sentences Had + sub + V3 + ?
Interrogative-negative Sentences Had + sub + not + V3 + ?
Let’s understand them with examples:
Positive Interrogative-
or Negative Interrogative negative
Affirmative
I had talked. I had not talked. Had I talked? Had I not talked?
You/ we had talked. You/ we had not talked. Had you/ we talked? Had you/ we not talked?
He/ She/ It had talked. He/ She/ It had not Had he/ she/ it talked? Had/ he/ she/ it not
talked. talked?
They had talked. They had not talked. Had they talked? Had they not talked?
Uses
The Past Perfect Tense is used to
1. express an action that had been completed before another action started; e.g.,
(i) The bell had rung when I reached the school.
(ii) Arpita had finished her work when I went to see her.
(iii) The patient had died before the doctor came.
(iv) The chain-snatchers had run away before the police arrived.
Note: If two actions take place in past, use past perfect tense for the action taking place first (for
example, the train had left) and use past indefinite tense for the latter (for example, before
I reached the station.)
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs in the brackets into Past Perfect or Simple Past Tense.
1. We .......... off the horse before my father .......... for help. (fall, come)
2. My parents .......... home before the guests .......... . (reach, arrive)
3. The train .......... before we .......... the station. (leave, reach)
4. We .......... out to play after we .......... our homework. (go, finish)
5. The thieves .......... away before the police .......... on the spot. (run, arrive)
6. Devanshu .......... me all his life. (help)
7. I .......... a new car before I .......... the old one. (purchase, sell)
8. Ronita .......... by the time her friend .......... home. (leave, come)
2. Change the following sentences into negative-interrogative form.
1. They had come to me five times. 2. The postman had delivered letters.
3. We had watered the plants. 4. The birds had flown.
5. The villagers had built the bridge. 6. The sparrow had eaten the grains.
7. Several ministers had reached the spot. 8. The aeroplane had collapsed.
3. Combine the following pairs of sentences into one using Past Perfect and Simple Past Tense.
1. The patient died.
The doctor reached later.
2. Someone picked my pocket.
I came to know about it later.
3. My father reached the station late.
The train left.
4. The students completed their homework.
The teacher asked them about it later.
5. The baby woke up.
I came home later.
Grammar 163
Positive Interrogative-
or Negative Interrogative negative
Affirmative
John had been dancing John had not been Had John been dancing Had John not been
since 10 o’clock. dancing since 10 o’clock. since 8 o’clock? dancing since 10 o’clock?
Uses
The Past Perfect continuous Tense is used to express the continuity of an action at a given point in the
past. In other words, the action started before a given point in the past, and it was continuing at that
time and probably continued after that also.
(i) My father had been waiting for me when I reached home.
(ii) The match had been going on for two hours when I reached the stadium.
EXERCISES
1. Change the following sentences into negative form.
1. We had been studying hard to get good results.
2. They had been talking for a long time.
3. The man had been walking for two hours.
4. The police had been patrolling for several hours.
5. The baby had been sleeping since 8 o’ clock.
2. Change the following sentences into interrogative form.
1. Mr. Sharma had been working hard all day.
2. The farmers had been ploughing the field for a long time.
3. The criminal had been deceiving the police for five years.
4. We had been waiting for the bus for two hours.
5. The crow had been crowing for several hours.
3. Fill in the blanks with since or for:
1. I have not met my friend .................... Friday.
2. The man had been walking .................... two hours.
3. She has not gone to Chennai .................... two days.
4. Mr Sharma has been living in this building .................... 2000.
5. It has been raining .................... 8 o’clock.
6. The man has been living in our neighbourhood .................... five years.
7. The doctor has been practising .................... ten years.
8. Some children have been shouting .................... several hours.
9. The tutor has been teaching me .................... 2 p.m.
10. My mother has been preparing dishes .................... 6 o’ clock in the morning.
3. FUTURE TENSE
I. THE SIMPLE FUTURE OR THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
(Will/ Shall)
Structure
Positive or Affirmative Sentences Sub + will/ shall + V1
Negative Sentences Sub + will/ shall + not + V1
Interrogative Sentences Will/ Shall + sub + V1 + ?
Interrogative-negative Sentences Will/ Shall + sub + not + V1 + ?
Normally we use will with all persons. With First Person, we may use shall instead of will.
Going to
We use the going to form to suggest people’s intention to do something in the near future; e.g.,
(i) Some children are going to visit the zoo in the afternoon.
(ii) My father is going to purchase a laptop for me tomorrow.
Uses
The Future Continuous Tense is used to express an action that will be in progress at a given moment
in the future; e.g.,
(i) I shall be going to my friend at 6 p.m. (ii) He will be going to Chandigarh tomorrow.
(iii) They will be shifting to a new place next month.
Grammar 165
EXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks by changing the verbs in the brackets into Simple Future or Future Continuous
Tense.
1. He is a rude boy. I .......... him. (not help)
2. When you reach there, he .......... a book. (read)
3. My brother writes a letter. He .......... it in five minutes. (complete)
4. We .......... for you at the railway station. (wait)
5. You .......... your faults when you become mature. (realise)
6. I .......... a car next year. (buy)
7. There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone .......... for autorickshaws and rickshaws next week.
(look)
8. My father .......... not .......... to us tonight. (come)
9. Rajan .......... me if I ask him. (help)
10. At this time tomorrow we .......... a cricket match. (watch)
11. I .......... at time you come to me. (swim)
12. He .......... to Chennai tomorrow. (go)
13. We .......... badminton tomorrow. (play)
14. If you walk fast, you .......... the bus. (catch)
15. We are sure we .......... the match. (win)
2. Change the following into Simple Future Tense.
1. Raman comes here in weekends.
2. You drive the car carefully.
3. We buy sweets to distribute among the children.
4. He helps me in my need.
5. They went to the cinema.
6. My mother makes a plan to visit Vaishno Devi.
7. We study hard for good results.
8. I remembered his name.
Grammar 167
In sentence 1, the subject farmer is singular in number and therefore the verb ploughs is also in
the singular form.
In sentence 2, the subject farmers is plural in number and therefore the verb plough is also in the
plural form.
Look at the following:
Singular Plural
Ist Person – I am/ have/ do/ was .... We are/ have/ do/ were ....
IInd Person – You are/ have/ do/ were .... You are/ have/ do/ were ....
IIIrd Person – He, She, It is/ has/ does/ was .... They are/ have do/ were ....
For example:
(i) All his advice is good. (ii) My information is wrong.
(iii) The scenery of Shimla is worth-seeing. (iv) The boy’s behaviour was not good.
(v) All my furniture is sold.
• News, innings, barracks are used as singular nouns and therefore they take singular verbs. For
example:
(i) The news is not reliable. (ii) The barracks was attacked last night.
• A number of is considered plural and it takes plural subject and plural verb. For example:
(i) A number of shops were closed yesterday. (ii) A number of children have become traceless.
• The collective nouns such as a bunch of, a bouquet of, a set of, a pack of, etc. take plural nouns
but singular verbs. For example:
(i) A bunch of grapes is given to the beggar. (ii) A bouquet of flowers was gifted to him.
(iii) A pack of wolves is howling. (iv) A set of pens is lying on my table.
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with correct verbs given in the brackets:
1. There .................... many dogs on the road. (is/ are)
2. All my furniture .................... of costly wood. (is/ are)
3. Tom and John .................... best friends. (is/ are)
4. One of the girls .................... completed her work. (has/ have)
5. Each of the beggars .................... given food. (was/ were)
6. Most of the passengers .................... terrorised. (was/ were)
7. Sheep .................... us wool. (give/ gives)
8. Dogs .................... at intruders. (bark/ barks)
9. The purse that you gave me .................... made of pure leather. (is/ are)
10. A number of chain-snatchers .................... caught. (was/ were)
11. The number of friends .................... twenty. (is/ are)
Grammar 169
12. The examination of my daughters .................... over (is/ are)
13. No prize or trophy .................... given to my friend. (was/ were)
14. My brother .................... neatly. (write/ writes)
15. All those dresses .................... to me. (belong/ belongs)
16. Each girl .................... an umbrella. (bring/ brings)
17. What .................... you want from me? (do/ does)
18. .................... he know my address? (do/ does)
19. Both the boys .................... naughty. (was/ were)
20. A team of players .................... selected for the final cricket match. (is/ are)
21. Bread and butter .................... liked by many. (is/ are)
22. A bevy of girls .................... talking. (is/ are)
23. There .................... a temple in front of my house. (is/ are)
24. One of the students .................... very shy. (is/ are)
25. Many of the soldiers .................... brave. (is/ are)
18. MODALS
Modals are auxiliary verbs used to express the mood or attitude of a speaker. They are always followed
by a main verb. For example:
(i) My friend may come today. (ii) He should write to his father just now.
(iii) Shuchi can sing and dance. (iv) Would you open the window, please?
All the italicised words are modals which express moods and attitudes such as (i) possibility, (ii) advice,
(iii) ability and (iv) request.
The most commonly used modals are:
will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must, ought to, need and dare.
These modals are:
used to suggest permission, ability, possibility, suggestion, advice, duty (obligation), promise, intention,
request, necessity, compulsion, and wish.
Uses of ‘CAN’
1. Can is used to say something is possible or someone has ability or an opportunity. This modal is
used for the present. For example:
(i) My friend can speak for several hours. (ii) I can solve this problem.
2. Can is used for permission. For example:
(i) Raman can go outside. (ii) Can I come in, Ma’m?
3. Can is also used for requests. For example:
(i) Can I go to play? (ii) Can you lift this bag for me?
4. Can is used to express possibility. For example:
Accidents can take place anywhere.
Our carelessness can invite problems.
Uses of ‘WILL’
1. Will is used in the Second and Third Person to express simple future time. For example:
(i) Rita will sing a song. (ii) They will dance.
2. Will is used in the First Person to express
• willingness; e.g.,
(i) I will come with you. (ii) We will support the artist.
• a promise; as,
(i) I will obtain good marks. (ii) We will go to a movie.
• determination; e.g.,
(i) I will never hurt other's sentiment. (ii) We will take care of the dignity of others.
• intention; e.g.,
(i) I will go to the market with my father. (ii) We will go to Kulu Manali from Shimla.
• a threat; e.g.,
(i) I will teach you a lesson. (ii) We will turn you out if you shout.
Grammar 171
6. express a wish; e.g.,
(i) I wish you would leave me alone. (ii) Would you like to accompany me?
7. express preference; e.g.,
(i) I would rather work than gossip. (ii) He would rather start now.
Uses of ‘SHALL’
1. Shall is used to denote Simple Future time in the First Person; e.g.,
(i) I shall take part in the painting competition. (ii) We shall start our journey tomorrow.
2. Shall is used in the Second and Third Persons to express
• a command; e.g.,
(i) You shall arrive on time. (ii) Reema shall tell the truth.
(iii) They shall go to Haridwar. (iv) Children shall dance beautifully.
• a promise; e.g.,
(i) You shall get a promotion very soon. (ii) You shall be rewarded for your honesty.
(iii) My brother shall do good in the coming test. (iv) He shall purchase a flat very soon.
• a threat; e.g.,
(i) You shall be thrown out if you use bad language.
(ii) Students shall be punished if they make noise.
• determination; e.g.,
(i) You shall help me. (ii) She shall prepare noodles.
3. Shall is used in the First Person in interrogative sentences to know other’s wishes; e.g.,
(i) Shall I fetch a doctor? (ii) Shall we go to see a movie today?
Uses of ‘MUST’
Must is used to express
1. necessity; e.g.,
(i) We must work hard to get success in life. (ii) You must serve your nation.
2. duty or obligation; e.g.,
(i) I must be punctual. (ii) Students must listen to the teacher.
3. determination; e.g.,
(i) I must learn this chapter till evening. (ii) They must run fast to win the trophy.
4. certainty; e.g.,
(i) My grandmother must be eighty now. (ii) Mr Mathur must be a gentle man.
5. prohibition; e.g.,
(i) Students must not complain all the time. (ii) One must not catch the moving train.
Uses of ‘OUGHT’
Ought (to) is used to express
1. moral obligation or desirability; e.g.,
(i) The wealthy ought to help the poor. (ii) We ought to do our duty well.
(iii) You ought to pay attention to your teacher. (iv) Parents ought to take good care of their children.
2. probability; e.g.,
(i) This book ought to be path-showing. (ii) He ought to be here within an hour.
3. The meaning of ought to and should is the same. Hence, we can use ought in the place of should
and should in the place of ought. E.g.,
He ought to come soon.
He should come soon.
Grammar 173
Uses of ‘NEED’
Need is used to express
1. necessity in interrogative and negative sentences; e.g.,
(i) Need she come tomorrow? (ii) Need you speak so fast?
(iii) You need not come here? (iv) He need not go.
2. double and prohibition; as,
(i) Need he apply again? (ii) No, he needn’t.
Uses of ‘DARE’
Dare means ‘to venture’. It is used in negative and interrogative sentences; e.g.,
(i) The boy dare not come in front of his father.
(ii) How dare you come to me?
(iii) He dare not express his opinion. (iv) Would you dare to catch a lion by its tail?
EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with suitable Modals given in brackets.
1. One …............... be polite to one’s parents. (must/ will)
2. …............... I take a dip in this river? (Could/ May)
3. …............... I take your bicycle for two hours? (May/ Can)
4. The man …............... appear before the court. (dare not/ must not)
5. I …............... do this sum in seconds. (may/ can)
6. We …............... keep our promises. (could/ must)
7. My father works hard so that his family …............... live well. (should/ may)
8. We …............... respect other’s sentiments. (ought to/ need to)
9. Run fast lest you …............... miss the trophy. (would/ should)
10. Raman …............... not sit before me. (dare/ need)
11. I …............... go to the temple with my grandma when I was very young. (dare to/ used to)
12. A drunkard …............... drive. (need not/ must not)
13. …............... you open the door? (Would/ Ought)
14. We …............... work for the betterment of our society. (should/ would)
15. I …............... meet him tomorrow. (can/ shall)
16. I said Neeraj …............... to attend the party. (ought/ need)
17. People of all ages …............... milk. (need/ use)
18. They …............... have gone to the farewell party. (usedn’t/ needn’t)
19. …............... I borrow your umbrella? (Can/ Must)
20. It …............... rain heavily today. (must/ might)
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Simple Present read/ reads am/ is/ are/ read
Simple Past read was/ were/ read
Simple Future shall/ will/ read shall/ will be read
Present Continuous am/ is/ are reading am/ is/ are being read
Past Continuous was/ were reading was/ were being read
Present Perfect has/ have read has/ have been read
Past Perfect had read had been read
Modals may/ might/ can/ could may/ might/ can/ could
etc. read etc. be read
Note: • Future Continuous and Perfect Continuous tenses do not have passive forms.
Grammar 175
• When the verbs which take two objects after them in the active voice are changed to passive
voice, one of the objects becomes the subject in the passive voice and the other remains as
object; e.g.,
(i) The Principal gave me a prize. (Active voice)
(ii) A prize was given to me by the Principal. (Passive voice)
(iii) I was given a prize by the Principal. (Passive voice)
• Now we will study the active and passive forms of voices in different tenses.
PRESENT TENSE
Simple Present
Sub + am/ is/ are + V3 (past participle) + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : The cow eats grass.
Passive : Grass is eaten by the cow.
(ii) Active : They play badminton.
Passive : Badminton is played by them.
(iii) Active : The farmer ploughs the field.
Passive : The field is ploughed by the farmer.
(iv) Active : Rita helps me.
Passive : I am helped by Rita.
(v) Active : The vendor sells vegetables.
Passive : Vegetables are sold by the vendor.
Present Continuous
Sub + am/ is/ are + being + V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : Tom is painting the door.
Passive : The door is being painted by Tom.
(ii) Active : The boy is answering the question.
Passive : The question is being answered by the boy.
(iii) Active : Girls are reading books.
Passive : Books are being read by girls.
(iv) Active : I am watering plants.
Passive : Plants are being watered by me.
(v) Active : Sapna is preparing tea.
Passive : Tea is being prepared by Sapna.
Present Perfect
Sub + has/ have/ + been + V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : The postman has delivered the letter.
Passive : The letter has been delivered by the postman.
(ii) Active : Farmers have sown seeds.
Passive : Seeds have been sown by farmers.
PAST TENSE
Simple Past
Sub + was/ were + V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : I ate two chapatis.
Passive : Two chapatis were eaten by me.
(ii) Active : The boy lost his badge.
Passive : His badge was lost by the boy.
(iii) Active : The carpenter made chairs.
Passive : Chairs were made by the carpenter.
(iv) Active : Shobha solved all the sums.
Passive : All the sums were solved by Shobha.
Past Continuous
Sub + was/ were + being + V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : Sumit was reciting a poem.
Passive : A poem was being recited by Sumit.
(ii) Active : I was reading a short story.
Passive : A short story was being read by me.
(iii) Active : She was buying postcards.
Passive : Postcards were being bought by her.
(iv) Active : Boys were making posters.
Passive : Posters were being made by boys.
Past Perfect
Sub + had + been+ V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : I had read the novel.
Passive : The novel had been read by me.
(ii) Active : They had painted the door.
Passive : The door had been painted by them.
(iii) Active : Children had drawn beautiful pictures.
Passive : Beautiful pictures had been drawn by children.
Grammar 177
FUTURE TENSE
Simple Future
Sub + will/ shall + be + V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : He will help me.
Passive : I shall be helped by him.
(ii) Active : The police will chase the criminal.
Passive : The criminal will be chased by the police.
(iii) Active : He will repair the damage.
Passive : The damage will be repaired by him.
Future Perfect
Sub + will/ shall + have + been+ V3 + by + object
Examples:
(i) Active : Ratna will have post the letter.
Passive : The letter will have been posted by Ratna.
(ii) Active : We will have washed the towel.
Passive : The towel will have been washed by us.
EXERCISE
Change the voice from Active to Passive:
1. The man gave a fine speech. 2. Sharda was cleaning the room.
3. Children are completing the homework. 4. Who has bought this dress?
5. How did Seema know the secret? 6. I teach him maths.
7. Shweta has drawn the line. 8. Soldiers were fighting a battle.
9. The sweeper sweeps the floor. 10. The landlady asked me a question.
11. Which boy helped you? 12. They will serve the nation.
13. Columbus discovered America. 14. Mr. Karla is writing an article.
15. They saved the house from burning. 16. Amit has purchased many storybooks.
17. What do students do during the recess? 18. Who wrote the Mahabharata?
19. The peon will have rung the bell.
20. The naughty boy broke the window pane.
20. NARRATION
(Direct and Indirect Speech)
There are two ways of reproducing the words of a speaker:
• You can reproduce the actual words of the speaker, or
• You can give only the substance or gist of his speech in your own words; e.g.,
The boy said, “I am watching the game”.
The boy said that he has been watching the game.
In the first sentence, we give the exact words of the speaker. This is called Direct speech.
In the second sentence, we do not reproduce the exact words of the speaker. Instead, we give the
gist of what he said. This is called Indirect speech.
Grammar 179
Important points about Indirect Speech:
1. No inverted commas are used in the indirect speech.
2. No comma is placed after said.
3. The reported speech is generally introduced by the conjunction that.
4. The tense of the verb in the reported speech is changed from the present to the past. Personal
pronouns, possessive adjectives and words denoting nearness of time and position also change; as,
Neeraj said, “I am going to meet my friend today.”
Neeraj said that he was going to meet his friend that day.
Rules for the Change of Tenses
Assertive Sentence
1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense or future tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported
speech does not change.
Examples:
(i) Direct : Sarla says, “I am doing my homework.
Indirect : Sarla says that she is doing her homework.
(ii) Direct : Tom will say, “I learn a lesson.”
Indirect : Sachin will say that he learns a lesson.
(iii) Direct : Mother has said, “Coffee is ready”.
Indirect : Mother has said that Coffee was ready.
(iv) Direct : The boy says, “I am painting the door”.
Indirect : The boy says that he is painting the door.
2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tenses in the reported speech are changed into the
past tense. Look at the following:
• Present Indefinite .................... Past Indefinite
(do/ does) (did)
• Present Continuous .................... Past Continuous
(is/ are/ am) (was/ were)
• Present Perfect .................... Past Perfect
(has/ have) (had)
• Past Indefinite .................... Past Perfect
(did) (had done)
• Past Perfect .................... Past Perfect (no change)
(had done) (had done)
• Past Continuous .................... Past Perfect Continuous
• shall .................... should
• will .................... would
• may .................... might
• can .................... could
Examples:
(i) Direct : Mamta said, “I water the plants”.
Indirect : Mamta said that she watered the plants.
(ii) Direct : John said, “My friend is going to Shimla”.
Indirect : John said that his friend was going to Shimla.
(iii) Direct : He said, “Raunak does his work.”
Indirect : He said that Raunak did his work.
Grammar 181
Time Expressions and Place
The words indicating time or place are changed in the following ways in indirect speech:
Examples:
(i) Direct : Mother said, “I got the purse here.”
Indirect : Mother said that she had got the purse there.
(ii) Direct : He said, “My cousins will come tomorrow.”
Indirect : He said that his cousins would come the next day.
(iii) Direct : Anuradha said, “I attended the meeting yesterday.”
Indirect : Anuradha said that she had attended the meeting the previous day.
(iv) Direct : Shyam said, “My aunt came here three days ago.”
Indirect : Shyam said that his aunt had come there three days before.
Interrogative Sentences
1. The reporting verb is changed into ask, enquire, demand, etc.
2. No conjunction is used when the sentence begins with question words such as who, which, what,
where, whose, whom, why, when, etc.
3. We use if or whether as a conjunction if the sentence begins with verbs like is, are, am, were, do,
does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, etc.
Examples:
(i) Direct : He said, “What is your name?”
Indirect : He asked me what my name was?
(ii) Direct : Ritu said to me, “Is this your purse”
Indirect : Ritu asked me if that was my purse.
(iii) Direct : The teacher said to me, “Where is your book?”
Indirect : The teacher asked me where my book was.
(iv) Direct : The man said to me, “Do you know the address?”
Indirect : The man enquired of me if I knew the address.
(v) Direct : He said to me, “Are these boys naughty?”
Indirect : He asked me whether those boys were naughty.
(vi) Direct : She said, “Who are they?”
Indirect : She asked me who they were.
EXERCISE
Change the following into indirect speech:
1. The boy said, “I am twelve years old”.
2. Chitra said, “I have many recollections of my childhood”.
3. Raju said, “Are you going to buy a sweater?”
4. The sports teacher said, “A hockey match lasts for an hour and a half”.
5. He said to me, “Have you gone to your native place?”.
6. He said to me, “You may stay here”.
7. The man said, “He does not go out if somebody sneezes”.
8. Mother said to me, “Stay indoors to avoid rains”.
9. The teacher said to me, “Have you visited Kashmir?”
10. My friend said, “My uncle is coming tomorrow”.
11. He says, “What is he reading!”
12. He said, “Man is a social animal”.
13. The girl said, “I bought a beautiful dress yesterday”.
14. Mother said, “Don’t make so much noise”.
15. He said, “I will open the shop today”.
16. She said to me, “Open the window.”
17. The captain said to the soldiers, “Attack the enemy.”
18. I said to him, “Leave this place at once.”
19. The teacher said to the students, “Listen to me attentively.”
20. The Principal said to the peon, “Ring the bell.”
21. The master said to the servant, “Fetch me a glass of water.”
22. I said to him, “Please bring me a glass of water.”
23. I said to my friend, “Please lend me your book.”
24. He said to me, “Will you go there?”
25. My friend said to Deepak, “Have you ever been to Agra?”
26. I said to him, “Did you enjoy the movie?”
27. I said to her, “Do you know him?”
28. He said to me, “Will you listen to me?”
29. I said to him, “When will you go there?”
30. He said to me, “How is your father?”
31. I said to him, “Are you happy?”
32. He said to her, “Do you like apples?”
Grammar 183
21. VOCABULARY
A. HOMOPHONES
(Words that are pronounced like another words but have different spellings or meanings)
1. Affect (to produce a change) — over eating affects our health.
Effect (consequence) — Regular exercise has beneficial effect on our body.
2. Access (the right to enter, approach) — Lalit has an access to a few influential leaders.
Excess (more than enough) — Excess salt intake is harmful.
3. Adopt (take as one’s own) — A middle-aged couple adopted a new-born child.
Adapt (become suitable for new conditions) — I can easily adapt myself to new surrounding.
Adept (very skilful) — My friend is adept in painting.
4. Assent (express agreement) — I can’t start this project without my father’s assent.
Ascent (ascending) — We began our gradual ascent up the hill.
5. Advise (suggest) — Giving advise to someone is very easy.
Advice (suggestion) — I got success following my father’s advice.
6. Birth — The date of birth of grandfather is unknown.
Berth — I reserved a berth in the Rajdhani Express.
7. Break — The naughty boy broke my window-pane.
Brake — The brake of the scooter is not working.
8. Check (stop) — The police checked the mob from being violent.
Cheque — The cheque of one lakh has not been credited yet.
9. Caste — We should not believe in caste system.
Cast (register one’s vote, throw) — We mustn’t cast our votes under anyone’s influence.
10. Childlike (simple and innocent like a child) — His childlike activities gladdened me.
Childish (behaving in a silly way) — His childish behaviour is not liked by anyone.
11. Careless — Raman is so careless that his parents are always worried about him.
Carefree (light hearted, free from worry) — One should be carefree to enjoy life in its full.
12. Council (a group of elected people) — My brother is on the local council.
Counsel (advice) — He gave me good counsel.
13. Decent (very good) — Her decent behaviour pleased everyone.
Descent (downward) — The plane began its descent to the airport.
14. Diseased (affected with illness) — The diseased man died in the morning.
Deceased (dead) — The government announced compensation for the family of the deceased.
15. Fair — Village fairs present a colourful sight.
Fare (travelling charge) — There is a steep rise in train fare.
16. Human — Human life is full of ups and downs.
Humane (kind) — His humane behaviour is really praiseworthy.
17. Piece — Babulal quarrelled with his neighbour for a piece of land.
Peace — Peace brings happiness.
18. Proceed (to continue doing something) — We should proceed with the same project.
Precede (to happen before something) — Mr. Verma preceded his friend in the job.
19. Right — We must be aware of our rights and duties.
Rite (ritual) — His funeral rites were performed with heavy hearts.
20. Route (way) — There is always rush in this route.
Root — Continuous rain weakens the roots of small plants.
21. Story — The stories of Rajput chivalry are famous.
Storey — We have a two-storeyed building.
22. Stare (look at) — Why are you staring at me?
Stair (fixed indoor steps) — The stairs of my building are very comfortable.
23. Stationary (not movable) — The jeep collided with a stationary vehicle.
Stationery (writing material) — There is a stationery shop in my locality.
B. SYNONYMS
(Words having same meaning)
Grammar 185
C. ANTONYMS
(Words having opposite meaning)
E. HOMONYMS
(Words that are spelt like another words but which have different meanings)
1. Arm (a body part) — The man was grabbed by the arm (N).
Arm (to provide weapons for yourself/somebody) — The soldiers got armed (V) against the enemy.
2. Battle — The battle (N) of Buxar was won by the East India Company.
Battle — The Indian soldiers battled (V) against the soldiers of Pakistan.
3. Book — I purchased a book (N) on adventure.
Book (to arrange with a hotel, theater, etc. to have a room) — We booked (V) a room in a hotel
in Shimla.
4. Bear — Bears (N) look attractive.
Bear (to produce) — The guava tree has started bearing (V) fruits.
5. Bank — There are only two banks (N) in this small city.
Bank (N) (edge of a river) — I spent sometime on the bank (N) of a river.
Bank (V) (to rely) — You can bank (V) upon me for any type of help.
6. Fan — The fan (N) is moving slowly.
Fan — The poor lady was fanning (V) her sick child with a piece of cloth.
7. Fine — We came through several fine (N) sight in Shimla.
Fine — The court fined (V) the man five thousand rupees.
8. Fast — People keep a day’s fast (N) on Mahashivaratri.
Fast — David is my fast (Adj.) friend.
Fast — Ria runs fast (Adv.).
9. Man — The man (N) seems emotionally strong.
Man — The hall was manned (V) with people.
10. Water — We need water (N) to live.
Water — I water (V) plants in the evening.
Grammar 187
ANSWERS
1. THE SENTENCE
The Sentence
1. I want to visit the Taj Mahal once again.
2. An ignorant man remains unhappy in spite of huge wealth.
3. Hard work brings magical effect.
4. India was considered the land of knowledge and enlightenment.
5. Mother Teresa was one of the great servants of humanity.
6. Good health is essential for success in life.
7. Good men, like trees, live for others.
8. Ashoka became a worshipper of peace after the Kalinga war.
9. A museum is a place where we can see our old relics.
10. Last year we visited Kulu Manali.
11. Where have you been for all these days?
12. Why didn’t you come to school yesterday?
Kinds of Sentences
1. Imperative 2. Interrogative 3. Exclamatory 4. Assertive
5. Assertive 6. Imperative 7. Imperative 8. Interrogative
9. Imperative 10. Exclamatory 11. Imperative 12. Interrogative
13. Assertive 14. Interrogative 15. Exclamatory 16. Exclamatory
17. Imperative 18. Assertive 19. Interrogative 20. Imperative
3. NOUN
1. 1. tolerance 2. patience 3. length 4. ability
5. generosity 6. youth 7. growth 8. wastage
9. bravery 10. Knowledge
2. education happiness protection agreement treatment
excellence obedience invention darkness introduction
appointment fairness absence action hardness
4. NOUNS: NUMBER
1. Geese can swim but hens cannot. 2. Apples are good for our health.
3. Yellow leaves fell from the trees. 4. Birds are building nests.
5. Good children are always obedient. 6. Deer run fast.
7. Foxes are clever animals. 8. These are beautiful flowers.
9. The policemen ran after the thieves. 10. Sheep are grazing.
5. NOUNS: GENDER
1. The actress is praised for her good acting. 2. Her son never tells a lie.
3. The tigress is sleeping in her cage. 4. The washerman washed clothes neatly.
5. The queen does not rely on her daughter. 6. The empress looked after her subjects very well.
7. The landlord rented his house to a maid. 8. The bull is a four-footed animal.
9. The huntress killed the lioness. 10. There are many waiters in this restaurant.
6. ADJECTIVE
1. 1. some – Adjective of quantity 2. much – Adjective of quantity
3. whose – Interrogative Adjective 4. great – Adjective of quality
5. such – Demonstrative Adjective 6. many – Adjective of number
7. what – Interrogative Adjective 8. honest – Adjective of quality
9. brave – Adjective of quality 10. two – Adjective of number
11. difficult – Adjective of quality 12. my – possessive adjective
13. enough – Adjective of quantity 14. whose – Interrogative Adjective
2. 1. What 2. Those 3. Each 4. more
5. enough 6. His 7. These 8. Whose
9. red 10. wise
7. DETERMINERS
1. 1. The 2. a, a, an 3. A, the, an 4. A, The
5. The, the, the 6. The 7. the, the 8. the
9. an 10. a, an 11. The, the, the, The 12. The, a
13. The, a, the 14. the 15. The
Grammar 189
2. 1. some 2. some 3. All 4. Neither
5. any 6. some 7. little 8. Both
9. Every 10. many 11. a little 12. the few
13. Either 14. some 15. the little
8. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
1. more beautiful 2. highest 3. clean 4. tall
5. bad, worse 6. hotter 7. most difficult 8. most famous
9. latest 10. most tolerant 11. easier 12. richer
13. costliest 14. strong 15. deepest
9. PRONOUN
1. 1. He 2. Your 3. I 4. he
5. his, he 6. his, it 7. them, I, them 8. his, him, our
9. my, me, her
2. 1. himself 2. himself 3. yourselves 4. themselves
5. themselves 6. herself 7. herself 8. themselves
9. ourselves 10. themselves
3. 1. which 2. whose 3. who 4. whom
5. that 6. who 7. that 8. which
9. whose 10. what 11. who 12. that
13. that 14. what 15. that
4. 1. Who 2. Whose 3. Which 4. Which
5. What 6. Who 7. Whose 8. Whom
9. Whom 10. Whom
10. VERB
1. 1. Intransitive 2. Intransitive 3. Transitive 4. Intransitive
5. Transitive 6. Intransitive 7. Transitive 8. Transitive
9. Intransitive 10. Transitive 11. Transitive 12. Intransitive
13. Transitive 14. Transitive 15. Intransitive
2. 1. A man gave a letter to me. 2. I sent a reply to him.
3. The Principal offered a job to Ratna. 4. She lent a seat to me.
5. The Principal granted four days leave to him. 6. My grandfather told a story to me.
7. The peon brings a glass of water for me. 8. They call a genius to her.
9. He taught science to them. 10. Tom gave an apple to his friends.
3. 1. a tiger 2. a letter 3. plants 4. rats
5. shade 6. a chain 7. the windowpane 8. the match
9. the picture 10. my book 11. the poor 12. holy scriptures
13. the wall 14. clothes 15. a speech
12. ADVERB
1. 1. fully – Adverb of Degree 2. frequently – Adverb of Frequency
3. late – Adverb of Time 4. soon – Adverb of Time
5. inside – Adverb of Place 6. partly – Adverb of Degree
7. always – Adverb of Frequency 8. tomorrow – Adverb of Time
9. beautifully – Adverb of Manner 10. easily – Adverb of Manner
11. never – Adverb of Frequency 12. here – Adverb of Place
13. why – Interrogative Adverb 14. diligently – Adverb of Manner
15. where – Interrogative Adverb
2. 1. carefully 2. quickly 3. gladly 4. bravely
5. immediately 6. certainly 7. noisily 8. gracefully
9. beautifully 10. extremely
3. 1. Strongly — He is a strongly built man.
2. Gently — He faces even the critical problem gently.
3. Early — He wakes up early in the morning.
4. Hard — Hard work is key to success.
5. Fast — Rajdhani Express is a fast train.
6. Long — He has to cover a long distance.
7. Forward — He came forward to face the critical problem.
8. Already — He has already finished this work.
9. Seldom — I seldom go to the theatre.
10. Badly — He was badly hurt in the accident.
Grammar 191
9. The doctor is never late.
10. My uncle reached here last night.
11. We are going to purchase a new car tomorrow.
12. The boy is intelligent. He solved the sum quickly.
13. I met the Chief Guest smartly.
14. My grandparents often visit their native place.
15. I don’t know what happened to Sumit nowadays. He rarely comes to the school.
14. PREPOSITION
.(A) 1. in
1 2. among 3. at 4. at, in
5. between 6. in 7. with 8. from, to
9. at 10. off 11. to 12. by
13. with 14. Besides 15. in 16. into, by
(B) 1. in 2. of, from 3. over 4. in
5. with 6. of 7. to 8. to
9. by 10. of
2. 1. (b) with 2. (a) of 3. (a) from 4. (c) against
5. (c) for 6. (a) with 7. (c) of 8. (b) for
9. (a) with 10. (b) from 11. (a) to 12. (a) into
13. (b) on 14. (b) to 15. (c) with
16. TENSES
1. PRESENT TENSE
I. The Simple Present OR The Present Indefinite Tense
1. 1. tells 2. reads 3. takes 4. teaches 5. makes
6. moves 7. changes 8. see, hear, smell 9. comes, becomes 10. rises, sets
11. talks 12. go, get 13. love 14. visit 15. understand, say
2. 1. Children go to the park in the evening everyday.
2. She sings beautifully.
3. You like playing badminton.
4. Raman goes to the market every Sunday.
5. The peon rings the bell at 9 o’ clock.
3. 1. Gopal does not buy a book. 2. He often comes to meet me.
3. Ritu and her friend do not decide to visit 4. The climate of a place does not always
the Taj Mahal. remains the same.
5. Mohita does not paint beautifully. 6. Scientists do not work hard in their lab.
7. Kamala does not give us music lessons. 8. They do not cook delicious food.
9. Smita does not play the piano. 9. My neighbours do not take care of each other.
4. 1. Does he go to the shop at 9 O’ clock? 2. Does my friend help me in my need?
3. Do they play badminton? 4. Do teachers not talk among themselves?
5. Does Mr Kalra plan to go to Kashmir? 6. Does Aditya run very fast?
7. Do boys play in the park? 8. Do tigers roar in the jungle?
9. Do many people die of hunger? 10. Do I write a letter to the editor of a newspaper?
5. 1. Does Radha not speak softly?
2. Do birds not fly high in the sky?
Grammar 193
2. 1. It has not been drizzling since morning.
2. My father has not been working in this office for the past ten years.
3. They have not been gossiping for two hours.
4. They have not been struggling for justice for five years.
5. Children have not been playing in the field since 9 O’ clock.
6. The baby has not been crying for half an hour.
7. An unknown man has not been helping me for four years.
8. I have not been learning this lesson since 10 o’ clock.
3. 1. Have I been ringing the bell for ten minutes?
2. Have our forests been serving us since time immemorial?
3. Have you been doing mischief for several years?
4. Has Shanta been taking part in this competition for five years?
5. Has she been writing a letter since 8 O’ clock?
2. PAST TENSE
I. The Simple Past or Past Indefinite Tense
1. 1. helped 2. rang 3. rode, enjoyed 4. came 5. drove, met
6. crossed 7. flew 8. saw, began 9. went 10. lent
2. 1. We did not work hard to win the match. 2. We did not miss the train.
3. He did not send an e-mail to me. 4. My friend did not get success in the long run.
5. The Bishop did not pardon the stranger. 6. Akbar did not rule wisely.
7. The child did not smile sweetly.
8. They did not write a letter to higher authority.
9. I did not lose my briefcase at the railway station.
10. The travellers did not rest under a shady tree.
3. 1. Did we solve the sum? 2. Did I sleep well in the night?
3. Did someone snatch my chain? 4. Did the cobbler polish my shoe?
5. Did girls dance well? 6. Did they burst into laughter?
7. Did I walk fast? 8. Did my mother pray for me?
9. Did we all obey the teacher?
10. Did the teacher select a few students for the debate competition?
4. 1. Did we not suffer a lot for one mistake? 2. Did I not welcome the guest cordially?
3. Did we not need to work hard? 4. Did Salil not receive a parcel in the afternoon?
5. Did my neighbour not hear a loud noise?
II. The Past Continuous Tense
1. 1. was reading, entered 2. were, doing, telephoned
3. were sleeping, crossed 4. was writing
5. was crossing, rang 6. was, completing, came
7. were fighting, attacked 8. were making, entered
9. was knocking 10. were going, took
2. 1. Were they not playing cricket? 2. Was Sumit not drawing a beautiful portrait?
3. Was the boy not singing a song? 4. Were we not solving a sum?
5. Was the man not driving fast? 6. Were some girls not talking loudly?
7. Were they not lifting a heavy box?
8. Was my grandmother not knitting a sweater for me?
3. 1. Kavita was writing a letter. 2. The train was leaving the platform.
3. Who were you talking to? 4. Why were you fighting?
3. FUTURE TENSE
1. 1. will not help 2. will be reading 3. will complete 4. shall wait
5. will be realising 6. shall buy 7. will be looking 8. will, come
9. will help 10. shall be watching 11. shall be swimming 12. will go
13. will play 14. will catch 15. shall win
2. 1. Raman will come here on weekends.
2. You will drive the car carefully.
3. We shall buy sweets to distribute among the children.
4. He will help me in my need.
5. They will go to the cinema.
6. My brother will make a plan to visit Vaishno Devi.
7. We shall study hard for good results.
8. I shall remember his name.
Grammar 195
17. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
1. are 2. is 3. are 4. has 5. was
6. were 7. give 8. bark 9. is 10. were
11. is 12. is 13. was 14. writes 15. belong
16.
brings 17.
do 18.
Does 19.
were 20.
is
21. is 22. is 23. is 24. is 25. are
18. MODALS
1. must 2. May 3. Can 4. dare not 5. can
6. must 7. may 8. ought to 9. should 10. dare
11. used to 12. must not 13. Would 14. should 15. shall
16. ought 17. need 18. needn’t 19. Can 20. might
20. NARRATION
1. The boy said that he was twelve years old.
2. Chitra said that she had many recollections of her childhood.
3. Raju asked me if I was going to buy a sweater.
4. The sports teacher said that a hockey match lasts for an hour and a half.
5. He asked me if I had gone to my native place.
6. He said to me that I might stay there.
7. The man said that he did not go out if somebody sneezed.
8. Mother advised me to stay indoors to avoid rains.
9. The teacher asked me if I had visited Kashmir.
10. My friend said that his uncle was coming the next day.
11. He asks me what he is reading.
12. He said that man is a social animal.
13. The girl said that she had bought a beautiful dress the previous day.
14. Mother ordered me not to make so much noise.
15. He said that he would open the shop that day.
16. She ordered me to open the window.
17. The captain commanded the soldiers to attack the enemy.
Grammar 197
Section-B Part II — Grammar
INTEGRATED EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE
1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable verbs choosing from the brackets.
(a) The Ganges .............................. a sacred river. (is/are)
(b) One of the boys .............................. naughty. (is/are)
(c) Do you .............................. Hindi? (know/known)
(d) Gold and silver .............................. costly metals. (is/are)
(e) Time and tide .............................. for no one. (wait/waits)
(f) Most of the traffic .............................. by the national highway. (go/goes)
(g) A number of teachers .............................. absent yesterday. (was/were)
(h) The quality of the apples .............................. very good. (was/were)
(i) Both the train and the bus .............................. unsafe nowadays. (is/are)
(j) Of the forty students, twenty .............................. not done the homework. (has/have)
(k) All the furniture .............................. second-hand. (is/are)
(l) Slow and steady .............................. the race. (win/wins)
2. Put the verb in the correct form, active or passive.
(a) Most of the earth’s surface .............................. (cover) by water.
(b) The boat .............................. (sink) quickly but fortunately everybody .............................. (rescue).
(c) The room .............................. (clean) by the maid.
(d) The lesson .............................. (teach) by the teacher, who got retired last week.
(e) I remained thirsty for long hours because the bottle .............................. (full) with contaminated
water.
(f) The factory.............................. (set up) in 1990.
(g) I .............................. (apply) for the post of teacher in the month of June and ..............................
(select) for the same in September.
(h) Parents.............................. (request) to attend the annual function on Sunday evening.
3. Change the following sentences into the passive voice:
(a) My youngest daughter has cooked the fish for you.
(b) People heard a loud explosion near the police station.
(c) The last person to leave the room will clean the blackboard.
(d) The teacher is distributing sweets among the students.
(e) Some students did not attend the class.
(f) My mother will take care of me.
(g) Who wrote the Panchtantra?
(h) Sudhanshu has given me a new pen.
(i) Surabhi sent an e-mail to her friend.
(j) The man was cutting the hair.
(k) Your brother teaches me English.
(l) Arpit slapped Manu.
(m) A heavy rain flooded the entire area.
(n) Abdul has painted the door.
(o) Shahid was sending an e-mail.
4. Do as directed in the brackets.
(a) I had a chance .............................. (travel) in an aeroplane. (fill up with a ‘non-finite’)
(b) He said to me, “Can you lend me one thousand rupees?” (change into indirect speech)
(c) I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it. (combine into single sentence using an ‘infinitive’)
(d) The tortoise was slow. The tortoise was steady. (join with a suitable ‘conjunction’)
Grammar 199
(b) (i) to come (ii) coming (iii) come (iv) being coming
(c) (i) will (ii) arrives (iii) would (iv) should
(d) (i) Have (ii) Having (iii) Had (iv) Has
(e) (i) writing (ii) write (iii) written (iv) wrote
(f) (i) travelled (ii) travel (iii) travelling (iv) travels
(g) (i) told (ii) telling (iii) tell (iv) to tell
(h) (i) covering (ii) covered (iii) cover (iv) covers
8. Complete the following conversations by choosing the correct options from those given below:
(A) Father : (a) .............................. when I return?
Sweety : A video game, papa.
Father : No, no video games at all.
Sweety : Why, papa? Do you think (b) .............................. ?
Father : Of course, you’ll.
Sweety : No, I assure you papa that I won’t.
I want this game just for entertainment and I (c) .............................. for an hour daily.
Father : If you promise me I’ll bring one.
Sweety : Thank you, papa.
(a) (i) What would I bring for you (ii) What I bring to you
(iii) What shall I bring for you (iv) What should I brought for you
(b) (i) will I waste my time (ii) I am wasting my time
(iii) I do waste my time (iv) I’ll waste my time
(c) (i) would play with them (ii) play with it
(iii) will be playing it only (iv) will play it only
(B) Sugandha : Is that ‘Royal Furniture’?
Gunjan : Yes, it is.
Sugandha : (a) .............................. Mrs Mathur?
Gunjan : Sorry, she is not here at the moment.
Sugandha : When (b) .............................. ?
Gunjan : Not before six in the evening. (c) .............................. ?
Sugandha : Yes, please. Could you tell her to keep the furniture ready by 9:30 a.m. tomorrow.
Gunjan : Yes, I’ll inform her.
Sugandha : Thank you.
(a) (i) Could I speak to (ii) Can I speak to
(iii) Could I speak from (iv) May I speak from
(b) (i) will she back (ii) will she be back
(iii) would she to back (iv) she should back
(c) (i) I can take a message from her (ii) Can I take a message for her
(iii) Can I give the message for her (iv) Could I took a message to her
(C) Ronita : Why do you look so worried?
Romy : I (a) .............................. exams.
Ronita : In which subjects do you have problems?
Romy : In maths and science.
Ronita : (b) .............................. chapters in which you have problems?
Romy : Chapter 8 in maths and chapter 10 in science.
Ronita : Come on. I (c) .............................. .
Romy : Thank you.
(a) (i) am not prepared well for (ii) I am not preparing well for my
(iii) have not prepared well for the (iv) had not prepared well for
Grammar 201
10. (A) Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners given in the options below:
(a) There is .............................. milk in the glass.
(b) My grandmother goes to temple .............................. morning.
(c) .............................. students have left this school.
(d) .............................. of us went to see the movie.
(e) I heard a knock at .............................. door.
(f) This cow does not give .............................. milk.
(a) (i) many (ii) more (iii) any (iv) some
(b) (i) each (ii) every (iii) any (iv) several
(c) (i) More (ii) more (iii) Most (iv) Any
(d) (i) More (ii) Most (iii) Many (iv) Much
(e) (i) the (ii) a (iii) an (iv) some
(f) (i) many (ii) any (iii) more (iv) much
(B) Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners by choosing from the options given below:
(a) I have only been to Jaipur ............... times.
(b) We only collected ............... waste paper.
(c) ............... Saurabh and Gaurav study computer science.
(d) You must have had ............... interesting experiences on your trip to Garhwal.
(e) I kept records of ............... transaction.
(f) We have got ............... friends coming.
(g) ............... boy who is acting on the stage is my cousin.
(h) If there is ............... doubt, tell me.
(a) (i) a few (ii) few (iii) the few (iv) many
(b) (i) the little (ii) a little (iii) little (iv) much
(c) (i) All (ii) Both (iii) Each (iv) Either
(d) (i) any (ii) some (iii) many (iv) much
(e) (i) each (ii) every (iii) all (iv) any
(f) (i) many (ii) several (iii) some (iv) much
(g) (i) A (ii) Some (iii) The (iv) An
(h) (i) any (ii) some (iii) a many (iv) little
(C) Use suitable determiners to fill in the gaps in the passage below:
A number of people visit the Taj Mahal at Agra. (a) .............................. visitors come as tourists. In
the recent years (b) .............................. people are visiting Agra for business purposes. But almost
(c) .............................. visitor goes to enjoy the beauty of the Taj. This is (d) ..............................
of the greatest attractions in (e) .............................. city which is also famous for its leather work.
(f) .............................. person who visits Agra must go around these shops.
11. Change the following into Indirect Speech.
(a) Shanta said, “Amit worked sincerely”.
(b) She said, “We came to this place only a week ago”.
(c) Sonali said to me, “What can I do for you?”
(d) The teacher said to the students, “Have you revised your lesson?”
(e) The priest said to me, “May God bless you!”
(f) Rubi said, “I have seen the Taj Mahal.”
(g) He said to me, “What are you doing?”
(h) The old man said to me, “Kindly hold my hand.”
SOLVED ASSIGNMENT – 1
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Guavas are rich (a) ..................... dietary fibre and vitamin C, (b) ..................... moderate levels of folic
acid. (c) ..................... a generally broad, low-calorie profile (d) ..................... essential nutrients, a single
common guava fruit (e ) ....................... about four times the amount (f) ..................... vitamin C as an
orange.
2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect
word and the correction. Also underline the correct word you have supplied. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Anger is a fact for life. Everyone (a) ............... ................
experiences this emotion from time and (b) ............... ................
time. When anger is control it does not (c) ............... ................
harm anyone. Uncontrolled but selfish (d) ............... ................
anger destroyed everything. If you (e) ............... ................
have to understand somebody character, (f) ............... ................
find out what makes him anger. (g) ............... ................
Anger is not always a sign of
strength. It make a person look childish. (h) ............... ................
3. Read the following conversation and complete the blanks in indirect speech: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Man : What do you want?
Beggar : Food. I have not eaten since yesterday.
Man : I have nothing to give you just now.
Beggar : I am going somewhere else.
The man asked the beggar what he wanted . The beggar replied that he wanted food. He further told
the man that (a) .............................. . The man said that (b) .............................. . At this the beggar
told that (c) .............................. somewhere else.
ANSWERS
1. (a) in (b) with (c) Having (d) of
(e) contains (f) of
2. (a) for ... of (b) and ... to (c) control ... controlled (d) but ... and
(e) destroyed ... destroys (f) somebody ... somebody’s (g) anger ... angry (h) make ... makes
3. (a) he had not eaten since the previous day.
(b) he had nothing to give him just then.
(c) he was going
Grammar 203
Section-B Part II — Grammar 10 Marks
SOLVED ASSIGNMENT – 2
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
India has different climate (a) .............................. various parts. The extreme north (b) ..............................
India that the state of Jammu and Kashmir (c) .............................. cold climate throughout the year. The
southern part (d) .............................. hot. Even in winter, it is quite hot here. (e) ..............................
minimum temperature goes to (f) .............................. zero degree in the north.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given. One has been done as an example:
(½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Why does / ball bounce? The reason e.g. .................a..................
is /a ball is made of materials (a) .....................................
which / elastic. By elastic we (b) .....................................
mean something which, / pulled (c) .....................................
or pressed out / shape, returns (d) .....................................
to / old shape. When a ball hits a (e) .....................................
hard surface, the part that / is (f) .....................................
pressed flat, although you / not (g) .....................................
notice it. But because it / elastic, (h) .....................................
it returns to its old shape. This causes
it to bounce.
3. Read the following set of instructions on how to prepare noodles and then complete the paragraph
that follows in passive voice: (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Instructions:
• Boil water in a container.
• Cut a packet of noodles and put it into the boiling water.
• Pour it out after a while.
• Fry green vegetables in a pan.
• Put the boiled noodles into the pan.
• Add salt and sauces.
• Now serve the delicious noodles.
For making noodles water (a) .............................. in a container. Then a packet of noodles
(b) .............................. and is put into the boiling water. After a while noodles (c) .............................. out.
Then green vegetables (d) .............................. in a pan. The boiled noodles (e) .............................. into
the pan. Salt and sauces (f) .............................. according to taste. Now delicious noodles are ready to
serve.
ANSWERS
1. (a) in (b) of (c) has (d) is
(e) the (f) below
2. (a) the (b) are (c) when (d) of
(e) its (f) hits (g) may (h) is
3. (a) is boiled (b) is cut (c) are poured (d) are fried
(e) are put (f) are added
ASSIGNMENT – 1
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Everyone would acknowledge (a) .............................. television is the most effective means
(b) .............................. imparting scientific education. The best teachers (c) .............................. teach
the largest number of students (d) .............................. the most effective way (e) .............................. a
particular given time. In subjects like science (f) .............................. geography, there are many things
which can be shown on television.
2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect
word and the correction. Also underline the correct word you have supplied. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Rubber is made from a white liquid (a) ............... ................
latex which is obtain from the tree by (b) ............... ................
tapping. Latex seep out through spiral (c) ............... ...............
cuts made on the bark of tree. It, (d) ............... ...............
then, is made solid, dry and exported (e) ............... ...............
as sheets of raw rubber. This is an weak (f) ............... ...............
sticky and not very elastic material. It’s strength
and elasticity is improved by the addition (g) ............... ...............
of sulphur in a process knowing as vulcanisation. (h) ............... ...............
3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. The first one has been
done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Example:
the water melon/ thirst quenchers/ in summers/ is/ one of the best
The water melon is one of the best thirst quenchers in summers.
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ASSIGNMENT – 2
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
In India, during the lifetime of the Buddha, there (a) .............................. a famous kingdom called Kosala.
Its capital was Sravasti, a great city (b) .............................. the banks of the river Rapti. Prasenjit was
(c) .............................. King of Kosala. He was a great devotee of the Buddha. He had constructed (d)
.............................. ashramas and Buddhist shrines, and the Buddha (e) .............................. used to
visit them. Many famous scriptures (f) .............................. in these places.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Teach him / close his eyes to a (a) ....................................
howling mob and / stand and (b) ....................................
fight / he thinks he is right. (c) ....................................
Treat him gently, but / not cuddle (d) ....................................
him / only the test of fire makes (e) ....................................
fine steel. Let him / the courage (f) ....................................
to be impatient, let him have / (g) ....................................
patience to / brave. (h) ....................................
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ASSIGNMENT – 3
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Corruption is a deep-rooted menace (a) .............................. eaten into the vitals (b)
.............................. our society. There is hardly any sphere (c) .............................. social,
economic, potential and religious activity that is free (d) .............................. corruption of
some kind. Corruption (e) ........................ so common that most of the people have come
(f) .............................. accept it as part of their life.
2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect
word and the correction. Also underline the correct word you have supplied. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
The ozone layer play an important (a) ............... ...............
role in the survival to living (b) ............... ...............
beings on an earth. But, the scientists (c) ............... ...............
have find a hole in it. The main (d) ............... ...............
reason for this was the release of (e) ............... ...............
harmful gases from supersonic aircraft. (f) ............... ...............
If we do not pay attention at it (g) ............... ...............
our survival should be in danger. (h) ............... ...............
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ASSIGNMENT – 4
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Khajuharo temple (a) .............................. Madhya Pradesh is very famous especially (b)
.............................. its sculpture and architectural art. There (c) .............................. numberless
stone curved figures outside the walls of the temple (e) ..................... speak of Indian cultural arts
(f) .............................. stone-curving excellence.
2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect
word and the correction in the given space. Don’t forget to underline your correction:
(½ × 8 = 4 marks)
There was one pet whose grandfather (a) ............... ...............
could not kept for very long. (b) ............... ...............
Grandmother was tolerate of most (c) ............... ...............
birds and animals, but he drew (d) ............... ...............
the lines at reptiles. Grandfather (e) ............... ...............
should have knew that there (f) ............... ...............
was few chance of his being (g) ............... ...............
allowed for keep a python. (h) ............... ...............
3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. The first one has been
done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Example:
our population/ a/ of/ big portion/ villages/ in/ lives
A big portion of our population lives in villages.
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ASSIGNMENT – 5
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
A y u r v e d a i s t h e n a t u r a l m e d i c i n a l s c i e n c e ( a ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i s u n i q u e t o
India and (b) ............................ given in the Atharvaveda. According to this system
(c) .............................. human body should (d) .............................. balance between and
(e) .............................. among the various properties found (f) .............................. it like blood, mucous,
wind, secretions and so on.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
When we speak / intelligence we refer (a) ....................................
/ the natural intelligence of people which (b) ....................................
means / inherent mental ability. But (c) ....................................
artificial intelligence / the intelligence (d) ....................................
of machines that / think like human (e) ....................................
minds. Of late scientists / developed (f) ....................................
computers / can perform tasks (g) ....................................
/ require intelligence. (h) ....................................
3. Read the following conversation and complete the blanks in indirect speech: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Richa : I am very busy today.
Nisha : What is the matter?
Richa : My brother is coming from Jaipur.
Nisha : What special dishes are you preparing for him?
Richa : Not many. He is not very fond of dishes.
Richa said to Nisha that (a) .............................. . Nisha asked her what the matter was. Richa told that
(b) .............................. from Jaipur. At this Nisha asked (c) .............................. . Richa told that she
was not preparing many dishes because her brother was not very fond of them.
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ASSIGNMENT – 6
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Passport is an official document ( a) .............................. enables a person to travel
(b) ............................ one country to another. It is used (c) ......................... all countries of the world
and (d) .............................. in practice for many years. Literally the world ‘passport’ means permission
(e) .............................. leave a port or to sail into it. Later the meaning (f) .............................. extended
to include a general permission to exit and entry.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Prithviraj Chauhan was / last (a) ....................................
Hindu king / rule at Delhi. (b) ....................................
He was / great ruler, and the (c) ....................................
people loved /. There are (d) ....................................
/ stories of his great deeds. (e) ....................................
Even today people celebrate / victories (f) ....................................
and sing his praises. Mohammed
Gauri invaded India / attacked Prithviraj’s (g) ....................................
kingdom. But Prithviraj / a stronger (h) ....................................
army and he defeated Gauri.
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ASSIGNMENT – 7
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
A river usually starts as a tiny trickle (a) .............................. a rill. It flows downhill and is joined by other
rills. It gets larger (b) .............................. becomes a stream. Other streams flow (c) .............................. it
to make a river. A river (d) .............................. have other rivers, called tributaries (e) ..............................
into it and so it (f) .............................. bigger and bigger.
2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect
word and the correction in the given space. Don’t forget to underline your correction:
(½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Over the last few years computers had invaded (a) ............... ...............
almost all spheres to our life by (b) ............... ...............
increasingly play a bigger and bigger role (c) ............... ...............
in various ways. The computer revolution get (d) ............... ...............
a major shock which computer viruses (e) ............... ...............
intruded to the computer and started (f) ............... ...............
spoil the system. The basic purpose of a (g) ............... ...............
computer virus was to damage the programs to (h) ............... ...............
the computer and spoil the operational mechanism.
3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. The first one has been
done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Example:
natural/ minerals/ non-living/ are found/ are/ in the Earth/ substances/ that
Minerals are natural non-living substances that are found in the Earth.
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ASSIGNMENT – 8
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
India’s national flower is lotus. (a) .............................. lotus is big and beautiful and (b) ..............................
a grace of its own. It is strange (c) .............................. see that this beautiful flower has its roots (d)
.............................. the mud. When a brilliant person establishes himself coming (e) ..............................
his disturbing circumstances, people compare him (f) .............................. the lotus that comes out of
the mud.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Most people believe / anacondas can (a) ....................................
grow / any length. The females grow (b) ....................................
to a maximum of around five / six metres (c) ....................................
but not more / 10 m. The people of South (d) ....................................
America / many tales based on the (e) ....................................
mythical lengths / anacondas. These anacondas (f) ....................................
are actually / largest snakes in the world (g) ....................................
and / found in this continent. (h) ....................................
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ASSIGNMENT – 9
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Pollution is the spoiling (a) .............................. land, air and water. Smoke (b) ..............................
vehicles, factories and used house fouls (c) .............................. air Garbage from houses thrown
(d) .............................. the open pollutes land and air, (e) .............................. causes diseases. Spilling
of oil or petroleum and dumping (f) .............................. chemical wastes from factories into the rivers
and seas harm water plants and animals.
2. The following passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the incorrect
word and the correction. Also underline the correct word you have supplied. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Three-fourth of an earth’s surface is (a) ............... ................
covered from water, but only a small (b) ............... ................
proportion of it accounted for freshwater (c) ............... ................
that can be put to using. This freshwater (d) ............... ................
is mainly obtains from surface run off (e) ............... ................
and ground water that are continually being (f) ................ ................
renewed and recharged to the hydrological (g) ............... ...............
cycle. Thus water is an renewable resource. (h) ............... ...............
3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. The first one has been
done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Example:
better known as/ moving air/ wind/ is/ atmosphere/ in/ the
Moving air in the atmosphere is better known as wind.
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ASSIGNMENT – 10
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
On April 12, 1961, Major Yuri Gagarin (a) .............................. the first man ever to venture
(b) .............................. space. He did not know (c) .............................. certain beforehand that he (d)
.............................. to be chosen. The Russian had three possible candidates ready, and although
Gagarin was first (e) .............................. the list, the choice (f).............................. not definitely made
until the early morning of April, 12.
2. In the passage given below there is one error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the
correction in the space given. Don’t forget to underline the correction: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Ganesh Chaturthi was the religious (a) ............... ................
festival dedicate to Ganesha, (b) ............... ................
a son of Lord Shiva. In western (c) ............... ................
parts especially, as well as all (d) ............... ................
over India the idols to Ganesha (e) ............... ................
or pictures are keep or hung (f) ............... ................
on walls into the houses for (g) ............... ................
luck, peace or good fortune. (h) ............... ................
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ASSIGNMENT – 11
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
The legend (a) ............................ got about the computers that they are electronic brains. The
programmers (b) ............................ some sort of supermen. The facts are (c) ............................
computers are very stupid (d) ............................ the people who programme them (e) ............................
normal human beings. The business (f) ............................ not difficult, just tricky.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Mahatma Gandhi / Ali brothers tour (a) .....................................
the country / explain the importance (b) .....................................
/ Non-cooperation Movement to the (c) .....................................
people of India. Its objective / declared (d) .....................................
as “the attainment of Swaraj / peaceful (e) .....................................
and legitimate means”. / programme of (f) .....................................
the movement / to boycott foreign goods (g) .....................................
to / swadeshi goods, to surrender titles, etc. (h) .....................................
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ASSIGNMENT – 12
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Punjab is India is the birth place (a) .............................. the Sikh religion. The word ‘Sikh’
(b) .............................. derived from Sanskrit word ‘risya’ (c) .............................. means ‘disciple’.
The Sikhs are about 2 per cent (d) .............................. total Indian population, according (e)
.............................. reports. The place of worship (f) .............................. the Sikh is called Gurudwara.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given. (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Fasting helps one / experience the (a) .....................................
pangs / hunger and thus, understand (b) .....................................
the / plight of / who do not have (c) .....................................
enough to eat. The Muslims believe / (d) .....................................
offering alms to / poor on the sacred (e) .....................................
day of Ramzan. It is necessary to / a (f) .....................................
minimum of two and a half kilograms / wheat, (g) .....................................
or any other grain, dates or grapes / Fitr or alms. (h) .....................................
3. Given below is a set of instructions for forming ice. Read them and then complete the paragraph
below in passive voice: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Instructions:
• Place an ice tray under the tap.
• Allow the tray to fill up with water.
• Place the tray in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator.
• Set the temperature to the required level.
• Ice is formed in an hour’s time.
For forming ice an ice tray (a) .............................. under the tap. The tray (b) .............................. to
fill up with water. Then it is placed in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator. The temperature
(c) .............................. to the required level. Ice is formed in an hour’s time.
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ASSIGNMENT – 13
Name Time 30 Min. Max. Marks 10
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
Dwarka on the west coast (a) .............................. Gujarat is believed to be the Kingdom (b)................
.............. Lord Krishna after he left Mathura. In the old texts and Puranas there (c) ..............................
mention of Dwarka which in olden days (d) .............................. known as Dwaraavati. The temple Jagran
Mandir is dedicated (e) .............................. Lord Krishna and pilgrims (f) .............................. all over
India and abroad visit this pilgrimage.
2. In the passage given below one word is missing from each line. A slash (/) has been given where
the word is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
The songs of / cuckoo starting (a) .....................................
with ‘Koou’ and then / rising (b) .....................................
to the seventh / the highest (c) .....................................
pitch give / to a marvellous (d) .....................................
sensation of mirth / gaiety in the (e) .....................................
spring season / the cuckoo song (f) .....................................
/ blended with fair breeze, mild (g) .....................................
weather and the blooming / flowers. (h) .....................................
3. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. The first one has been
done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
Example:
serves/ proper food/ medicine/ the purpose of
Proper food serves the purpose of medicine.
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UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 1
Name Time 1 Hour Max. Marks 50
8. Re-arrange the following words/phrases to make meaningful sentences. The first one has been
done as an example: (1 × 3 = 3 marks)
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UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 2
Name Time 1 Hour Max. Marks 50
6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the following passage. (½ × 6 = 3 marks)
The Bharat Ratna was instituted as (a) .............................. award by the first President, Rajendra
Prasad (b) .............................. in 1954. Eminent physicist C.V. Raman, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, and
C. Rajagopalachari, (c) .............................. last governor-general of India became the first recipient
7. In the passage given below one word is missing in each line. There is a slash (/) where the word
is missing. Write the missing word in the space given: (½ × 8 = 4 marks)
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad / offered the (a) ....................................
Bharat Ratna / declined on the grounds that (b) ....................................
those / had been on the selection (c) ....................................
panel should not be / it. However, (d) ....................................
the award was ultimately conferred / (e) ....................................
him posthumously in 1992. This apart, / award (f) ....................................
given / Netaji S C Bose, also in 1992, (g) ....................................
had / be withdrawn after a PIL. (h) ....................................
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UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 3
Name Time 1 Hour Max. Marks 50
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UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 4
Name Time 1 Hour Max. Marks 50
Moral: ...................................................................... .
(a) Motilal Nehru/ his father/ lawyer/ was/ great/ a
(c) sent/ he/ for higher studies/ his son/ at the age of 15/ to England
(d) he/ there/ the Public School/ joined/ at Harrow
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UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 5
Name Time 1 Hour Max. Marks 50
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UNIT ASSIGNMENT – 6
Name Time 1 Hour Max. Marks 50
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