Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 50
1 50
Copyright: The Hellenic Maritime Museum, Akti Themistokleous, Freattis, Piraeus, 185 37.
Tel: 210 4516264, Fax: 210 4512277, E-mail : [email protected]
Publisher: Ekaterini Lykouri-Pappadam, Panagiotis K. Spyropoulos
Creative Conception-Production-Supervision: "VAPORIA PUBLISHING" Ekaterini Lykouri Pappadam,
9 Sepolion str., Athens 104 45, Tel: 6944 411041 - 6944 563324, E-mail: [email protected]
Texts: Anastasia Anagnostopoulou - Paloubi, President of HMM ñ Harry Tzalas, Historian - Researcher
Anastasios Tzamtzis, Captain M.M. ñ Penelope Vougiouklaki, Archaeologist - M.A. Byzantine Archaeology
Ioanna Berbili, Archaeologist - M.A. Byzantine Archaeology ñ Ioannis Paloubis, Vice Admiral H.N. (ret.)
Timotheos Massouras, Vice - Admiral H.N. (ret.) ñ Christos Dounis, Vice - Admiral C.G. (ret.)
Kostas Damianidis, Architect - Phd History of shipbuilding ñ Zafira Haidou, Museologist - Art historian
Charalambos Tortorelis, Museologist - Educator ñ Constantinos Philippou, Naval architect - Marine engineer
Kleopatra Rigaki, Archivist - Librarian ñ Aikaterini Kraniotou, Librarian
ñ ∆Ô ¡·˘ÙÈÎfiÓ ªÔ˘Û›ÔÓ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ŒÓ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi. 7 ñ The Hellenic Maritime Museum. A brief history.
∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›·˜ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘-¶·ÏÔ‡ÌË, Anastasia Anagnostopoulou-Paloubi, President of HMM.
¶ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ¡ª∂.
- O Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‚›Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ú¯·›· ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. 21 - The Maritime life in Ancient Greece.
∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›Ô˘ ∆˙·ÌÙ˙‹, ¶ÏÔÈ¿Ú¯Ô˘ ∂.¡. Anastasios Tzamtzis, Captain M.M.
ñ ¶ÚÔ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ 1821. 43 ñ The years prior to the Hellenic War of Independence and
πˆ¿ÓÓ·˜ ªÂÚÌ›ÏË, the Navy of 1821.
∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘-ª¢∂ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ AÚ¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Ioanna Berbili, Archaeologist- M.A. Byzantine Archaeology.
ñ ∆Ô ¶ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi N·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜ 1827-1945. 67 ñ The Navy during contemporary years, 1827-1945.
πˆ¿ÓÓË ¶·ÏÔ‡ÌË, ∞ÓÙÈÓ·˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ ¶.¡. Â.·. Ioannis Paloubis, Vice admiral H.N. (ret.)
ñ ∏ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ Ó·˘ÙÈÏ›· ·fi ÙÔ 1827 ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. 107 ñ The mercantile marine since 1827.
∆ÈÌfiıÂÔ˘ ª·ÛÔ‡Ú·, ∞ÓÙÈÓ·‡·Ú¯Ô˘ ¶.¡. Â.·. Timotheos Massouras, Vice admiral H.N. (ret.)
ñ ∏ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋ Î·È Ù· ÛοÊË ·fi Ù· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ ñ Traditional shipbuilding and ships from the middle of the
18Ô˘ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔÓ 20fi ·ÈÒÓ·. 125 18th century to the 20th century.
∫ÒÛÙ· ¢·ÌÈ·Ó›‰Ë, Kostas Damianidis,
∞Ú¯ÈÙ¤ÎÙÔÓ· - ¢Ú. πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ¡·˘ËÁÈ΋˜. Architect- Phd History of shipbuilding.
ñ ∏ ÂÈηÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. 139 ñ The pictorial collection of the Hellenic Maritime Museum.
∑·Ê›ڷ˜ Ã¿È‰Ô˘, ªÔ˘ÛÂÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘-πÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ∆¤¯Ó˘. Zafira Haidou, Museologist- Art Historian.
ñ ∏ ‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. 213 ñ The library of the Hellenic Maritime Museum.
∞ÈηÙÂÚ›Ó˘ ∫Ú·ÓÈÒÙÔ˘, µÈ‚ÏÈÔıËÎÔÓfiÌÔ˘. Ekaterini Kraniotou, Librarian.
ÛÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ πÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ¯·Ú·-
Ÿ ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚ· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ̤ÙÚÔ˘. ¶¤Ú· fï˜
·fi ·˘Ù¿, ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â›Ó·È Ë fi„Ë Ù˘ ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚ· Ù˘ ı¿Ï·Û-
Û·˜, ¯ÒÚ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚ›Ô˘ 6.000 ÓËÛÈÒÓ, ‚Ú¿¯ˆÓ Î·È ÓËÛ›‰ˆÓ, ¯ÒÚ· Ù˘ ÌÈÛ‹˜ ÛÙÂÚÈ¿˜ ηÈ
ÌÈÛ‹˜ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜. ∆˘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓ¿ ̇ıÔ˘˜, Ô˘ ÂÍ¿ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·, Ô˘ Ï¿ıÂÈ
Ì˘ıÈÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÔ‡˜, ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÊÈÏÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ, ÔÈΛԢ˜ ÎÈ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÙ ÙÈ̈-
ÚÔ‡˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ‰›Î·ÈÔ˘˜. °È· ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÛ‡ÓıÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡
Ï·Ô‡. ∞˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË fi„Ë, ÙË ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓ‹ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘-
ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜.
O ·Ó¿ ¯Â›Ú·˜ ηٿÏÔÁÔ˜ ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ٷ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· Î·È ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈο ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÙÔ˘
ΛÌÂÓ·, Ù·Íȉ‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚ›· ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ¿ӈ Û’ fiÏ· Ù· ψٿ
Ó·˘ËÁ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ‰È¿ÓÔÈ· Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·Ó‹Û˘¯Ë
ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ê˘Ï‹. ªÂ ·˘Ù¿ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„ ӤԢ˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ·ÔÈ˘, ˘ÂÚ·Û›ÛıËΠηÈ
ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛ fiÔÙ ¯ÚÂÈ¿ÛıËΠٷ ÈÂÚ¿ ¿ÙÚÈ·, ÌÂÙ¤‰ˆÛ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi.
∏ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· 100 ÂÚ›Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ (·fi ÙÔ 8.000 .Ã.) ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·˘Ú¤Ï· Î·È Êı¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜
ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Á›Á·ÓÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ˆÎ·ÓÒÓ, ÂÚÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙÚÈ‹ÚÂȘ Î·È ÔÏο‰Â˜,
Á·Ï¤Ú˜ Î·È ¯ÂϿӉȷ, ÌÚ›ÎÈ·, ÁÔϤÙ˜, Û·ÎÔϤ‚˜, ÈÛÙÈÔÊfiÚ· Î·È ‚·fiÚÈ·. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ٷ
ÏÔ›· ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È Î·È ÙÔ ¤Ì„˘¯Ô ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÚÁÔÓ·‡Ù˜ ‰È·‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ
ÔÚıËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ∆ÚÔ›·˜ Û‡ÓÙÚÔÊÔÈ ÙÔ˘ O‰˘ÛÛ¤· ÎÈ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÔÈ ™·Ï·ÌÈÓÔÌ¿¯ÔÈ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·
ÔÈ Ó·‡Ù˜ ÙˆÓ Ïˆ›ÌˆÓ Ó· ηχÙÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›· Î·È Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ˘ÚÔÏËÙ¤˜
ÙÔ˘ '21, Ù· ÏËÚÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ '12-13 Î·È ÔÈ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‹ÚˆÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ '40-44. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·ÏÏË-
ÏÔ˘¯›· ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰fiÍ·˜, fiÙ·Ó Ë ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘
¤ıÓÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÎÌ·›· Î·È ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜ ·Ô˘Û›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ, fiÙ·Ó Ë ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ·
ÈÛ¯‡˜ ‹Ù·Ó Û ο̄Ë.
∞Í›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Á¯·ÚËÙ‹ÚÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ηٷÏfiÁÔ˘,
fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ·Ù› Ì·˜ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ¤Ó· ¿ÚÙÈÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì·˜ ¯¿ÚÈÛ·Ó ÌÈ·
ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁΛÓËÛË Ù·Íȉ‡ÔÓÙ¿˜ Ì·˜ ̤۷ ÛÙË Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfi-
ÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Û˘Ìϋڈ̷ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔıËÎÒÓ.
4
FOREWORD BY THE SPEAKER OF THE HELLENIC PARLIAMENT
This catalogue of selected exhibits with corresponding brief and concise historical texts takes
the reader on a journey from prehistoric times to the present day on the many types of
watercraft devised by human intelligence and used by the restless Hellenic race. The Hellenes
used these craft to discover new lands, establish colonies, defend and liberate their sacred
homeland whenever the need arose, whilst at the same time spreading the Hellenic language
and culture.
This history spans roughly 100 centuries (since 8,000 BC) beginning with the papyrela
(papyrus boat) and continuing uninterruptedly to the specialised gigantic transport ships which
today cross the oceans, passing through triremes and olkades, galleys and chelandia, brigs,
goletes, sacoleves, and the more familiar sailing vessels and steamships of contemporary
times. However, this history is not only of ships but also of the men who sailed them: the
intrepid Argonauts, the conquerors of Troy companions of Odysseus, the illustrious warriors of
the Battle of Salamina and the gallant seamen who subsequently sailed the oceans for almost
a millennium until more recent times when the baton passed to the seamen who manned the
fireships in the Hellenic Revolution of 1821, the crews who fought in the Balkan Wars (1912-
1913) and the naval heroes of World War II. The above comprise a series of historical events
which mark both periods of glory, when the nation's naval power was at its height, and periods
of absence from the historical stage, when this power was on the wane.
Congratulations are in order to the editorial team who have put so much effort into the
catalogue, not only because of the splendid final result but also because they have taken us
on a wonderful and deeply moving voyage through our maritime history. The content of the
catalogue makes it an essential acquisition for all Hellenic libraries.
5
H
·ӤΉÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ηٷÏfiÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ηχ„ÂÈ Ì›· ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ›¯Â ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ·fi
ÙËÓ ÚÔ ÔÏÏÔ‡ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ.
£ÂˆÚ‹ıËΠÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ë Ó¤· ¤Î‰ÔÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰›ÁψÛÛË, ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Î·È ·ÁÁÏÈο, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰È·‚¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ ͤÓÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛΤÙ˜.
∏ ‡ÏË ÙÔ˘ ηٷÏfiÁÔ˘ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ıËΠ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ ÌfiÓÈÌ˘ ¤ÎıÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÂÓÒ ÛÂ
ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÂȉÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘.
™ÎÔfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó ̤۷ ·fi Ì›· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ ηٿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ï‹ÚË ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ó·
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ù· ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚ· - ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ MÔ˘Û›Ԣ.
∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Û fiϘ Î·È fiÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ·Ó ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› ¤Ó· ¿ÚÙÈÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.
∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÂÈı˘Ì› Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ıÂṲ́˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ Ù˘
µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î˘Ú›· ÕÓÓ· ªÂÓ¿ÎË- æ·ÚÔ‡‰·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ηٷÏfiÁÔ˘ ˘ÏÈο Î·È ËıÈο.
T
he republication of the museum catalogue was deemed necessary not only because the previous edition had
long been out-of-print but also on account of the growth of the museum's collections.
It was considered expedient to republish the catalogue in bilingual form (Greek and English) in order to make its content
more accessible to foreign visitors.
The catalogue format reflects the thematic sections of the permanent exhibition of the museum, whilst its special
collections are presented in separate chapters.
The aim was to introduce readers to the most important and representative exhibits of the museum via a concise yet
thorough review of Hellenic maritime history and tradition.
Thanks are due to all those who made every effort to achieve a fine result.
In particular, the Hellenic Maritime Museum would like to extend its warm thanks to the Speaker of the Hellenic
Parliament, Anna Benaki-Psarouda, who supported the publication of the catalogue both materially and morally.
6
TÔ N·˘ÙÈÎfiÓ MÔ˘Û›ÔÓ Ù˘ EÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ŒÓ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi.
The Hellenic Maritime Museum. A brief history.
TÔ N·˘ÙÈÎfiÓ MÔ˘Û›ÔÓ Ù˘ EÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ŒÓ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi.
The Hellenic Maritime Museum. A brief history.
∏ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ›‰Ú˘Û˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ‰È·Ù˘ÒıËΠÁÈ· The idea of founding a Maritime Museum was first put
ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÏÔ›·Ú¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ¶.¡. °ÂÚ¿ÛÈÌÔ ∑ˆ¯Èfi forward by captain Gerasimos Zochios (HN) in 1867 when
ÙÔ 1867 fiÙ·Ó ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Û ÛÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ¡·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ˆ˜ he was serving as General Secretary at the Ministry of the
°ÂÓÈÎfi˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù¤·˜. O ÏÔ›·Ú¯Ô˜ ∑ˆ¯Èfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó·˜ Navy. Captain Zochios was one of the best educated and
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚʈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÚÙ›ˆ˜ ηٷÚÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ highly trained officers of that period and the founder of the
·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ÂΛӢ Î·È Ô È‰Ú˘Ù‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘- Seamen's Pension Fund. By proposing that the fund also
ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∞ÔÌ·¯ÈÎÔ‡ ∆·Ì›Ԣ. ™Ù· ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ Ù·Ì›Ԣ, ›¯Â undertake the task of collecting and preserving artefacts
ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏËÊı› Ë Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË Î·È ‰È·Ù‹ÚË- connected with Hellenic naval history, Zochios paved the
ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ way for the establishment of a Maritime Museum.
Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È Î·Ù' ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ÙÂıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ
‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ.
«∏ ˘ËÚÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ∞ÔÌ·¯ÈÎÔ‡ ∆·Ì›Ԣ» ¤ÁÚ·- "The Seamen's Pension Fund," Zochios wrote in a letter
Ê Û ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ô °ÂÚ. ∑ˆ¯Èfi˜ ÙËÓ 14Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ dated 14 September 1867, "has conceived the idea of
1867 «Û˘Ó¤Ï·‚ ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ó· Û˘Ó·ıÚÔ›ÛË, ÂÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, Î·È gathering, as far as possible, and classifying in their own
Ó· ηٷٿÍË ÂÓ È‰›ˆ ªÔ˘Û›ˆ Ù· fiÏ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈˆÓ‡ÌˆÓ museum the weapons of the renowned men who took part
·Ó‰ÚÒÓ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÈÂÚfiÓ ·ÁÒÓ· Î·È ‰ÔÍ·Ûı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·È in the sacred struggle, gaining glory and bestowing glory,
‰ÔÍ·Û¿ÓÙˆÓ Î·È Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ·Ó‹ÎÔÓÙ· ÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÓÔ- as well as other things belonging to the celebrated
Ì·ÛÙÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ ÂΛӢ ÔÈÎÔ΢ڷ›Ô˘˜ ÂȘ Ô˘˜ ηٿ gentlemen of that period to whom Hellas primarily owes its
̤ÁÈÛÙÔÓ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ë ∂ÏÏ¿˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛÈÓ ·˘Ù‹˜». resurrection".
°È· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÛ˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÈÌË- The Fund appears to have spent the sum of 745.85
Ï›ˆÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰··Ó‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ¡∞∆ 745,85 ‰Ú¯. drachmas for the purpose of collecting the various
ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô 1867-1870. artefacts and national heirlooms in the period 1867-1870.
øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë È‰¤· ÙÔ˘ °ÂÚ¿ÛÈÌÔ˘ ∑ˆ¯ÈÔ‡ ¤ÌÂÏÏ ӷ ˘ÏÔ- However, 82 years would pass before the idea of
ÔÈËı› ˆ˜ ȉȈÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·, 82 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿, ·fi Gerasimos Zochios was finally realised as a private
ÌÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÚÔÂÚ¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi initiative by a group of well-respected citizens
fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ representing a broad cross-section of naval personnel
ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∫ÔÈÓfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô fiψÓ, Ë ·Á¿Ë and the intelligentsia. What they shared in common was
ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·, Ù· ÏÔ›·, ÙÔ˘˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÙË Ó·˘- their love for the sea, ships, seamen, maritime history and
ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË. naval tradition.
∆Ô ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ù˘ ›‰Ú˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ The founding of the Maritime Museum came at a critical
‹Ù·Ó ÔÚȷο ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÂÏ·‡ÓÔ˘Û· moment in time, for rapidly advancing technology was fast
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÍ·Ê¿ÓÈ˙ Ì ٷ¯‡Ù·ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi Ù· ˘ÏÈο ηٿ- obliterating the material remains of the nation's maritime
ÏÔÈ· Ù˘ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ì·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È history and tradition, leaving very little margin for any
¿ÊËÓ Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfi ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÚÔÌ·ÓÙÈ- romantic endeavour to save the heritage of the past.
΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰È¿ÛˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏ-
ıfiÓÙÔ˜.
∆Ô 1949, ÛÙËÓ ÎÔڇʈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ Ù˘ In 1949, at the end of a crucial decade for Hellenic history,
ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ Ûη·Ó›˜ È‰Ú‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ new torchbearers founded the “Hellenic Maritime Museum
«∂Ù·ÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜» Ù˘ Society”, the objects of which were set out in the its
ÔÔ›·˜ ÔÈ ÛÎÔÔ› ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi founding minutes.
Ù˘ ȉڇÛÂÒ˜ Ù˘.
« 1. ∏ ÂÚÈÛ˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ¿Û˘ ʇÛˆ˜ ÎÂÈÌËÏ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ “1. To collect all types of heirlooms relating to the Nation's
ηٿ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·Ó ·ÁÒÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ŒıÓÔ˘˜. naval struggles.
2. ∏ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛȘ, Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛȘ Î·È ‰È·Ê‡Ï·ÍȘ ÙˆÓ 2. To gather, preserve and safeguard all the types of
ÂÚÈÛ˘ÏÏÂÁÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÔÂȉÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓ¯fiÓÙˆÓ collected heirlooms which are of importance due to their
ÛËÌ·Û›·Ó ÎÂÈÌËÏ›ˆÓ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó‰ÂÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙ¿˜ ‹ connection with events known or unknown and are worthy
·ÁÓÒÛÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ¯Ú‹˙Ô˘Û·˜ ÂÚ‡Ó˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Ù˘ ¡·˘ÙÈ- of research in the context of Hellenic Naval History.
΋˜ πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. 3. To establish, organise, supervise and enrich a Maritime
3. ∏ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛȘ, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛȘ, ›‚Ï„Ș Î·È ÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Museum in Piraeus.
¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ÂÓ ¶ÂÈÚ·È›. 4. To rekindle the National fighting spirit, to keep
4. ∏ ·Ó·˙ˆ‡ÚˆÛȘ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ó‡̷-
8
ÙÔ˜, Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛȘ ·Û‚¤ÛÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÊˆÙÂÈÓÒÓ ÙÚÔ·›ˆÓ undimmed the lustrous trophies of our forefathers' naval
ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·Ó ·ÁÒÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ Î·È Ë ¤Í·Ú- struggles and to foster the love of coming generations for
ÛȘ Ù˘ ·Á¿Ë˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÂÚ¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÂÓÂÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ the sea, as a source of National glory.”
ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·Ó, ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÌÂÁ·Ï›Ԣ.»
∆· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ È‰Ú˘ÙÒÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi Ù˘ The names of the founders are listed in the minutes of the
ÚÒÙ˘ °ÂÓÈ΋˜, È‰Ú˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, ™˘Ó¤Ï¢Û˘ Ù˘ first General Meeting (founding meeting) of 7 April 1949.
7˘ ∞ÚÈÏ›Ô˘ 1949. O ıÂÌÂÏȈً˜ fï˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·- However, the prime mover of the venture who gave his
ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤Û¯Â ·Ì¤ÚÈÛÙË ÙË Û˘Ì·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó undivided support was the then Minister of the Navy,
Ô ÙfiÙ ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ °ÂÚ¿ÛÈÌÔ˜ µ·ÛÈÏÂÈ¿‰Ë˜. Gerasimos Vasileiadis.
¶ÚÒÙÔ˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ¤ÁÈÓÂ Ô ÂÊÔÏÈÛÙ‹˜ The first president of the museum was shipowner George
°ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ™ÙÚ›ÁÎÔ˜. Stringos.
∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ Ô›ÎËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ 1955 ‚Ú›ÛÎÂ- In 1955 the museum was first housed in a building at 18
Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ∞ÎÙ‹ ªÔ˘ÙÛÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ 18 ÛÙÔÓ ÏÈÌÂÓ›ÛÎÔ Ù˘ Akti Moutsopoulou in Zea harbour (Pasalimani), which
∑¤·˜ (¶·Û·ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ) Î·È ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÕÓÓ· ª. ¶ÈÈÓ¤ÏË. belonged to Anna M. Pipinelli. The exhibits collected up to
∂Λ ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È Úfi¯ÂÈÚ· Ù· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆ- that time were somewhat randomly placed in this building
ı¤ÓÙ· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù·, ÂÓÒ Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È ·‰È¿ÎÔË Ë ÚÔÛ¿- whilst unceasing efforts to gather naval heirlooms were
ıÂÈ· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÈÌËÏ›ˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ °ÂÓÈÎfi continued by the Hellenic Navy General Staff, the Ministry
∂ÈÙÂÏÂ›Ô ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ∂ÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ¡·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜, of Merchant Marine as well as private individuals through
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ȉÈÒÙ˜ ̤ۈ ·ÁÁÂÏÈÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ ¶ÂÈÚ·˚Îfi Î·È announcements in the Piraeus press and shipping
Ó·˘ÙÈÏÈ·Îfi Ù‡Ô. publications.
∆· ‰‡Ô ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ η٤ÙÚ˘¯·Ó ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈ- The two main problems facing the Maritime Museum ever
Îfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·fi Ù˘ ȉڇÛÂÒ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Û·Ó ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi, since its establishment were its financial situation in the
Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÈ‚›ˆÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙÂÁ·ÛÙÈÎfi, Ù˘ ¢ڤ- context of its day-to-day operation and indeed survival,
Ûˆ˜ ÌfiÓÈÌ˘ Î·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ˘ ÛÙ¤Á˘. and the need to secure permanent and suitable premises.
∆Ë ‰ÂηÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ '60 › ÚÔ‰ڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ ∫ˆÓ- In the 1960s, during the presidency of Admiral C.
ÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ ∞ÏÂÍ·Ó‰Ú‹, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ‰‡Ô Ô˘ÛÈ·- Alexandris, there were two positive developments which
ÛÙÈο ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô 1964 ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ went some way to resolving these problems. In 1964 the
O§¶, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ∂O∆, ÌÂ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÓÔ›ÎÈÔ plot on which the museum building now stands was made
ÙÔ ÔÈÎfiÂ‰Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ Ô›ÎËÌ· ÙÔ˘ available by the Piraeus Port Authority (OLP) and
¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙÔ ¡fiÌÔ 4502 ÙÔ˘ subsequently by the Hellenic National Tourism
1966 ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÚÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÙ‹ıËÎÂ, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆, Ì Organization (GNTO) for a symbolic rent. In addition, by
¤Ó· fiÚÔ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯԇÛ ÛÙÔ 10% Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ÒÏË- virtue of Law 4502 passed in 1966, the museum received
Û˘ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÙÂÙÈÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ financial assistance (through the Seamen's Pension
∞ÔÌ·¯ÈÎÔ‡ ∆·Ì›Ԣ. Fund) corresponding to 10% of the sale value of some of
the publications circulated by the fund.
∆ËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÂΛÓË Ô ÔÌÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ ∫˘ÚÈ·˙‹˜ At that time, the expatriate Hellene C. Kyriazis funded the
ÂȯÔÚ‹ÁËÛ ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï¢ÎÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ “¶ÏÔ›· Î·È publication of the album “Ships and Naval Battles of
¡·˘Ì·¯›·È ÙÔ˘ '21”. ∆Ô Ï‡Έ̷ ·ÔÙÂÏ›ÙÔ ·fi 28 1821”. The album featured 28 colour images of 19th
¤Á¯ÚˆÌ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ÈÛÙÈÔÊfiÚˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· century sailing ships from reprints of lithographs by the
·fi ·Ó·Ù˘ÒÛÂȘ ÏÈıÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Roux family of French painters. The illustrations were
°¿ÏÏˆÓ ˙ˆÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Roux. ∆Ș ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ›¯Â ˙ˆÁÚ·Ê›ÛÂÈ Ô painted by Antonios Kriezis, himself an officer in the
∞ÓÙÒÓÈÔ˜ ∫ÚÈÂ˙‹˜, ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Î·È Hellenic Navy and grandson of the great admiral of the
ÂÁÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ Ó·˘Ì¿¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘. Revolution, Andreas Kriezis.
∏ ÒÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÂ˘ÎˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi The sale of the albums generated a substantial income,
ÚfiÛÔ‰Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â¤ÙÚ„ ӷ ·ÔÂÚ·Ùˆı› ÙÔ Ô›ÎË- which was used to complete the building that now houses
Ì· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô. ∆Ô the museum. This building has exhibition space of
Ô›ÎËÌ· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÂÎıÂÙËÚ›ˆÓ ¯ÒÚˆÓ ÂÚ›Ô˘ approximately 1,700 m2 and its entrance incorporates a
1.700 Ù.Ì. Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰fi ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÂÈ ¤Ó· section of the walls built by Conon to protect the ancient
ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ ÙÂȯÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫fiÓˆÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛٿ٢·Ó ÙÔ harbour.
·Ú¯·›Ô ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ.
ªÂ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋, ¤ÛÙˆ, Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏË- Following the - albeit partial - resolution of its two main
Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂÁ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡, ÙÔ ªÔ˘- problems (funding and premises), the Museum was able
ÛÂ›Ô Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ ·ÂÚ›Û·ÛÙÔ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘, Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ to press ahead with its task of collecting exhibits and
ÂÎıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÎÂÈÌËÏ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ ¶ÔÏÂÌÈ- heirlooms relating to both the Hellenic Navy and the
Îfi ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂ÌÔÚÈ΋ ¡·˘ÙÈÏ›·. Merchant Navy.
∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó, ÙÔ ªÔ˘-
9
ÛÂ›Ô Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ÂÓÒÛˆÓ: In the following years, the museum became a member of:
ñ ICOM (International Congress Ôf Museums). ¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ñ The International Congress of Museums (ICOM).
ŒÓˆÛË ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ñ The International Congress of Maritime Museums
ñ ICMM (International Congress of Maritime Museums). (ICMM).
¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË ¡·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ. ñ The Association of Mediterranean Maritime Museums
ñ AMMM (Association of Mediterranean Maritime (AMMM).
Museums). ™‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ªÔ˘Û›ˆÓ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔ-
Á›Ԣ.
∂·ÓÂÈÏËÌ̤ӷ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ The Ministry of Culture has repeatedly appointed the
Ó· ÂÎÚÔÛˆ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi Û ÂΉËÏÒ- Hellenic Maritime Museum to represent the country at
ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi events relating to its object, whilst in Hellas the museum
Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ‹ ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ. participates in and organises exhibitions within its field of
expertise.
™Ù·‰È·Î¿ ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÈÚ·˚΋ As the museum gradually became better known
΢ڛˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÛÎÂÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ particularly in Piraeus, the number of visitors and
ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Î·È members steadily increased. At the same time, the
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÈÌÔ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi, ÙÔ museum hired permanent scientific personnel who have
ÔÔ›Ô ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈı› proven to be essential for satisfying its increased needs
ÛÙȘ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Î·È ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ. and demands. Thus, the amateurish nature of the
ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÈÁ¿ ÛÈÁ¿ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ô ÂÚ·ÛÈÙ¯ÓÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·- museum gradually changed as it transformed into an
ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi institution which handles the matters within its scope with
Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ì ·Á- the appropriate degree of professional knowledge and
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·. consistency.
∆Ô 1992 Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Ì›· ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ‹˜ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·ıÒ˜ Ì An adverse development came in 1992 when an
Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÙÚÔÔÏÔÁ›· Û ¿Û¯ÂÙÔ ÓÔÌÔÛ¯¤‰ÈÔ, ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È amendment was made to an irrelevant bill that
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ô fiÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡∞∆, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ·ÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ significantly reduced the income from the Seamen's
ÙËÓ ·ÈÙ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Ì·Ú·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È Pension Fund, which was ultimately the cause of the
ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ÏÂÈ- museum's financial decline and raised numerous
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘. obstacles to its smooth operation.
∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·- In recent years, by following a policy of maintaining a
ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˜ ÛÙ· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· Î·È ·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·- systematic presence in cultural affairs and reaching out
ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi, ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ more to the general public, the Hellenic Maritime Museum
ÙÂÙÚ·Ï·Û›·Û ٷ ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘, ·ÔÎÙÒÓÙ·˜ ϤÔÓ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi has quadrupled its members, at the same time gaining
¤ÚÂÈÛÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. strong support from within Hellenic society.
™ÙȘ ·›ıÔ˘Û¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÂÚ›Ô˘ 2.500 There are approximately 2,500 artefacts currently on
·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌË̤ӷ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÈο Î·È ıÂÌ·ÙÈο, display in the museum, classified according to chronology
˙ˆÓÙ·Ó‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ·fi and type in a manner which brings to life Hellenic naval
ÙËÓ ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂÔ¯‹ ˆ˜ ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜. ∏ ¤ÎıÂÛË history and tradition from prehistoric times to the present
ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÂÓÓ¤· ·›ıÔ˘Û˜. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È day. The exhibits are arranged in nine halls. The first is
ÚÔÛˆÔÁڷʛ˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰ˆÚË- dedicated to portraits of naval personalities and museum
ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ·ÓÙÈÎÚÈÛÙ¿ Ì ı·Ï·ÛÛÔÁڷʛ˜, donors as well as seascapes, including works by Aimilios
¤ÚÁ· ÙˆÓ ∞ÈÌÈÏ›Ô˘ Î·È ™‡ÚÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ۷ϤÓÙË, µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ and Spyros Prosalentis, Vasileios Hatzis, Thalia Flora-
÷Ù˙‹, £¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ºÏˆÚ¿-∫·Ú·‚›· Î.·. ∏ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ Karavia, et al. The presentation of the main subject-matter
‚·ÛÈ΋˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ·›ıÔ˘Û·, begins in the next hall, which focuses on maritime
fiÔ˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Ó·˘ÙÈο ÂÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù· Ù˘ achievements in antiquity, chiefly through the medium of
·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· ÏÔ›ˆÓ. ∞fi ship models. From the papyrela (papyrus boat) of Corfu,
ÙËÓ ÎÂÚ΢ڷ˚΋ ·˘Ú¤ÏÏ·, Èı·Ófi Ì·ÎÚÈÓfi ·fiÁÔÓÔ possibly a distant relative of a Mesolithic craft, the
ÌÂÛÔÏÈıÈÎÔ‡ ÛοÊÔ˘˜, Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜ ÂÚÓ¿ evolution of ancient ship construction passes from the
·fi ÙÔ ÌÈÓˆÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ ÏÔ›Ô Ù˘ £‹Ú·˜ Î·È Minoan ship and the so-called Ship of Thera and peaks
ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·ıËÓ·˚΋ ÙÚÈ‹ÚË ÙÔ˘ 5Ô˘ .Ã. with the Athenian trireme of the 5th century BC, the
·ÈÒÓ·, ÙÔ ·‰È·ÊÈÏÔÓ›ÎËÙÔ fiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÛÙË Ó·˘- ultimate weapon of the Hellenes at the Battle of Salamina.
Ì·¯›· Ù˘ ™·Ï·Ì›Ó·˜.
∆Ô ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Ù˘ ¯ÈÏÈfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ The maritime aspect of the thousand-year course of
ÂÏÏËÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔۈ‡ÂÈ Ë ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜, Hellenism corresponding to the Byzantine period is
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ ‰ÚÔÌÒ- presented with the help of models of Byzantine dromons,
ÓˆÓ, ÂÓfi˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 7Ô˘ Ì.Ã. ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È Ì of a 7th century AD merchant vessel and perhaps the
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ¤ÎıÂÌ· ¤Ó·Ó ›ıÔ Ù˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ ÂÔ¯‹˜ most important exhibit, a Byzantine pithos (large jar for
10
‰È·ÎÔÛÌË̤ÓÔ Ì ¯·Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ transporting wine) decorated with incised representations
ÏÔ›ˆÓ. ∆· ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÙÔ˘Ú- of merchant vessels and warships. In the dark years which
ÎÈ΋ ηٿÎÙËÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÈÁÁÂ- followed the Ottoman conquest up to the rebirth of the
ÓÂÛ›·˜, Ë ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ı¤·ÙÚÔ ÛÎÏËÚÒÓ Ì·¯ÒÓ ÌÂÙ·- Hellenic nation, the sea was the theatre of fierce battles
͇ Í¤ÓˆÓ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. OÈ ‚ÂÓÂÙÈΤ˜ Á·Ï¤Ú˜ between foreign naval powers. The galleys of Venice
΢ÚÈ·¯Ô‡Ó Î·È Ù· ÚÒÙ· ηÓfiÓÈ· Ì·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ÏÔ›·, prevail and the first cannons are installed in ships, leaving
·Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÛËÌ¿‰È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ their mark on the maritime tradition of the Aegean with the
∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ Ì ÙȘ „·ÚÈ·Ó¤˜ Á·ÏÈfiÙ˜. ∆Ô Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ galiots of Psara. The end of the era of oar-powered ships
ÙˆÓ Îˆ‹Ï·ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÂÈÎÚ·- drew near as sailing vessels gained the ascendancy, large
ÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ÈÛÙÈÔÊfiÚ·, Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÏÔ›· Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜, ÔÈ ships of the line, sacoleves and brigs. Particular emphasis
Û·ÎÔϤ‚˜, Ù· ÌÚ›ÎÈ·. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ is given to the navy of the Hellenic Revolution. Taking
Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ∫ÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Î·È place of prominence in this respect are a number of
ÎÔÚ˘Ê·›· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÏ·ÈÔÁڷʛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫ˆÓ- compelling exhibits which include oil paintings by
ÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ µÔÏ·Ó¿ÎË Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÚfiÏËÛË ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÔ‡ Constantine Volanakis depicting the destruction of a
‰ÈÎÚfiÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÚÂÛÛfi Î·È ÙËÓ ¡·˘Ì·¯›· ÙÔ˘ ¡·‚·Ú›- Turkish frigate at Eressos by Hellenic fireships and the
ÓÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋ ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·›· ÂÓfi˜ Battle of Navarino, as well as the original revolutionary flag
ÏÔ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ™ÂÙÛÒÓ. ∞˘Ù¿ Ï·ÈÛÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÈÛÙÔÚÈο of a Spetses ship. These are displayed alongside
ÎÂÈÌ‹ÏÈ·, fiˆ˜ fiÏ·, ÚÔÛˆÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÔÚ- historical heirlooms such as weapons, personal effects
ÙÚ·›Ù· ÙˆÓ ËÚˆÈÎÒÓ Ó·˘Ì¿¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 1821. and portraits of the heroic naval fighters of 1821.
ªÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÔχÙÈÌ· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, Some of the museum's most valuable exhibits
¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ÂÌ‚fiÏÈÌ· Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·›ıÔ˘Û˜. complement the displays in these halls. These include
¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· ÎÔοÏÈÓ· ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· ÏÔ›ˆÓ ηٷÛ΢- ship models made of bone in the early 19th century by
·Ṳ̂ӷ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·È. ·fi °¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·È¯Ì·ÏÒ- French prisoners of the Napoleonic Wars, oil paintings by
ÙÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ¡·ÔÏÂfiÓÙÂÈˆÓ ¶ÔϤ̈Ó. ∂Ï·ÈÔÁڷʛ˜ 18th century Dutch artists, engravings, weapons and
OÏÏ·Ó‰ÒÓ ˙ˆÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·È., ¯·Ú·ÎÙÈο, fiÏ·, nautical instruments. These artefacts make up the
Ó·˘ÙÈο fiÚÁ·Ó·. ∆· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Aristotle Onassis’ collection which once decorated the
Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú. øÓ¿ÛË Î·È ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‰È·Îfi- celebrated yacht “Christina” of the famous Hellene
ÛÌËÛË Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÊËÌ˘ ı·Ï·ÌËÁÔ‡ “ÃÚÈÛÙ›Ó·” ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿ÛË- shipowner.
ÌÔ˘ ŒÏÏËÓ· ÂÊÔÏÈÛÙ‹.
OÈ ‰‡Ô ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ·›ıÔ˘Û˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÊÈÂڈ̤Ó˜ ÛÙÔ ¶ÔÏÂ- The next two halls are devoted to the Hellenic Navy from
ÌÈÎfi N·˘ÙÈÎfi, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ›‰Ú˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÔÂÏÏË- the time of the founding of the modern Hellenic State up
ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜. ∏ ÔÏ˘Ù¿Ú·¯Ë ÓÂfiÙÂ- to the present day. The country's turbulent contemporary
ÚË ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì·˜, ÂÚÓ¿ ̤۷ ·fi Ù· ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ history is vividly reflected in the models of Hellas’ first
ÚÒÙˆÓ ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ Ì·˜ ÏÔ›ˆÓ, Ù˘ ÊÚÂÁ¿Ù·˜ “∂ÏÏ¿˜” Î·È national warships, the frigate “Hellas” and the paddle
ÙÔ˘ ÙÚÔ¯‹Ï·ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÌÔÏÔ›Ô˘ “∫·ÚÙÂÚ›·”, ÙÔ˘ ËÚˆÈÎÔ‡ steamer corvette “Karteria”, the heroic “Enosis” of the
ηٷ‰ÚÔÌÈÎÔ‡ “ŒÓˆÛȘ” Ù˘ ∫ÚËÙÈ΋˜ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Crete Uprising (1866-68), of fleet vessels at the time of the
1866-68, ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ µ·ÏηÓÈÎÒÓ ¶ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Ì ÎÔÚ˘- Balkan Wars with first and foremost the armoured cruiser
Ê·›Ô ÙÔ ıˆÚËÎÙfi “°. ∞‚¤ÚˆÊ” Î·È ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi “G. Averof”, as well as of the first Hellenic submarine, the
˘Ô‚Ú‡¯ÈÔ “¢ÂÏʛӔ, ÙÔ “ŒÏÏË”, ÙÔ “µ·Û›ÏÈÛÛ· ŸÏÁ·”, “Delfin”, the cruiser “Elli”, the destroyer “Vasilissa Olga”,
ÙÔ À/µ “¶··ÓÈÎÔÏ‹˜” ÙÔ˘ µ’ ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î.·. the WWII submarine “Papanikolis”, etc. All these objects
ŸÏ· Ï·ÈÛÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÏ·ÈÔÁڷʛ˜ ÙˆÓ are complemented by fine oil paintings by artists who
µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ ÷Ù˙‹, §˘ÎÔ‡ÚÁÔ˘ ∫ÔÁ‚›Ó·, ∞ÈÌÈÏ›Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÛ·- include Vasileios Hatzis, Lykourgos Kogevinas, Aimilios
ϤÓÙË, µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ °ÂÚÌÂÓ‹, ¡ÈÎÔÏ¿Ô˘ ∫·ÏÔÁÂÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ Prosalentis, Vasileios Germenis and Nikolaos
Î.·. Ô˘ ·Ôı·Ó¿ÙÈÛ·Ó Ì ÙÔÓ ¯ÚˆÛÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ÌÂÁ·- Kalogeropoulos, who with their paint brushes
ÏÂÈÒ‰Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ Ì·˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘, Ì·˙› Ì immortalised the great sea action of the Hellenic Navy,
ÔÏ˘¿ÚÈıÌ· ÎÂÈÌ‹ÏÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ¤Ó‰Ô͘ Ó·˘Ì·¯›Â˜. OÈ along with many artefacts from the glorious naval battles.
·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ References to the men who distinguished themselves in
‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÚÔÛˆÔ- the course of their naval service are made through
Áڷʛ˜, ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜, ·Ú¿ÛËÌ·, ÛÙÔϤ˜ Î·È fiÏ·. portraits, photographs, decorations, uniforms and
weapons.
∏ ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓ‹ ÂÔÔÈ›· Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ Ó·˘ÙÈ- The sea epics of the Hellenic Merchant Marine are
Ï›·˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ presented next, from the establishment of the first Hellenic
›‰Ú˘Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ∞ÙÌÔÏÔ˚΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙË ™‡ÚÔ, ocean steamship company on Syros up to the Hellenes-
̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ ı¤Û˘ Ô˘ η٤¯ÂÈ owned merchant fleet's present position as world leader.
Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ô ÂÏÏËÓfiÎÙËÙÔ˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜.
∏ ¤ÎıÂÛË ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ Ó·˘‹ÁËÛ˘ The exhibition ends with a vivid portrayal of the
ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÙÚ¯·ÓÙËÚÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ıÂÛË construction of a traditional trechandiri and a presentation
Ù‡ˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙÈÔÊfiÚˆÓ, Ô˘ ‰È¤- of the various types of merchant sailing ships that plied
Û¯È˙·Ó ÙËÓ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ª·‡ÚË £¿Ï·ÛÛ· ηٿ the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea in the 19th and
11
ÙÔ˘˜ 19Ô Î·È 20fi ·ÈÒÓ˜ Ì ÔÏ˘¿ÚÈıÌ· ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ 20th centuries through numerous models of the vessels
ÛηÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ Û·Ó «·ÓÙÚȈ̤ÓÔÈ ·Ú¯¿ÁÁÂÏÔÈ» ‰È¤Û¯È˙·Ó which once crossed the oceans like "mighty archangels".
¿ÏÏÔÙ ÙȘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ¤˜ Ì·˜.
™ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ¡·˘ÙÈ΋ The museum also houses a Naval Library which is open
µÈ‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ηٿ ÙȘ Ë̤Ú˜ Î·È ÒÚ˜ to the public on the same days and hours as the museum.
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·fi The library has over 14,000 volumes and periodicals
14.000 ÙfiÌÔ˘˜ ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ Ì ·ÚÈÔ ı¤Ì· ÙË mainly on the theme of naval history, science and art.
Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·, ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È Ù¤¯ÓË.
¶ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙ·ÙÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Î·È ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô, It also has rich historical and photo archives, as well as a
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì›· Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Û¿ÓÈˆÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ collection of rare maps of Hellas and the world dating
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ 16Ô ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 19Ô from the 16th to the 19th century, which are kept at the
·ÈÒÓ·, Ô˘ Ê˘ÏÏ¿ÛÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ ÛÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ·ÏÏ¿ museum but are not on display due to lack of space.
ÂÏÏ›„ÂÈ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È.
∆Ô ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Â͈ڷ˝ÛıËΠÂ͈ÙÂÚÈο Ì ȉȈÙÈ- The Maritime Museum, whose exterior has undergone a
Τ˜ ¯ÔÚËÁ›Â˜, ÂÓÒ ¤Ù˘¯Â ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂȯÂÈ- face-lift thanks to a number of private donations, has
ÚËÛÈ·Îfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ù˘ “∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜” secured its participation in the operational programme
Ì ٛÙÏÔ ¶§OÀ™ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ °’ ∫ÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi “Information Society” with a project entitled “PLOUS”
¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ™Ù‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ ∂.∂. ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·ÔÛÎÔ› within the framework of the European Union's 3rd
ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Community Support Framework for Hellas. The aim of the
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ, ÛÙËÓ „ËÊÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ- project is the modernisation of the museum's
ÌËÏ›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÎıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·¯ÒÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Û technological infrastructure, the digitalisation and
ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÈÌË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ™˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÙÔ ÂÂÍÂÚ- documentation of its heirlooms and exhibits and their
Á·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· recording in an accessible database. At the same time,
ÂΉfiÛÂˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÌÈ·˜ ‡Ï˘ ‰È·‰È- the material thus processed will be used to produce
ÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ì ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎıÂÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È publications and create a web gateway through which the
ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ. museum's exhibits and activities may be projected
internationally.
ŒÓ· ·fi Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Guided tours have become one of the most important
Â›Ó·È Ë ÍÂÓ¿ÁËÛË, ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‹ıˆÓ ÂÈÛÎÂÙÒÓ, activities of the museum, not only for its regular visitors
14.000 ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÂÙËÛ›ˆ˜. ∏ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ‰È‰·- but also for approximately 14,000 schoolchildren
Ûηϛ· Ù˘ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘ Û ÙfiÛÔ annually. Hands-on teaching of maritime history and
ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙÒÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ tradition to such a large number of students of all grades
‚·ıÌ›‰ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·fi ÌfiÓË Ù˘ ÛÎÔfi ‡·Ú͢ ÙÔ˘ in itself constitutes justification for the museum's
ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È Î›ÓËÙÚÔ Â˘ÓÔ˚΋˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi continued operation and an added incentive for
ÙËÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ù˘. favourable treatment by the State and its agencies.
ŒÙÛÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈχÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Thus, without having yet resolved its financial problem
Úfi‚ÏËÌ· (2005), ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÚÁ·- (2005), the museum is overhauling its organisational
ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÁӈ̛· ÂÓfi˜ structures and taking on the characteristics of a mature,
ÒÚÈÌÔ˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÙÔ ÂÈÛÙË- modern institution whose scientific personnel is fully
ÌÔÓÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÊÔÌÔÈÒÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· capable of adopting and using all the facilities afforded by
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ fiϘ ÙȘ ¢ÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ present-day technology. In doing so, it has attained a
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, ηÙÔÚıÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ranking among the foremost cultural institutions not only
ÚÒÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ in Hellas but internationally.
ÙfiÔ˘ Ì·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ηٿٷ͢.
¶ÔÏÏÔ› ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ 56 ¯Úfi- Many people have helped the museum during its 56 years
ÓˆÓ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ø˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·- of operation. As far as agencies are concerned, special
ÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ÕÌ˘Ó·˜ (°∂¡), ÙÔ mention should be made of the Ministry of National
ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ∂ÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ¡·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜ (¡∞∆) Î·È ÙÔ ÀÔ˘Ú- Defence, the Ministry of Merchant Marine and the Ministry
ÁÂ›Ô ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Â›Û˘ Î·È ÔÈ È‰ÈÒÙ˜ of Culture. Many private individuals have also provided
Ô˘ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó ÙÔ ªÔ˘Û›Ô, Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ assistance, the names of whom are mentioned alongside
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÎı¤Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ‰ˆÚÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. the exhibits of their donations.
∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰È¿ÛˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ì·˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ The efforts being made to save our maritime heritage are
Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È ·‰È¿ÎÔ·. ∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ¯ÒÚ· continuing ceaselessly. It is most important in this
Ô˘ ·fi ·ÓÙÔ‡ ·ÁÓ·ÓÙ‡ԢÌ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·, fiÛÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó country, where the sea is never far from sight, for
Û¯¤ÛË Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ everyone in any way connected with it and who
ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛË Î·È ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ÂÈ‚›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ recognises its enormous contribution to the rebirth and
°¤ÓÔ˘˜, Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·ı' ÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ, Ó· subsequent survival of the Hellenic Nation, to help in any
Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Î·È Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙȘ way possible, to become members of the museum and to
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. take part in its activities.
12
TÔ N·˘ÙÈÎfiÓ MÔ˘Û›ÔÓ Ù˘ EÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ŒÓ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi.
The Hellenic Maritime Museum. A brief history.
1. Commemorative photograph. ∆he signing of the founding act of the Hellenic Maritime Museum in the offices of the Minister of the
Navy, of that time, Gerasimos Vasiliadis, on 7th April, 1949. Pictured from left to right, the lawyer Themistoklis Valsamakis, Captain
(C.G.) and Piraeus Harbourmaster D. Margetis, Rear Admiral R.H.N. Leonidas Theocharis, lawyer Constantine Dardanos, lawyer
Deucalion Rediadis, industrialist E. Anargyrou, the Reverend Bishop of Piraeus Georgios Patsis, Vice Admiral R.∏.¡. Demetrios
Economou, Minister of the Navy Gerasimos Vasiliadis, author-academic Spyros Melas, lawyer-historian Ioannis Meletopoulos,
journalist-author Epaminondas Bambouris, Rear Admiral R.H.N. Demetrios Loundras, Rear Admiral R.H.N. Theodoros Kountouriotis
and Vice Admiral R.H.N. D. Fokas.
13
3
3. ∏ ÔÈΛ· ¶ÈÈÓ¤ÏË ÛÙËÓ ∞ÎÙ‹ ªÔ˘ÙÛÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ 18, fiÔ˘ ÛÙÂÁ¿ÛÙËΠ·Ú¯Èο ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜. ∆· ›ÛËÌ· ÂÁη›ÓÈ·
ÙÂϤÛıËÎ·Ó ÙËÓ 27Ë πÔ˘Ó›Ô˘ 1955.
3. The Pipinelis residence on 18, Akti Moutsopoulou, where the Museum was housed for the first time. The official inauguration was
held on 27th June, 1955.
4. ∂͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÎÙËÚ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ÛÙÔ ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ Ù˘ ∑¤·˜.
14
5
5. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ë ·›ıÔ˘Û· Ù˘ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ªÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ fiÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÏËÊı› ¤Ó· ÙÌ‹Ì·
ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÓÒÓÂÈÔ˘ Ù›¯Ô˘˜ (4Ô˜ ·È. .Ã.) Ô˘ ‰È¤ÙÚ¯ ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ·˚΋ ·ÎÙ‹.
5. The characteristic entrance hall of the Museum contains a part of the ancient Conon walls (4th century B.C.)
that enclosed the Piraeus coastline.
15
¢È·ÙÂϤ۷ÓÙ˜ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ N·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ MÔ˘Û›Ԣ Ù˘ EÏÏ¿‰Ô˜.
16
K·È ÙÔ ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓfi Ù·Í›‰È ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ....
And the sea travel begins....
∫·È ÙÔ ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓfi Ù·Í›‰È ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ....
T· ÏÔ›· ÙˆÓ EÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ: Afi ÙȘ ۯ‰›Â˜ Î·È Ù· ÌÔÓfiÍ˘Ï· ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ
̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Á›Á·ÓÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ı·Ï·ÛÛÒÓ Ù˘ EÏÏËÓÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘.
¢ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÂ Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ We cannot determine when man, first ventured onto the
Í·ÓÔ›¯ÙËΠ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ˘ÁÚfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Î·È ·fi fiÙ ڷÁ- water element and since when, voyages on the open
Ì·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ù·Í›‰È· ·ÓÔȯً˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛ˘. OÈ ÂȉÈÎÔ› seas, were being carried out. Experts propose dates of
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ fiˆ˜ 200.000 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·fi 200,000 years ago for the crossing of the straits of
Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ‰È¿ÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÂÓÒÓ ÙÔ˘ °È‚Ú·ÏÙ¿Ú Î·È Gibraltar and even earlier times for the Bering straits and
·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÚÒÈ̘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ ª¤- journeys among various island groups in the Pacific and
ÚÈÓÁÎ Î·È Ù·Í›‰È· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÓËÛȈÙÈο the Atlantic Ocean.
Û˘ÌϤÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÚËÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∞ÙÏ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ˆÎ·-
ÓÔ‡.
∞Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ fï˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ Ôχ Ì·ÎÚÈÓ¤˜ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, If we set aside these remote times, we can safely say
ÌÔÚԇ̠̠‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ó· Ô‡ÌÂ, fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ that the first ever, voyage on the open seas, for which we
Ù·Í›‰È ·ÓÔȯً˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô have documented evidence, took place in the Aegean,
¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙÂÎÌËÚȈ̤ÓË Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ¤ÁÈÓ ÛÙÔ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô Î·È and involved the transportation of obsidian* from the
·ÊÔÚ¿ οÔÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ԄȉȷÓÔ‡* ·fi ÙË ª‹ÏÔ ÛÙÔ island of Melos to the cave of Franchthi in the Argolis,
Û‹Ï·ÈÔ ºÚ¿Á¯ıË Ù˘ ∞ÚÁÔÏ›‰·˜ 10.000 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÈÓ 10,000 years ago. This voyage was carried out, either
·fi Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ∂›Ù ÙÔ Ù·Í›‰È ¤ÁÈÓ ·Â˘ı›·˜ ·fi ÙȘ directly from the Cyclades to the Peloponnese or, these
∫˘ÎÏ¿‰Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÏÔfiÓÓËÛÔ, ›Ù ÔÈ Ì·ÎÚÈÓÔ› ı·Ï·ÛÛÔ- ancient mesolithic sea-farers followed the easier sea
fiÚÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÛÔÏÈıÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ Â˘ÎÔ- route, from Melos to the Lavreotic, using as intermediary
ÏfiÙÂÚÔ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ, Ô˘ ·fi ÙË ª‹ÏÔ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ports the islands. In any case, this constitutes an
§·˘ÚˆÙÈ΋ (Ì ÂӉȿÌÂÛ˜ ÛοϘ Ù· ÓËÛÈ¿), ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È achievement in early navigation, as the primitive stone
ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ›Ù¢ÁÌ· Ù˘ ÚÒÈÌ˘ Ó·˘ÛÈÏÔ˝·˜, ÌÈ· Î·È Ù· tools they had at their disposal did not allow for the
ÚˆÙfiÁÔÓ· Ï›ıÈÓ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ‰È¤ıÂÙ·Ó ÙfiÙ ‰ÂÓ Â¤- building of an intricate naval construction.
ÙÚÂ·Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ οÔÈÔ˘ ÔχÏÔÎÔ˘ Ó·˘ËÁ‹-
Ì·ÙÔ˜.
¢ÂÓ ı· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ì ÔÙ¤ Â¿Ó Ô Ô„È‰È·Ófi˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛÙÔ We shall never know whether the obsidian found in the
ÌÂÛÔÏÈıÈÎfi ÛÙÚÒÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ûηʋ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÏ·›Ô˘ ºÚ¿Á- Mesolithic layer of the excavation in Franchthi cave, was
¯ıË ÌÂٷʤÚıËΠ̠ÌÔÓfiÍ˘Ï·, Ì ͇ÏÈÓ˜ ‹ Ì ·˘Ú¤- carried there by dug-outs, or by wooden or papyrus
ÓȘ ۯ‰›Â˜. rafts.
¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô Î·È ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÔÈ It is no wonder that the Aegean, and specifically the
∫˘ÎÏ¿‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ fiÔ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÚÒÈ̘ ÚÔÛ¿- Cyclades, is the area where early efforts in open sea
ıÂȘ Ù·ÍȉÈÒÓ ·ÓÔȯً˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛ˘. ∏ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ·˘Ù‹, voyages were carried out. This sea, scattered with
ηٿ۷ÚÙË Ì ÓËÛÈ¿ Î·È ‚Ú·¯ÔÓËÛ›‰Â˜, ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· islands and islets, has an extensive coastline where bays
ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ·ÎÙÔÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ fiÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÎÚˆ- and capes alternate, and the mariner has always the
Ù‹ÚÈ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÎfiÏÔ˘˜, Î·È Û' ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÌÔ- confidence that he can spot some land in the horizon. If
Ú› Ô Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÙË ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ fiÙÈ ‚ϤÂÈ we take into account the mild climatic conditions and the
οÔÈ· ÛÙÂÚÈ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·. ∞Ó ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‹È˜ clarity of the atmosphere for long periods of time, we
ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ÙË ‰È·‡ÁÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ·˜ shall understand that these elements encouraged the
* ∏Ê·ÈÛÙÂÈÔÁÂÓ¤˜ ˘·Ï҉˜ ¤Ùڈ̷, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ * Volcanic glass used as material for tools and weapons during
§›ıÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ù·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ fiÏˆÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ. the Stone Age.
18
ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‰È·ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ı· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· inhabitants of the southern part of the Aimos peninsula,
ÛÙÔȯ›· ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘Ó·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ηÙÔ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÙ›Ô˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·- who were later named Hellenes, in satisfying their
ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ¯ÂÚÛÔÓ‹ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞›ÌÔ˘ - Ô˘ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ curiosity and their longing to go even further, to become
›·Ì ŒÏÏËÓ˜ - ÈηÓÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚȤÚÁÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, pioneers in the mastery of ships carpentry and
ÙËÓ ‰›„· Ó· ¿Ó ·Ú·¤Ú·, Ó· ÚˆÙÔÔÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ seamanship. In the early copper age, the islanders of the
Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÔÌ·Ú·ÁÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘Ù›ÏÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ Aegean evolved into great sea-farers.
¶ÚÒÈÌË ∂Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÷ÏÎÔ‡ ÔÈ ÓËÛÈÒÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ ı·
ÂÍÂÏȯıÔ‡Ó Û ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô˘˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.
™ËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÛÙË We find important evidence for the great leaps made in
Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ì ÛÙȘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÏÔ›ˆÓ Ù˘ 3˘ shipbuilding of the 3rd millennium B.C. on rock carvings,
¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ .Ã. Û ‚Ú·¯ÔÁڷʛ˜, ¯·Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Û Û·Ë, utensil engravings and seal engravings. The ships that
Û ÛÊÚ·ÁȉfiÏÈıÔ˘˜. ∆· ηڿ‚È· Ô˘ ·ÚÈÛÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰ÂÓ are depicted cannot, under any circumstances, be
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Û η̛· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ described as primitive. They are the outcome of a long
ÚˆÙfiÁÔÓ· ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ì›·˜ Ì·ÎÚ¿˜ Âͤ- evolution which came to its peak during the middle of
ÏÈ͢ Ô˘ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ̤۷ Ù˘ 2˘ .Ã. ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ the 2nd millennium B.C., as we can see in the so called
Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÔηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ «ÛÙfiÏÔ˘» ÛÙË “Ship Procession” fresco in the West House of Akrotiri in
¢˘ÙÈ΋ OÈΛ· ÙˆÓ ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ Ù˘ ™·ÓÙÔÚ›Ó˘, Ô˘ the Santorini island, which dates back to 1550 B.C.
¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ 1550 .Ã.
∏ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ·Ù› ÛÙ· This fresco is extremely important because, on these 14
‰Âη٤ÛÛÂÚ· ÏÔ›· Î·È ÏÔÈ¿ÚÈ· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ larger and smaller vessels participating in this
«ÔÌ‹» ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÏ· Ù· ̤۷ ÚÔÒıËÛ˘: ÙÔ procession, all methods of propulsion are depicted: the
·Ó›, ÙÔ ÎÔ˘› ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓÔ Û ÛηÚÌfi Î·È Ë ÂχıÂÚË sail, the oar on its thole pin and free kayak type rowing
ΈËÏ·Û›· Ù‡Ô˘ ηÁÈ¿Î, Ô˘ ÛÙ· Á·ÏÏÈο ϤÁÂÙ·È which, in French, is called pagayer and in English,
pagayer Î·È ÛÙ· ·ÁÁÏÈο paddling. O ·Â›ÌÓËÛÙÔ˜ ™˘Ú›- paddling. The first excavator of Akrotiri, Spyridon
‰ˆÓ ª·ÚÈÓ¿ÙÔ˜ ÂÊˇÚ ÙË Ï¤ÍË «Ù·ÚÛÔÏÔ˝·» ·fi ÙËÓ Marinatos invented the word “tarsoploia” from the
ÔÌËÚÈ΋ ϤÍË Ù·ÚÛfi˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ Homeric word tarsos in order to describe this method of
ÙÚfiÔ ÎˆËÏ·Û›·˜. paddling.
ªÔÚ› ÔÈ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÏÔÈ·Ú›ˆÓ Ù˘ 4˘ ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ Î·È Representations of 4th millennium vessels, and even
Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÚˆÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜ Ó· ¯¿ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó‡„ˆÛË Ù˘ earlier, may have been lost with the rising of the sea,
ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜, Ô˘ Û οÔÈ· ÛËÌ›· - fiˆ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ which in some places, as specifically in Franchthi,
ÛÙÔ ºÚ¿Á¯ıË - ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ù· 108 ̤ÙÚ·, ηχÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÁ¿- reaches 108 metres covering an important part of the
ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÏ·›Ô˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˘Ô- interior of the cave, which is underground, connected
Á›ˆ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·. with the sea.
¶ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ªÈÓˆÈÙÒÓ Î·È Many other representations of Minoan and Mycenaean
ÙˆÓ ª˘ÎËÓ·›ˆÓ Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ·fi Ù· ̤۷ Ù˘ 2˘ .Ã. ships reveal that from the middle of the 2nd millennium
¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ ˘‹Ú¯Â ÛÙÔ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô ÌÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ı·Ï·ÛÛÔÎÚ·ÙÔ- B.C., there was a great sea power in the Aegean and
Ú›· Î·È fiÙÈ Ë Ù¤¯ÓË Ù˘ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó Û ϋÚË that the mastery of shipbuilding was in full progress.
ÂͤÏÈÍË.
∂¿Ó ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌfiÓÔ ÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ·- For these prehistoric times, we have only pictorial
ÊÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÏÔ›· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÈÎÔ˘- evidence of the Hellenic ships, supplemented of course
ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, ·fi Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌË- by marine descriptions from the Homeric epics that
ÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÒÓ, Ô˘ ÏÔÁÈÎfi Â›Ó·È Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌӋ̘ certainly bear earlier memories. For the ensuing years,
ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˜, ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌÈ· we have an abundant variety of representations and texts
ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, Ù· that enable us to better understand the marine activities
ÔÔ›· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ηχÙÂÚ· ÙȘ Ó·˘- of our ancestors during periods of war and peace.
ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁfiÓˆÓ Ì·˜ ÂÓ Î·ÈÚÒ ÂÈÚ‹-
Ó˘ Î·È ÂÓ Î·ÈÚÒ ÔϤÌÔ˘.
°‡Úˆ ÛÙ· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ 13Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· .Ã. Î·È Ï›ÁÔ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Around the middle of the 13th century B.C., and a little
ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ› Ù˘ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È later, the civilizations of the eastern Mediterranean are
·fi Ì·˙ÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛ‚ÔϤ˜ Ó¤ˆÓ ÏËı˘ÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ Û·ÚÒÓÔ˘Ó shocked by mass invasions of new populations that
ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜. °È· ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ 11Ô swept over the older ones. In the Hellenic area, a period
.Ã. ·ÈÒÓ· ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ «ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓÒÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ», of “dark ages” commenced from the 11th century B.C.
Ô˘ ı· ‰È·ÚΤÛÂÈ ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 9Ô .Ã. ·ÈÒÓ· ÂÚ›Ô˘. ∆ËÓ and lasted till about the 9th century B.C. During this
19
ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·˘Ù‹, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ù·Ù¿ÍÂȘ Ï·Ì- period, however, significant redistributions took place in
‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô Î·È ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹- the Aegean and shaped the conditions for the ensuing
Θ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈ- development of the Hellenic culture of the Archaic and
ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯·˚ÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÒÓ ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ. ª˘ÎËÓ·›ÔÈ, Classical periods. The Mycenaeans, under the pressure
οو ·fi ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ¢ˆÚȤˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ from the Dorians and other Hellenic tribes that came
Ê‡ÏˆÓ Ô˘ ‹Úı·Ó ·fi Ù· ÔÚÂÈÓ¿ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ from the mountainous regions of Central Hellas and
Î·È ÙËÓ ◊ÂÈÚÔ, ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙ· ÓËÛÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ Epirus, migrated to the islands of the Aegean and the
Î·È ÛÙ· ·Ú¿ÏÈ· Ù˘ ªÈÎÚ¿˜ ∞Û›·˜. ™ÙËÓ ËÂÈÚˆÙÈ΋ coasts of Asia Minor. On the Hellenic mainland, the
∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÔÈ ∞¯·ÈÔ› ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∞ÙÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ Achaeans were limited to Attica and Euboea and laid the
∂‡‚ÔÈ· Î·È ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ foundations of the new political system of city-states.
fiψÓ-ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ.
OÈ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÏÔ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÏË ·˘Ù‹˜ The representations of ships we have, from the end of
Ù˘ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÏ˘ÏËı›˜. ªÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÎÙfiÈ- this period, are many in number. From the ever
ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Î·Ú·‚ÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ·fi increasing number of oarsmen, we can perceive that the
ÙÔÓ fiÏÔ Î·È ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÎˆËÏ·ÙÒÓ. ∆fiÙ ships’ displacement grew larger. It was then, that a
ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi ÏÔ›Ô, ‹ ÔÏ˘‹- significant warship made its appearance. The ship with
Ú˘, Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ Ù· ÎÏ·ÛÈο many rows of oars the development of which peaked
¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ì ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·ıËÓ·˚΋˜ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÔ˘˜, during the classical years with the perfection of the
ÂÓfi˜ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˘ Έ‹Ï·ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘ËÁ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ athenian trireme, a highly manoeuvrable, oar-powered,
¯¿ÚÈÛ ÔÏϤ˜ ӛΘ, Ì ÎÔÚ˘Ê·›· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙË Ó·˘Ì·¯›· masterpiece of shipbuilding, which gave us many
ÛÙ· ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ù˘ ™·Ï·Ì›Ó·˜, Ô˘ ÂÈÛÊÚ¿ÁÈÛ ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ- victories, the crowning moment of which, was the naval
΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙȘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ˜ ·fi Ù· ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ù˘ ªÂÛÛ‹- battle at the straits of Salamina that corroborated the
Ó˘ Ù˘ ™ÈÎÂÏ›·˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Ù· ªÈÎÚ·ÛÈ·ÙÈο ·Ú¿ÏÈ·. Hellenic supremacy at sea from the straits of Messina in
Sicily, to the coasts of Asia Minor.
∫·Ù¿ Ù· ÎÏ·ÛÈο Î·È ÂÏÏËÓÈÛÙÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ During the Classical and Hellenistic years, the ship not
·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ·ÁÁ›ˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Á›ÓÂ- only appears on pottery representations but also
Ù·È Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ ı¤Ì· Û ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘Ê· Î·È ÔÏfiÁÏ˘Ê· ¤ÚÁ·. becomes an accustomed theme in relief and full
Œ¯Ô˘Ì ›Û˘ ˆÚ·Èfiٷ٘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÏÔ›ˆÓ Û ·ÎÈ- sculptured works. We also have lovely portrayals of ships
‰ÔÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰È·ÛÒıËηÓ. ∆· ÏÔ›· fiÏÔ Î·È ÌÂÁ·- in stone carvings that have been preserved. The ships
ÏÒÓÔ˘Ó, ÙÂÏÂÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ó·˘ËÁÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ are growing bigger and their shipbuilding lines and
Î·È Ô ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜. ∆· ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· Ù·Í›‰È· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ equipment are being perfected. The sea voyages of the
Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó·. Hellenic sea-farers are becoming more organized.
∆· Ù·Í›‰È· Ù· ÂÍÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο, Ù· Ù·Í›‰È· ÂÚȤÙÂÈ·˜ ·ÓÙÈ- The voyages for exploration and adventure are replaced
ηı›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈˆÓ ‰ÚfiÌˆÓ by the organization of the sea routes and the
Î·È Ë ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ˜ Ì ÙȘ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ·ÔÈ˘ ·fi ÙË ª·Û- Mediterranean, with the Hellenic colonies from Marseilles
Û·Ï›· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙË ª·‡ÚË £¿Ï·ÛÛ· Î·È ÙË ™˘Ú›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È to the Black Sea and Syria, becomes a vast Hellenic sea.
ÌÈ· ·¤Ú·ÓÙË ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·.
∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ Ô˘ ı· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó, fiÙ·Ó Ë Even in the centuries that will follow, when world
΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÔ˘ Î·È domination passed from Alexander the Great and his
ÙˆÓ ¢È·‰fi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÓ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ƒˆÌ·›Ô˘˜, Ô ŒÏÏËÓ·˜ heirs to the Romans, the Hellene still continues to rely
ı· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔ˘Ì¿ ¿Óˆ ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Î·È Ë upon the sea and the mastery of ships-carpentry and
Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÔÌ·Ú·ÁÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘Ù›ÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· seamanship has not faded.
Û‚‹ÛÂÈ.
∆Ô fiÙÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ô ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ The fact that today, the Hellenic merchant fleet, holds the
·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ı¤ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ first place worldwide, is not a sudden phenomenon that
Í·ÊÓÈÎfi Ô˘ ÂÍËÁÂ›Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ÙÔ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰·ÈÌfi- can be explained only by the business acumen of the
ÓÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ŒÏÏËÓ· ηڷ‚Ô·ÚË Î·È ÂÊÔÏÈÛÙ‹. ∂›Ó·È ÙÔ Hellene ship-owner. It is the result of a lengthy process,
·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ì›·˜ Ì·ÎÚfiÙ·Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÚÚË- an unbroken chain of millenniums that take us back to
ÎÙ˘ ·Ï˘Û›‰·˜ ¯ÈÏÈÂÙÈÒÓ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ¿ÂÈ ÛÙ· ‚¿ıË ÙˆÓ the dawn of history, starting in the Aegean. We owe
·ÈÒÓˆÓ Î·È ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÛÙÔ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô. ÃÚˆÛÙ¿Ì ٷ ̤ÁÈÛÙ· greatly to the mastery of the Hellene ship-carpenter and
ÛÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ŒÏÏËÓ· ηڷ‚ÔÌ·Ú·ÁÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ŒÏÏË- the Hellene mariner who created the wooden walls to
Ó· Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó Ù· ͇ÏÈÓ· Ù›¯Ë ÁÈ· Ó· protect us, while they were launching fast ships that
Ì·˜ ÚÔÛٷهÛÔ˘Ó, ÂÓÒ Î·ı¤Ï΢·Ó ÁÔÚÁÔÙ¿Íȉ· ηڿ- carried the goods of Hellenic civilization to the
‚È· Î·È Ù· Ù·Í›‰Â˘·Ó ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ·Á·ı¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏË- boundaries of the known world.
ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙ· ¤Ú·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘.
20
O Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ‚›Ô˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯·›· EÏÏ¿‰·. The Maritime life in Ancient Greece.
OÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ì·˜ Á‡Úˆ ·’ ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ The information we have regarding the organization and
ÙÚfiÔ ˙ˆ‹˜ ¿Óˆ ÛÙ’ ·Ú¯·›· ηڿ‚È· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ the manner of living on board ancient vessels is quite
ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜. ∂›Ó·È fiϘ ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ limited. It all comes from written excerpts and they are
·ÌÊ›‚ÔϘ. ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÏÂÌÈο ÏÔ›· often doubtful. We have more information about
Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÌÔÚÈο. ¶¿ÓÙ· Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ Ù˘ warships and less about merchant vessels. Countrymen
ÛÙÂÚÈ¿˜ ÂÓ˘ˆÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·' ÙË ÌÂÁ·ÏÔÚ¤ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÂ- are always impressed by magnificence of warships,
ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎÈ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ Ù· Ù·ÂÈÓ¿ ÊÔÚÙËÁ¿ Ó· ÂÚÓÔ‡Ó ··Ú·- letting the humble and modest cargo ships pass
Ù‹ÚËÙ·Ø ÎÈ fiÛÔÈ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Â›Ó·È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ù˘ ÛÙÂÚÈ¿˜. unobserved. All those who write are people who live on
¶·Ú' fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ı· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰Ô‡Ì ˆ˜ ˙Ô‡- shore. In spite of the above we will try to see how our
Û·Ó ¿Óˆ ÛÙ· ηڿ‚È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ·Ú¯·›ÔÈ Ì·˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ› ancient seamen used to live on board their ships, as can
fiˆ˜ ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯·›· ΛÌÂÓ·. be seen from ancient texts.
∞Ú¯ËÁfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ô ÏÔÈÔÎÙ‹- The chief in the hierarchy of the ship was the ship-owner,
Ù˘ ‹ Ô Ó·˘ÏˆÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ù·Í›‰Â˘Â Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘, or its charterer, who usually traveled on it, a habit which
Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Û¯Â‰fiÓ prevailed until nearly the last century. Artemidoros
·ÈÒÓ·. O ∞ÚÙÂÌ›‰ˆÚÔ˜ Ô ¢·Ï‰È·Ófi˜ Ô˘ ¤˙ËÛ ÙÔ 2Ô Daldianos, who lived in the 2nd century A.D., in his
Ì.Ã. ·ÈÒÓ· ÛÙ· «OÓÂÈÚÔÎÚÈÙÈο» ÙÔ˘ (1.35) Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· “Oneirocritics” (1.35), gives us a clear picture of the
ηı·Ú‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ Ù¿Í˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û ÛÙÔ Î·Ú¿‚È: order prevailing on the ship: the ticharchos stands above
«¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‰Â ÂÚÈÓ¤Ô˘ ÌÂÓ ÙÔ›¯·Ú¯Ô˜, ÙÔȯ¿Ú¯Ô˘ ‰Â Ô Úˆ- the cargo surervisor, the prorefs above the ticharchos,
Ú‡˜, ÚˆÚ¤ˆ˜ ‰Â Ô Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘, ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ‰Â Ô Ó·‡- the captain superior to the prorefs and the shipowner
ÎÏËÚÔ˜», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÙÔ›¯·Ú¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ Âfi- superior to the captain.
ÙË ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô˘, Ô ÚˆÚ¤·˜ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÔ›¯·Ú¯Ô, Ô
΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘ ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÚˆÚ¤·, Ô ÏÔÈÔÎÙ‹Ù˘ ¿Óˆ
·fi ÙÔÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË.
O Ó·‡ÎÏËÚÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ The boatswain was the man who use to run the ship and,
ÏÔ›Ô˘ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÙÔ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÂ- therefore, the possibility of exploiting it, either as its
Ù·È, ›ÙÂ Û·Ó ÏÔÈÔÎÙ‹Ù˘ ›ÙÂ Û·Ó ÂÓÔÈÎÈ·ÛÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞Ó shipowner or its lessee. If he was the owner, he was also
‹Ù·Ó ȉÈÔÎÙ‹Ù˘ ÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÙ·Ó Î·È «Î‡ÚÈÔ˜» ‹ «‰ÂÛfiÙ˘». called Master or Ruler. Artemidoros characteristically
O ∞ÚÙÂÌ›‰ˆÚÔ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: «ÈÛÙfi˜ ‰Â Ù˘ writes: “that (in dreams)…the mast of the ship represents
ÓÂÒ˜ ÙÔÓ Î‡ÚÈÔÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, ·ÓÙÈÚfiÛˆÔÓ ‰Â ÙÔÓ ÚˆÚ¤· the shipowner, the figure on the prow the prorefs, the
Î·È Ô ¯ËÓ›ÛÎÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙËÓ, Ù· ‰Â fiÏ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó·‡Ù·˜ figure on the stern the captain, the rigging the sailors
Î·È ÙÔ Î¤Ú·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÔ›¯·Ú¯ÔÓ», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙ· fiÓÂÈÚ· ÙÔ and the crosstree means the ticharchos”. There were
¿ÏÌÔ˘ÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÏÔÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË, Ë often several part-shipowners or co-boatswains, as they
ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú· Ù˘ ÏÒÚ˘ ÙÔÓ ÚˆÚ¤·, Ë ÊÈÁÔ‡Ú· Ù˘ Ú‡- were called. The boatswain usually traveled with the ship
Ì˘ (¯ËÓ›ÛÎÔ˜) ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ, Ù· Í¿ÚÙÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ whenever it was carrying cargo for his account.
Ó·‡Ù˜ Î·È Ë ÛÙ·‡ÚˆÛË ÙÔÓ ÙÔ›¯·Ú¯Ô. ™˘¯Ó¿ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó Otherwise he had his representative on board. Some
ÔÏÏÔ› Û˘ÌÏÔÈÔÎً٘, ÔÈ Û˘Ó·‡ÎÏËÚÔÈ fiˆ˜ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô- texts also mention the pronafkliros, who is the
ÓÙ·Ó. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ô Ó·‡ÎÏËÚÔ˜ Ù·Í›‰Â˘Â Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔ Î·Ú¿‚È representative of the boatswain on board the ship,
fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô ÁÈ· ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘, ·Ó fi¯È, whenever the later is absent. An old epigram states:
˘‹Ú¯Â ·ÓÙÈÚfiÛˆfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û’ ·˘Ùfi. ™Â ÌÂÚÈο ΛÌÂÓ· “Have a good journey Artemis, shipowner Eftichis from
˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È Ô ÚÔÓ·‡ÎÏËÚÔ˜, Ô˘ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Mytilene, the pronafkliros Tychikos and the captain
·ÓÙÈÚfiÛˆÔ ÙÔ˘ Ó·‡ÎÏËÚÔ˘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ Î·Ú¿‚È Û ÂÚ›- Ioukoundas”.
ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¤ÏÂÈÂ. «∂‡ÏÔÈ¿ ÛÔÈ, ÕÚÙÂÌÈ, Ó·˘ÎÏ‹-
ÚÔ˘ ∂˘Ù‡¯Ô˘ ª˘ÙÈÏËÓ·›Ô˘, ÚÔÓ·˘ÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ ∆˘¯ÈÎÔ‡ ηÈ
ηÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ˘ πÔ˘ÎÔ‡Ó‰·.», ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ¤Ó· ›ÁÚ·ÌÌ·.
∫·ÌÈ¿ ÊÔÚ¿ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô ÏÔÈÔÎÙ‹Ù˘ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Î·ÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ˜ Sometimes the shipowner himself was also the captain
ÙÔ˘ ÛοÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ˘‹Ú¯Â Ô of the ship. In such cases the term nafkliro-kyvernitis was
fiÚÔ˜ Ó·˘ÎÏËÚÔ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘, Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ··ÓÙ¿ÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ used, which is often referred to in several documents
ηӤӷ˜ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· ÙÔ˘ 4Ô˘ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì.Ã. ·ÈÒÓ· mainly of the 4th century A.D. for ships carrying grains
Û ηڿ‚È· Ô˘ ÎÔ˘‚·ÏÔ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÛÈÙ¿ÚÈ· ·’ ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘- from Egypt to Rome. However, in larger vessels he used
ÙÔ ÛÙË ƒÒÌË. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ fï˜ ÛÙ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ηڿ‚È· to engage a professional captain who took over the
ÚÔÛÏ¿Ì‚·Ó οÔÈÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›· ηÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ Ô˘ responsibility for the command and the voyage of the
·Ó·Ï¿Ì‚·Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È ÙÔ Ù·Í›- ship.
‰ÂÌ· ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡.
∆Ô ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ Ù¯ÓÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ηڷ- The top technical person in the hierarchy of the ship was
‚ÈÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ô Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘, Ô Î·ÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ˜. ◊Ù·Ó ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ the master or captain. He was responsible for the
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡ ÁÈ· Ù·Í›‰È Î·È Ó·˘ÙÔ- preparation of the ship for the voyage and recruited its
ÏÔÁÔ‡Û ÙÔ Ï‹ÚˆÌ·. ºÚfiÓÙÈ˙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Î·Ú¿‚È ·ÍÈfi- crew. He used to care that the ship was well prepared for
ÏÔÔ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘. ™Ù· the voyage, and he also mainly looked after its good and
21
ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÛοÊË Ù˘ ·ÎÙÔÏÔ˝·˜ ÊÚfiÓÙÈ˙ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ proper exploitation. In the case of small vessels, for
Ù·Í›‰ÂÌ· ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û·Ó ·˘Ùfi Ì·ÈÓfi‚Á·È- coastal navigation, he further attended to the voyage of
Ó ÛÙÔ ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ ‹ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó Û ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. ™ÙËÓ the vessel especially when it came in or out of harbor or
·ÓÔȯً ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ÙÔ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÌ· ÙÔ Â›¯Â Ô ÙÈÌÔÓȤÚ˘. in any difficult situation. On the open sea, the command
¶fiÛÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È of the ship was in the hands of the Steersman. How
ηı·Ú¿ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ fi,ÙÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ·fi ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˜ important the position of the captain was, can be clearly
‰È·Û‹ÌˆÓ ÏÔÈÔÎÙËÙÒÓ ÂÚÈÛÒıËηÓ. seen from the fact that several names of captains from
famous shipowners have been preserved.
O ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘ ›¯Â ‰‡Ô ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ ‚ÔËıÔ‡- The captain had two officers that helped him in the
Û·Ó ÛÙ· ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔÓ ÚˆÚ¤· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ηı·Ú¿ performance of his duties, the prorefs for purely maritime
Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÙÔ›¯·Ú¯Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈΤ˜. business, and the ticharchos for administrative work. The
O ÚˆÚ¤·˜ ‹Ù·Ó οÙÈ Û·Ó ÙÔÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ˘ÔÏÔ›·Ú¯Ô. O prorefs was like the present day first mate. He was the
¿ÌÂÛÔ˜ ‚ÔËıfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË ¿Óˆ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ó·˘ÙÈ- immediate assistant of the captain in maritime matters
Ï›·˜ ÎÈ ¤ÙÔÈÌÔ˜ ¿ÓÙ· Ó' ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ and always ready to take over command of the vessel
ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡ Û·Ó Î¿ÙÈ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔ˚ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ÁÈ' whenever something happened to his chief. This is why
·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ì ÚÔÛÔ¯‹. he was selected and chosen with great care.
∏ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÓÙ·Ó ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔȯ¿Ú- Administration was in the hands of the ticharchos who
¯Ô˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰‡·˙ ÙȘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ combined the duties of both today's purser and cargo
Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂfiÙË ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô˘. ºÚfiÓÙÈ˙ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÁÈ· supervisor. He also looked after the passengers.
ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‚¿Ù˜.
™ÙÔ˘˜ ¶·Ó‰¤ÎÙ˜ (4.9.1.3.) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È: «À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÚÈ- In Pandects (4.9.1.3.) it is mentioned that: “There are
Ṳ̂ӷ ÚfiÛˆ· ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÈÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂- some persons on board the ship who are entrusted with
Ó· Ì ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ· Û˘Óԉ›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô, fiˆ˜ escort duties in connection with the vessel, such as the
ÔÈ Ó·˘Ê‡Ï·Î˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÈÙ¿ÚÈÔÈ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·Ó οÔÈÔ˜ naf-filakes and the dietarioi. Consequently, if somebody
·' ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ·Ú·Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ, ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ Ô ÏÔÈÔÎÙ‹Ù˘ ‹ Ô took delivery of something from them, then I think that
Ó·˘ÏˆÙ‹˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÓÔÌÈο ˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ fiˆ˜ Î·È the shipowner, or the charterer should be legally
·˘Ùfi˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜, Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿ıÂÛ ٤ÙÔÈ· ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ·, ÂÈ- responsible, like the person himself who entrusted such
ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ê‡Ï·ÍË ÙˆÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ Û' ·˘ÙÔ‡˜». ¢È·ÈÙ¿- duties to him and entrusted the guarding of personal
ÚÈÔ˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙ˘, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ·' ÙÔ property to such persons”. The word dietarios probably
·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fiÛ·ÛÌ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›¯·Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ù· means caterer (victualler) of the ship. However, from the
ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ì ÙÔ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô ·Ú¿ Ì ÙËÓ foregoing excerpt, it appears that his duties were more
ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘. µÔËıÔ› ÙÔȯ¿Ú¯Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ Ó·˘- closely connected with the cargo than with the catering
ÛÙfiÏÔÈ Ô˘ fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏË- (victual ling) of the ship. The assistants of the ticharchos
ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. were the nafstoli who, as it appears, were members of
the crew.
∞’ ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÒÚ· ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÔÈ ÙÈÌÔ- With regard to the crew, there was the steersman
ÓȤÚˉ˜. ∆· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ηڿ‚È· ›¯·Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÎÚ·- (helmsman). Large vessels had several steersmen, who
ÙÔ‡Û·Ó ‚¿Ú‰È· ÛÙÔ ÙÈÌfiÓÈ. O ºÈÏfiÛÙÚ·ÙÔ˜ (3.35) ·Ó·Ê¤- stood watch over the steering devices. Filostratos (3.35)
ÚÂÈ: «¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù·È Ù˘ ÓÂÒ˜ Ù·‡Ù˘ ˘fi Ùˆ mentions: “…there were several steersmen on board that
ÚÂÛ‚˘Ù¿Ùˆ ÙÂ Î·È ÛÔʈٿو Ï¤Ô˘ÛÈ», ‰ËÏ·‰‹, «ÔÏ- ship, and they were under the command of the eldest
ÏÔ› ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ÙÈÌÔÓȤÚˉ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÎÈ ‹Ù·Ó and most learned and experienced one.” Another
οو ·' ÙȘ ‰È·Ù·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈÔ ·ÏÈÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÈÔ specialist was the shipbuilder, the carpenter of the ship.
ÛÔÊÔ‡». ÕÏÏË ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹Ù·Ó Ô Ó·˘ËÁfi˜, Ô Ì·Ú·ÁÎfi˜ Loukianos (in his work “About ships” 5) mentions: “one
‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡. O §Ô˘ÎÈ·Ófi˜ («¶ÂÚ› ¶ÏÔ›Ô˘»,5) hundred and twenty cubits said the shipbuilder, should
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ: «Â›ÎÔÛÈ Î·È ÂηÙfiÓ ‹¯ÂˆÓ ¤ÏÂÁ ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Ô be the length.” The naffilakas mentioned above and
Ó·˘ËÁfi˜». O Ó·˘Ê‡Ï·Î·˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤Ú·Ì ·Ú·¿Óˆ, finally the rowers and those who handled and
Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÔÈ ÎˆËÏ¿Ù˜ ÎÈ ÂΛÓÔÈ Ô˘ ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Ù· manoeuvered the sails. Frequently there was also the
·ÓÈ¿. ™˘¯Ófi ‹Ù·Ó Î·È ÙÔ Ú›ÍÈÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ηڷ‚ÈÔ‡ ÛÙË question of launching the ship into the sea and hauling it
ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Î·È ÙÔ ÙÚ¿‚ËÁÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ÛÙÂÚÈ¿. ◊Ù·Ó ÎÈ ashore. These were also duties of the sailors. However,
·˘Ù¤˜ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜ ÙˆÓ Ó·˘ÙÒÓ. ∏ ÛÎÏËÚ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fï˜ ˙ˆ‹ their hard life was suspended for a short time, whenever,
ÛÙ·Ì·ÙÔ‡Û ÁÈ· Ï›ÁÔ Û·Ó ¤ÊÙ·Ó·Ó ÛÙÔ ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ ÎÈ ÔÈ Ó·‡- they arrived at a port and the sailors received the order
Ù˜ ¤·ÈÚÓ·Ó ÙË ‰È·Ù·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ηÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ˘ «...‰¤ÛÙ ٷ from the captain “…fix the oars well on the seats and get
ÎÔ˘È¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÁÎÔ˘˜ Î·È ‚Á‹Ù ¤Íˆ» (O‰‡Û. £ 37). out” (Odys. 9.37).
Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi Ù· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘Ê· ÔÈ Ó·‡Ù˜ As can be seen from various reliefs, the sailors on board
¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ Î·Ú¿‚È ‹Ù·Ó Á˘ÌÓÔ›. O ÙÈÌÔÓȤÚ˘ ÎÈ ÔÈ ·ÍȈ- the ship were naked. The steersman and the officers
Ì·ÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ì·ÎÚÔ‡˜ ¯ÈÙÒÓ˜. ŸÙ·Ó ¤‚Á·ÈÓ·Ó ÛÙË wore long tunics. When going ashore, the sailors also
ÛÙÂÚÈ¿ ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ¯ÈÙÒÓ· ÎÈ ÔÈ Ó·‡Ù˜, fï˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ wore tunic but without sandals and they were barefoot,
Û·ÓÙ¿ÏÈ·, ‹Ù·Ó ͢fiÏËÙÔÈ fiˆ˜ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ Î·Ú¿‚È. O as on board the ship. Dion Chrysostomos says:
¢›ˆÓ Ô ÃÚ˘ÛfiÛÙÔÌÔ˜ ϤÂÈ: «... ÁÈ·Ù› ·Ó ηÌÈ¿ ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÈ “…because if, sometimes people happen to see
22
¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰Ô‡Ó ηӤӷ Ó· ÊÔÚ¿ÂÈ ¯ÈÙÒÓ· ϤÓ ̋ˆ˜ somebody wearing only a tunic…, they may say that he
Ù˘¯fiÓ ÎÈ Â›Ó·È Ó·‡Ù˘» (§fiÁÔÈ 72,1). is perhaps a sailor” (Speeches, 72.1).
∆Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ¿Óˆ ÛÙ· ÏÔ›· ‹Ù·Ó Ë The great problem on board the ships was food and
ÙÚÔÊ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÓÂÚfi. ™Ù' ·ÎÙÔÏÔ˚ο Ù·Í›‰È· ÙÔ Ú¿ÁÌ· water. In coastal navigation this was not so difficult. The
‰ÂÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·˙ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›·. O ·Ú¯·›Ô˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi˜ Û·Ó seaman of old, when night fell looked to finding a
Ó‡¯ÙˆÓ ÎÔ›Ù·Á ӷ ‚ÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ·¿ÓÂÌË ·ÎÙ‹ Ó· ÙÚ·‚‹ÍÂÈ leeward coast, whence to moor his ship, to seek water
¤Íˆ ÙÔ ÛοÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· „¿ÍÂÈ ÁÈ· ÓÂÚfi Î·È Ê·ÁËÙfi ÎÈ and food and also to know, next morning, the place from
·ÎfiÌ· Ó· ͤÚÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ÚˆÈÓfi ·fi Ô˘ ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ. ™·Ó which he would steer away to sea. However, when in the
Í·ÓÔÈÁfiÙ·Ó fï˜ ÛÙÔ ¤Ï·ÁÔ˜, ÎÔÓÙ¿ Û' ¿ÏÏ· ¤Ú ӷ open sea he had, among other things, to attend to what
ÓÔÈ·ÛÙ› Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ù› ı· Ê¿ÂÈ ÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ô˘ ı· ‚ÚÈÛÎfi- he would eat during the days when he would be away
Ù·Ó Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·' ÙË ÛÙÂÚÈ¿ ÎÈ Ô‡ÙÂ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›- from land and of course, he could not know how many
ÛÂÈ fiÛ˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜. ∆· ÙÚfiÊÈÌ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û Ó' these days would be. The food that he could store in the
·ÔıË·ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÏÈÁÔÛÙfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ô˘ ›¯Â ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ small space available on the ship was composed of
ηڿ‚È ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÍËڷ̤ÓÔÈ Î·ÚÔ›, ·ÛÙ¿ „¿ÚÈ·, dried fruits, salted fish, wine and water. The goddess
ÎÚ·Û› Î·È ÓÂÚfi. ∏ ∞ıËÓ¿ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ª¤ÓÙÔÚ· Û˘Ì- Athena, in the form of Mentor, gives advice to
‚Ô˘Ï‡ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ∆ËϤ̷¯Ô Ó· Ù·Íȉ¤„ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¶‡ÏÔ ÁÈ· Ó· Telemachus to voyage to Pylos and ask for information
˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·Ù¤Ú· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÈ- about his father, and further recommends him to prepare
ÛÙ¿ Ó· ÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ «Û ÛÙ¿ÌÓ˜ ̤۷ ÎÚ·Û› Î·È Û ÁÂÚ¿ “wine in jugs and barley-groats in strong skin-bags”,
·ÛÎÈ¿ ÏÈÁÔ‡ÚÈ ÎÚÈı·Ú¤ÓÈÔ» (O‰‡Û. µ 289 - 291) ÎÈ Ë (Odys. 2. 289-291). Further more when Ulysses was
∫·Ï˘„Ò Û·Ó Ô O‰˘ÛÛ¤·˜ ÂÙÔÈÌ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÏÂÔ‡ÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, preparing his ship, Calipso gave him “a skin-bag filled
ÙÔ˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ «¤Ó· ·ÛΛ ÁÂÌ¿ÙÔ Ì·‡ÚÔ ÎÚ·Û› ÎÈ ¿ÏÏÔ ÁÂÌ¿ÙÔ with red wine, another one with water and a third one
ÓÂÚfi ÎÈ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ Ì ÙÚfiÊÈÌ·, ÎÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÙÔ‡ '‚·Ï ̤۷ with various foodstuffs and she also added other minor
ÔÏÏ¿ ÚÔÛÊ¿ÁÈ·» (O‰‡Û. ∂ 265- 267). ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· foods to be eaten with bread” (Odys. 5. 265-267). The
Ù˘ ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÓÙ· ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· fiÛÔ˘˜ Ù·Í›‰Â˘·Ó ÛÙË problem of food was always vital for those who traveled
ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ÎÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ô͇ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· ·' at sea, and it was more acute in ancient times than in
fiÙÈ ÛÙ· ηÙÔÈÓ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, fi¯È fï˜ Ôχ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·' more recent ones, but not much worse than during the
fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ì·˜. OÈ ·Ú¯·›ÔÈ first years of our century. The ancient people of the
Ï·Ô› Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ, Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Ï›ÁÔ - Ôχ ÛÙË ¯ÔÚ- Mediterranean Sea, who were more or less accustomed
ÙÔÊ·Á›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ̤Ú˜ to vegetarianism, could easily spend several days with-
¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÚ¤·˜ ·Ó ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ·' ÙÔ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfi Û˘ÛÛ›ÙÈÔ out meat, if we judge from the daily mess (common
ÙÔ˘ ڈ̷›Ô˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙË, Ô˘ ÙÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¤Ó· ÂÚ›- meal) of the Roman soldier, which consisted of
Ô˘ ÎÈÏfi ÛÈÙ¿Ï¢ÚÔ Î·È Î¿ÙÈ Ï›Á· ·ÎfiÌË ÙÚfiÊÈÌ·, ÔÈ Ó·˘- approximately one kilo wheat flour and a few other
ÙÈÎÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÎÚ·ÙËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ Ì' ¤Ó· ‰È·ÈÙÔÏfi- foods. Seamen could keep alive with a diet composed
ÁÈÔ Ô˘ ÙÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ‰ËÌËÙÚȷο Î·È fiÛÚÈ·, chiefly of cereals and legumes, i.e. foods that could be
‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÚÔʤ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó. ∆Ô preserved. There is no doubt that the main supplement
΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ ÛÙË ÌÂÚ›‰· ÙÔ˘ „ˆÌÈÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ to the bread ration was olive oil, which can also be
·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· ˆ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ÂÏ·ÈfiÏ·‰Ô Ô˘ ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi ‰È·ÙËÚ›- preserved longer than any other fat. However, still more
Ù·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·' ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ Ï›Ô˜. ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfi- acute was the problem of water. Thick earthen jugs,
ÙÂÚÔ Ô͇ fï˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡. OÈ ¯ÔÓ- which were sometimes filled with water and sometimes
‰Ú¤˜ ‹ÏÈÓ˜ ÛÙ¿ÌÓ˜, Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÁÂÌ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó fiÙ Ì with wine, had no glazing and they also had pores which
ÓÂÚfi Î·È fiÙ Ì ÎÚ·Û› ‹Ù·Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÔÈÊ‹ Î·È Ì allowed sufficient evaporation in order to keep the
fiÚÔ˘˜, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ¤ÙÚ ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛË ÁÈ· Ó· contents cool. However, the weight of these jugs was too
ÎÚ·Ù¿ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÎÚ‡Ô, ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Ô¯Â›ˆÓ great for the vessels of that time, thereby preventing the
·˘ÙÒÓ fï˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÁÈ· ÂΛӷ Ù· ÛοÊË transportation of enough water. On the other hand,
ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ·ÚÎÂÙÔ‡ ÓÂÚÔ‡. ∂Í wooden barrels, covered with tar, although lighter in
¿ÏÏÔ˘ Ù· ͇ÏÈÓ· ‚·Ú¤ÏÈ·, Ù' ·ÏÂÈÌ̤ӷ Ì ›ÛÛ· ·Ó ÎÈ weight, would not keep water drinkable for along period
ÂÏ·ÊÚfiÙÂÚ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ of time. This inability to carry water was a permanent
ÓÂÚfi fiÛÈÌÔ ÁÈ· Ôχ ηÈÚfi. ∏ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔ- problem for the seamen. It also appears that there were
Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó· ÌfiÓÈÌÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ Ó·˘Ù›ÏˆÓ. special caterers (victuallers) for the vessels. Homer
∞ÎfiÌ· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÎÈ ÂȉÈÎÔ› ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙ˜ ÁÈ· characteristically mentions Evinos, who sold wine to the
ÏÔ›·. O ŸÌËÚÔ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙÔÓ ∂‡ËÓÔ ships of the Achaeans, and also gave “one thousand
Ô˘ Ô˘ÏÔ‡Û ÎÚ·Û› ÛÙ· ηڿ‚È· ÙˆÓ ∞¯·ÈÒÓ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ meters of wine” to Agamemnon and Menelaus, evidently
Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· «¯›ÏÈ· ̤ÙÚ· ÎÚ·Û›» ÛÙÔÓ ∞Á·Ì¤ÌÓÔÓ· Î·È ÙÔ for the purpose of acquiring the right to sell wine to the
ªÂÓ¤Ï·Ô ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ó· crew. The job of present day ship-chandlers appears to
Ô˘Ï¿ÂÈ ÎÚ·Û› ÛÙ· ÏËÚÒÌ·Ù·. ∏ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ «ÛÈ-ÙÛ¿- be older than what we could imagine.
ÓÙÏÂÚ» Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÈÔ ·ÏÈ¿ ·' fi,ÙÈ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó·
Ê·ÓÙ·Ûı› ηӤӷ˜.
23
∫·È ÙÔ ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓfi Ù·Í›‰È ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ....
And the sea travel begins….
2
2. OÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ‰È·ÙËÚË̤ÓÔÈ ÛfiÓ‰˘ÏÔÈ
·ÚÚ¿‚‰ˆÙˆÓ ÎÈfiÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÌ·
ÙˆÓ ÓˆÛÔ›ÎˆÓ Ù˘ ∑¤·˜, Ô˘
Ê˘ÏÏ¿ÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘Û›Ô. ∞Ó·-
ηχÊıËÎ·Ó ÙÔ 1964 ηٿ ÙË
‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜ ÙˆÓ
Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ÏÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ.
∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 108, 107, 105.
24
3
3. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÌÈÓˆÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ›Ô˘. ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ Î·È ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤Ï˘ ƒ¿ÏÏ˘. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜:1.837
OÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÏÔ›· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÈ ªÈÓˆ›Ù˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÂÈηÛÙÈΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜. ∞ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ‚Ú¤ıËηÓ
Û ‹ÏÈÓ· ·ÁÁ›·, ÎÔÛÌ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ ΢ڛˆ˜ Û ÛÊÚ·ÁȉfiÏÈıÔ˘˜. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ËÁ¤˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹-
Ú· ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÏÔ›Ô˘. OÈ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ
ηÏÏÈÙ¤¯Ó˜, ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¯·›·˜ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·fi fiÛ· χÓÔ˘Ó. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ
·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÙËΠÙÔ ÔÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÈÓˆÈÎÔ‡ ÛοÊÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÌ‹˜ Ù˘ «ÌÈÓˆÈ΋˜
ı·Ï·ÛÛÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜»,1700-1400 .Ã.
3. Model of a Minoan ship. Made by George and Aristotelis Rallis. Collection No: 1,837
Information regarding these ships used by the Minoans comes from artistic sources. Portrayals of these ships were found on
earthenware pottery and jewellery but mainly on cameos. Unfortunately, these sources, due to their micrographic size, are not very
precise in their rendering of the ship. The conventionalities and the simplifications used by the artists, create more problems to
researchers of ancient shipbuilding than what they solve. On the basis of these portrayals, a model of a representative Minoan ship
was built from the era of the peak of “Minoan supremacy at sea”, 1700-1400 B.C.
25
4
4. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ Ù˘ £‹Ú·˜. ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: °ÂÒÚÁÈÔ˜ ƒ¿ÏÏ˘. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 81
∆Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÓËÌÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ÓËÛ› ÙˆÓ ∫˘ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ
ÙË £‹Ú·. °‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 1550 .Ã. ÛËÌÂÈÒıËÎÂ Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÎÚËÍË ÙÔ˘ ËÊ·ÈÛÙ›Ԣ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙËÓ
ËÊ·ÈÛÙÂȷ΋ ÛÙ¿¯ÙË ı¿ÊÙËÎ·Ó Î·È ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û Ôχ ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ù· ÎÙ›ÚÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÎÚˆÙËÚ›Ô˘
ÛÙÔ ÓfiÙÈÔ ¿ÎÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔηÏÔ‡ÌÂÓË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ OÈΛ·, ÛÙÔ ‰ˆÌ¿ÙÈÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¤ÓÙÂ, ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÊıËÎÂ Ë ÂÚ›ÊËÌË
ÌÈÎÚÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ô˘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÔÌ‹ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘. ∏ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Îϛ̷η ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÂÈÎÔÓÈÛÙ› Ù· ÏÔ›· Î·È Ë Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈ-
΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ £ËÚ·›Ô˘ ˙ˆÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, ¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË Î·Ù·Û΢·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÂÈÒÓ. ÿÚȘ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ
ÙÔȯÔÁڷʛ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÌÈ· ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ‰È¤Û¯È˙ ÙÔ ÓÂÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ ηٿ Ù· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ª¤Û˘
ÂÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÷ÏÎÔ‡. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Î·È Ó· ¤Êı·Ó ٷ 30 ̤ÙÚ· Î·È ‰È¤ıÂÙ·Ó 18
¤ˆ˜ 21 ΈËÏ¿Ù˜ Û οı ÏÂ˘Ú¿. ™ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ˘‹Ú¯Â ÈÛÙfi˜ Ì ¤Ó· ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ ·Ó›. O ÈÛÙfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈ·ÈÚÂÙfi˜, ηıÒ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó
ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÏÔ›· Ù˘ ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜. ∞˘Ù¿, ÂÂȉ‹ Ô ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â¤ÙÚ„ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÏÏÈÙ¤¯ÓË Ó· Ù· ˙ˆÁÚ·Ê›ÛÂÈ Ì ˘„ˆÌ¤Ó·
Ù· ηٿÚÙÈ·, Ì·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î·Ù‚·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈ Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔ ·Ó› ÎÚ·ÙÈfiÙ·Ó Û ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ı¤ÛË, ÛÙËÚÈÁ̤ÓÔ Û ‰È¯·ÏˆÙ¤˜
˘Ô‰Ô¯¤˜. ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÛοÊÔ˘˜ ÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· Ù˘ «ËÌÈÛÂÏ‹ÓÔ˘», ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÓˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÊÚ·Áȉfi-
ÏÈıÔ˘˜. ªÈÓˆÈ΋˜ ÚÔÂχۈ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ÙÚÈÁˆÓÈ΋ ÚÔÂÍÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Ú‡ÌÓ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤‰ˆÛ ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÔÏϤ˜ Û˘˙Ë-
Ù‹ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ Ù˘. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÓÂfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· «Á¤Ê˘Ú·» ·Ô‚›‚·Û˘ Î·È ‹Ù·Ó ÎÈÓËÙfi ÂÍ¿ÚÙË-
Ì· ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Ú‡ÌÓ˘ ›Û˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ‰È·ÎÔÛÌË̤ÓË Î·Ì›Ó·. ™ÙËÓ ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·Ê›·, Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ È‰È·›-
ÙÂÚË ı¤ÛË, οıÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ, Èı·ÓfiÓ Ô Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘ ·Ó fi¯È οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Âͤ¯ÔÓ ÚfiÛˆÔ. O ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ηχÙÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·
ÛÙ¤Á·ÛÙÚÔ, οو ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÈ‚¿Ù˜. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙ· ÏÔ›· Ù˘ ÙÔȯÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ù˘ £‹Ú·˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˜
Ê˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÎÔÛÌÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·Ú·¤ÌÂÈ Û ·ÈÁ˘Ùȷο ÚfiÙ˘·.
26
5
27
6. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ·ıËÓ·˚΋˜ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ 5Ô˘ ·È. .Ã. ∫ϛ̷η: 1/10. ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: °. ª·ÚÁ·ÚÒÓ˘ (∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜ ∂.ª.¶). ŒÚ¢-
Ó· Î·È Û¯Â‰È·: J. Morrison Î·È J.F. Coates. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏoÁ‹˜: 1.310
∏ ÙÚÈ‹Ú˘ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó· ÂÏ·ÊÚfi, ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ, ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ Î·È Ì ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÏÒÚË ÏÔ›Ô. ∏ ΛÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ì˘˚΋
‰‡Ó·ÌË, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ΈËÏ¿Ù˜, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ Ù·Í›‰È ÙÔ˘ ‚ÔËıÈfiÙ·Ó Î·È ·fi ·ÓÈ¿.
OÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÂȘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ó·˘ËÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘ 650-610 .Ã. ÛÙËÓ ∫fiÚÈÓıÔ. ¶·Ù¤Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÔ˘˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Ô ∫ÔÚ›ÓıÈÔ˜
∞ÌÂÈÓÔÎÏ‹˜. ∏ Ó·˘‹ÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ë ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙÂÏÂÈÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· ÙÔ˘ 5Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· .Ã. ∏ ·ıËÓ·˚΋ ÙÚÈ‹-
Ú˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÁ̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂÎÙÈÌ¿Ù·È fiÙÈ Â›¯Â Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο: ̤ÁÈÛÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ 37 ̤ÙÚ·, ̤ÁÈÛÙÔ Ï¿ÙÔ˜ 5,20 ̤ÙÚ·,
‚‡ıÈÛÌ· ÂÚ› ÙÔ 1,5 ̤ÙÚÔ, ÂÎÙfiÈÛÌ· ÂÚ› ÙÔ˘˜ 70 ÙfiÓÔ˘˜. ¢È¤ıÂÙÂ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ 170 ÎÔ˘È¿ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο, 85 Û οı ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÙÔÔıÂÙË-
̤ӷ Û ÙÚÂȘ ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ Ì ¤Ó· ΈËÏ¿ÙË ÁÈ· οı ÎÔ˘›. ∆· ÎÔ˘È¿ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯·›Â˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÂȘ ‰ÂÓ Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ·Ó ÔÙ¤ ÛÎÏ¿‚ÔÈ
·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÂχıÂÚÔÈ Ôϛ٘.
∆Ô Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ϋڈ̷ Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ΈËÏ¿Ù˜ ‹Ù·Ó 210 - 216 ¿Ó‰Ú˜. ∆ËÓ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡ÛÂ Ô ÙÚÈ‹Ú·Ú¯Ô˜.
∆ÔÓ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Û·Ó 6 ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÔ› Î·È 4 ˘·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÔ›.
∂ÓÒ Ë ÙÚÈ‹Ú˘ ‹Ù·Ó ¤Ó· Έ‹Ï·ÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛοÊÔ˜ ›¯Â ¤Ó·Ó ·ÚÈÔ ÈÛÙfi Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ ·Ó› Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓÙ· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ
ÏÒÚË, ÙÔ ·Î¿ÙÈÔ, Ì ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó›. ∆Ô ·Î¿ÙÈÔ, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·‡Í·Ó ÙËÓ Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· Ì· Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Û ٷ ÎÔ˘È¿ - ˉ¿ÏÈ· ηٿ ÙÔ Ù·Í›‰È.
ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓÂÌÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ô‡ÚÈÔÈ (¢ÓÔ˚ÎÔ›) ÔÈ ÏÔ›·Ú¯ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÂˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Û·Ó fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ù· ·ÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·
Ó· ÍÂÎÔ˘Ú¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎˆËÏ¿Ù˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙȘ Ó·˘Ì·¯›Â˜ η٤‚·˙·Ó ¿ÓÙ· Ù· ·ÓÈ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ ÒÛÙ ÔÈ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ› ÂÌ‚ÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ
¯ıÚÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì ٷ ÎÔ˘È¿. °È· ÙËÓ Ë‰·ÏÈÔ‡¯ËÛË ‰È¤ıÂÙ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ¿Ï· Î·È Ï·ÙÈ¿ ÎÔ˘È¿ ÙÔÔıÂÙË̤ӷ ·Ó¿
¤Ó· Û οı ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ Ú‡ÌÓ˘ Ô˘ Ù· ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ¤ÌÂÈÚÔÈ Î·È Âȉ¤ÍÈÔÈ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ›, ÔÈ Ë‰·ÏÈÔ‡¯ÔÈ.
∏ ÙÚÈ‹Ú˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ Ó·˘Ì·¯›· Ù˘ ™·Ï·Ì›Ó·˜ ÙÔ 480 .Ã.
H ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Â› ÙË ªÂÁ¿ÏË ¢‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜, ÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÛ›·, Ô˘ ‚ϤÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Û·Ó ·Áο-
ıÈ ÛÙ· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÊÚ·ÁÌfi ÛÙ· ÎÔÛÌÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈο Ù˘ Û¯¤‰È·.
∏ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙË Ï¤ÔÓ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÛÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÎÙËÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Ô˘ ‹Ú·Ó ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ªË‰ÈÎÔ› ¶fiÏÂÌÔÈ.
∏ ¤Ó·ÚÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ڋΠÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ì ÌÈÎÚÔ‡˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ηϿ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘˜. ∞ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ˘ÂÚÔ¯‹
ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Û ӷ˘ÙÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È Ë ÌÂÁ·ÏÔÊ˘˝· ÙÔ˘ ËÁ¤ÙË ÙˆÓ ∞ıËÓ·›ˆÓ £ÂÌÈÛÙÔÎÏ‹, ÂÓfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈÎÔÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ËÁ¤Ù˜ Ô˘ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ ÔÙ¤ Ô ∂ÏÏËÓÈÛÌfi˜, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÍËÚ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·
ÛÙË ıÚÈ·Ì‚Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÙÂÏÈ΋ Ó›ÎË ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÛÙË ™·Ï·Ì›Ó· ÛÙȘ 28 ‹ 29 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 480 .Ã., «·Ó‰Ú›· ÌÂÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÙˆÓ Ó·˘Ì·¯ËÛ¿-
ÓÙˆÓ, ÁÓÒÌË ‰Â Î·È ‰ÂÈÓfiÙËÙÈ ÙË £ÂÌÈÛÙÔÎÏ¤Ô˘˜» fiˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ô ¶ÏÔ‡Ù·Ú¯Ô˜.
∂Λ Ô ÂÚÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ (Ì ٷ 1.200 ÏÔ›· ÂÍ ˆÓ 400 ÊÔÈÓÈÎÈο) Û˘ÓÂÙÚ›‚Ë Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈο ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi (400 ÏÔ›· ÂÍ ˆÓ 200 ·ıË-
Ó·˚ο) ·›ÚÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ ‚˘ıfi ÙˆÓ ÓÂÚÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ™ÙÂÓÔ‡ Ù˘ ™·Ï·Ì›Ó·˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÔÛÌÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈο fiÓÂÈÚ· ÙÔ˘ •¤ÚÍË.
∏ Ó·˘Ì·¯›· ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜, Ô˘ ¤ÛˆÛ ÔÚÈÛÙÈο ÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰· ·fi ÙÔ ı·Ó¿ÛÈÌÔ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÛÈÎÔ‡ ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÔÚfiÛËÌÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ÔÚ›· Î·È ·Ó¿-
Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘.
6. Model of an athenian trireme of the 5th century B.C. Scale: 1/10. Made by G. Margaronis (Shipbuilding Laboratory, National
Technical University of Athens). Research and plans by J. Morrison and J.F. Coates. Collection No: 1,310
The trireme was a light, fast, highly manoeuvrable warship with a very strong bow. Its propulsion was mainly based on the human
muscle power of its oarsmen, while on long voyages, assistance was provided by sails. It appears that the first triremes were built
between 650 and 610 B.C. at Corinth. The father of the trireme is considered to be the Corinthian Ameinocles. Their construction and
use, however, were perfected by Athens in the 5th century B.C. The athenian trireme, in its advanced form, is estimated to have had
the following characteristics: maximum length, 37 metres, maximum beam, 5.20 metres, draught about 1.5 metres, displacement
about 70 tons. The vessel usually had a total of 170 oars, 85 on each side, arranged in three banks with one oarsman per oar. In the
ancient Hellenic triremes, the oarsmen were never slaves but free citizens only.
The total number of crew, including the oarsmen, was 210-216 men. The vessel's commander was the trierarch who was assisted by
six officers and four petty officers. Although the trireme was chiefly an oar-driven vessel, it had a main mast with a large square sail
and a secondary fore mast, the akatio, with a smaller sail. The akatio not only increased the ship's speed but also assisted the
steering oars when the ship was voyaging. When the winds were aft (favourable), the commanders used the sails as much as
possible in order to rest the oarsmen. In naval engagements the masts and sails would be lowered so that the necessary manoeuvres
for ramming enemy ships were performed with oars only. For steering purposes, the trireme had two large broad rudders (steering
oars), one on each side of the stern, which were operated by experienced and skilful seamen, the pidaliouchi (helmsmen). The
trireme was used in the Naval Battle of Salamina, in 480 B.C. The continuously growing strength of the Hellenes worried the great
power of this period, Persia, who saw the Hellenes as a thorn in her side and the sole obstacle to her plans for world domination. The
inevitable clash came with the commencement of the Persian wars of conquest. Their outbreak found the Hellenes with small, but well
organized and trained fleets. It was this superiority of the Hellenes in seamanship and tactics, and the genius of the Athenian general
Themistocles, one of the greatest political and military figures ever to emerge from the Hellenes, which led to the triumphant final
victory of the Hellenes at Salamina on the 28th or 29th September, 480 B.C. Plutarch has written of “the common bravery of those
who fought, and the wisdom and skill of Themistocles”. It was there that the Persian fleet (1,200 ships of which 400 Phoenician) was
annihilated by the Hellenic fleet (400 ships of which 200 Athenian) taking down with it, under the waters of the Salamina Strait, all
Xerxes' dreams of World domination.
This naval battle, one of the most decisive naval engagements in world history, decisively saved Hellas from the mortal danger of
Persian expansionism and constituted the historic milestone for the subsequent course and development of Hellenism and, in the
long term, of Europe.
28
6
7
7. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ™Î¢Ôı‹Î˘ ÙÔ˘ º›ÏˆÓÔ˜. ∫ϛ̷η: 1/100. 7. Model of the Skevothiki of Filon. Scale: 1/100. Made by P.
∫·Ù·Û΢‹: ¶. ∞ÛËÌ¿Î˘. ∂ÔÙ›·: πˆ¿ÓÓÔ˘ ªÂÏÂÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘. Asimakis. Supervised by Ioannis Meletopoulos. Collection No:
∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 35 35
OÓÔÌ¿ÛıËΠ¤ÙÛÈ ·fi ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙ¤ÎÙÔÓ· It received its name from the famous architect Filon (4th
º›ÏˆÓ· (4Ô˜ .Ã. ·ÈÒÓ·˜) Ô˘ ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙÈÛÂ. ◊Ù·Ó ¤Ó· ÂÈ‚ÏËÙÈÎfi century B.C.) who built it. It was an impressive building which
ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ·ÔıË·ۈ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÔÂȉÒÓ was used as a general storage house for all the parts and
ÂÍ·ÚÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ıËÓ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘. ∞Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ accessories of the Athenian fleet ships. Only the foundations
‰È·ÛÒıËΠٛÔÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ Ô˘ ηٷÛÙÚ¿ÊËΠ·fi ʈÙÈ¿ were preserved from this monumental building which was
ÙËÓ ƒˆÌ·˚΋ ∂Ô¯‹, ÌÈ· ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÊıË- destroyed by fire during the Roman period. A unique
ΠÛÙÔÓ ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿, ¤ÙÚ„ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ó· ÙËÓ ·Ó··- inscription, discovered in Piraeus, allowed the archaeologists to
Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, ηıÒ˜ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤Ûٷٷ re-create it with great precision as it described, in detail, the
ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ («Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¿˜») Ù˘ ÂÚÁÔÏ·‚›·˜. ª·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ¤ÙÛÈ, terms of the building contract. Thus, we learn that the building
fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ Â›¯Â 133 ̤ÙÚ· Ì‹ÎÔ˜, 18 ̤ÙÚ· Ï¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È 10 was 133 metres long, 18 metres wide and 10 metres high. The
̤ÙÚ· ‡„Ô˜. ∆Ô ‰¿Â‰Ô Î·È ÔÈ ÙÔ›¯ÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ·fi Ì¿ÚÌ·ÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ floor and walls were made of marble and the building was
ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ ¯ˆÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο Ì ‰ÈÏ‹ ÎÈÔÓÔÛÙÔȯ›· Û' ¤Ó· partitioned internally by a double colonnade into a central
ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‰È¿‰ÚÔÌÔ Î·È ‰‡Ô Ï¢ÚÈο ÎÏ›ÙË Ì ‰‡Ô ÔÚfiÊÔ˘˜, corridor and two side corridors with two floors where the items
fiÔ˘ ·ÔıË·ÔÓÙ·Ó Ù· ›‰Ë. µÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Óˆ- were stored. The building was situated behind the neosoikous
ÛÔ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡·˘ÛÙ¿ıÌÔ˘ Ù˘ ∑¤·˜, ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÛÙË ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ of the Zea naval base, approximately in today's Kanari square,
Ï·Ù›· ∫·Ó¿ÚË ÛÙÔÓ ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿. in Piraeus.
30
8
8. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÓˆÛԛΈÓ. ∫ϛ̷η: 1/100. ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: ¶. ∞ÛËÌ¿Î˘. ∂ÔÙ›·: πˆ¿ÓÓÔ˘ ªÂÏÂÙfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 54
OÈ ÓÂÒÛÔÈÎÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ÎÙ›ÚÈ· ̤۷ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·Ó Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÙÚÈ‹ÚÂȘ fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·Ó Û ÂÓÂÚÁfi ˘ËÚÂÛ›·.
◊Ù·Ó ÎÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÎÚË Ù˘ ·Ú·Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÈ̤ӷ. ¢È¤ıÂÙ·Ó ÂÈÎÏÈÓ¤˜ ÎÚË›‰ˆÌ·, ¯ÙÈÛÙfi ‹ ÛηÏÈÛÙfi ÛÙÔ ‚Ú¿¯Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÛ¯ˆ-
ÚÔ‡Û ̤۷ ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¤Ï΢ÛË. ∆Ô ÎÚË›‰ˆÌ· ·˘Ùfi ›¯Â Ì›· ·˘Ï·ÎÈ¿ ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË fiÔ˘ ÂÊ¿ÙÔÓÙ·Ó Ë
ÙÚfiȉ· (ηڤӷ). ∂η٤ڈıÂÓ Î¿ı ÎÚËȉÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘‹Ú¯Â ÎÈÔÓÔÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ·ÚÚ¿‚‰ˆÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÙÚÈÓÔ˘˜ ΛÔÓ˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÙȘ
Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÌÊÈÎÏÈÓ›˜ ͇ÏÈÓ˜ ÛÙ¤Á˜. ∏ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÓˆÛÔ›ÎˆÓ ÙÂÏ›ˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÍËÚ¿˜ Û ¤ÙÚÈÓÔ Ì·ÎÚfi ÙÔ›¯Ô, οıÂ-
ÙÔ ÚÔ˜ ÙȘ ÎÈÔÓÔÛÙÔȯ›Â˜. ∆Ô ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‰·¤‰Ô˘ οı ÓˆÛÔ›ÎÔ˘ Ô˘ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚ›Ô˘ 40 ̤ÙÚ· ηÈ
ÙÔ Ï¿ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ 6,5 ̤ÙÚ·. ∞fi ÂÈÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi, ˆ˜ ÙÔ 330/329 .Ã. ÛÙ· ÙÚ›· Ê˘ÛÈο ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ· Ù˘ ¯ÂÚÛÔÓ‹-
ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó Û˘ÓÔÏÈο 372 ÓÂÒÛÔÈÎÔÈ. ™ÙÔÓ ∫¿Óı·ÚÔ (ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ) 94, ÛÙË ªÔ˘Óȯ›· (ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ªÈÎÚÔϛ̷-
ÓÔ) 82 Î·È ÛÙË ∑¤· (ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi ¶·Û·ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ) 196. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô, Ë ∑¤·, ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ô Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi˜ Ó·‡ÛÙ·ıÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ıËÓ·˚΋˜ ‰ËÌÔ-
ÎÚ·Ù›·˜. §Â›„·Ó· ÙˆÓ ÓˆÛÔ›ÎˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‚ÚÂı› Î·È ÛÙ· ÙÚ›· ÂÈÚ·˚ο ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ·, fï˜ ηχÙÂÚ· Ûˆ˙fiÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È ÂΛӷ Ù˘ ∑¤·˜.
8. Model of neosoikoi (boathouses). Scale: 1/100. Made by P. Asimakis. Supervised by Ioannis Meletopoulos. Collection No: 54
The neosoikoi were buildings in which the triremes were kept and maintained when they were not in action. They were built at the
edge of the harbour shore. They had a sloping ramp, either built on, or carved into the rock, which extended into the sea, in order to
facilitate haulage of the ships onto the shore. This slipway had a groove in the middle to accommodate the vessel's keel. On either
side of the slipway there was a colonnade of unfluted stone columns that supported the adjacent span of wooden roofs. The row of
neosoikoi ended on the land side, against a long stone wall that ran vertical to the colonnades.
In every neosoikos, the part of the flooring on dry land was about 40 m. long and 6.5 m. wide. From epigraphical evidence it is known
that during 330/329 B.C., in the three natural harbours of the Piraeus peninsula there were a total of 372 neosoikoi. In Kantharos
(today's main harbour) there were 94, in Mounichia (today's Mikrolimano) 82 and in Zea (today's Pasalimani) there were 196. The
latter harbour, Zea, was also the main naval base of the Athenian Republic. Remains of the neosoikoi have been found in all three
harbours, the best preserved, however, are those in Zea harbour.
31
9
9. Pointed amphorae. Clay. Collection Nos: 2,303, 95, 2,289, 79, 2,302
In antiquity, this type of storage amphorae was used to transport liquid products, mainly oil and wine. The pointed shape of their
bottom was used as a third handhold to empty their liquid contents but was also related to the way they were stowed on board
merchant vessels. They would fill the holds with a thick layer of grass or sand into which the pointed bottoms of the amphorae were
stuck in. Then, in the empty spaces created between amphorae, the second level was placed and so on, up to deck level. Each
period and each region produced its own type of amphorae. Since amphorae are the most common findings in the sea, marking
crossings or wrecks of ancient merchant vessels, they provide significant evidence for dating and identifying trade routes and types of
commercial exchanges.
32
10
10. ∆ÚÂȘ ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÂηÔÎÙÒ ˘Ú·ÌÂȉÔÂȉ›˜ ¤ÙÚÈÓ˜ ¿Á΢Ú˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÂÏ-
·ÛıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ‚˘ıfi ÙÔ˘ ÏÈÌ·ÓÈÔ‡ Ù˘ ∑¤·˜. ŒÍÈ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔ-
ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔȘ ÛÙÔ ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈ-
Îfi ªÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿. ÃÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ 5Ô- 4Ô ·ÈÒÓ· .Ã.
∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 113, 51, 96
10. Three, out of eighteen pyramidal stone anchors, raised from the bottom
of Zea harbour. Six of them are preserved in the Hellenic Maritime Museum
and the others in the Piraeus Archaeological Museum. They are dated from
5th - 4th century B.C.
Collection Nos: 113, 51, 96
33
11
11. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 4Ô˘ ·È. .Ã. ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: °. ƒ¿ÏÏ˘. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 91
∆· ÂÌÔÚÈο ÏÔ›· Ù˘ ·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÏÏÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ. ∏ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÙÔ Ó·˘¿-
ÁÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÊıËΠÛÙËÓ ∫˘Ú‹ÓÂÈ· Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ 1967. ∆Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ó·˘¿ÁÈÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹-
ıËΠ۠Ôχ ηϋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ Í‡ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÛηÚÈÔ‡ Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi 75%. ∞Ó·Û‡ÚıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ‚˘ıfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏÔÁ‹-
ıËΠÛÙÔ ÌÂ۷ȈÓÈÎfi οÛÙÚÔ Ù˘ ∫˘Ú‹ÓÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÏÔ›Ô Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ 15 ̤ÙÚˆÓ, Ô˘ ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô 30 ÙfiÓˆÓ: 403
·ÌÊÔÚ›˜ Ì ÎÚ·Û›, Û·ÎÈ¿ Ì ·Ì‡Á‰·Ï· Î·È 29 Ì˘ÏfiÂÙÚ˜. ∂›¯Â ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙ› ·fi ͇ÏÔ Â‡ÎÔ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·›· ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Ó·˘ËÁÈ-
΋ Ù¯ÓÈ΋, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÊÙÈ·¯ÓfiÙ·Ó ÚÒÙ· ÙÔ ¤Ùۈ̷. ∫·Ù¿ÛÙڈ̷ ˘‹Ú¯Â ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Ú‡ÌÓ˘, fiÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·Ó
Ù· ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ˉ¿ÏÈ· Î·È Ù˘ ÏÒÚ˘, fiÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¿Á΢Ú˜. ¢È¤ıÂÙ ›Û˘ ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi Î·È ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ ·Ó›. ∞fi ÙËÓ
¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ͢Ï›·˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô ‹Ù·Ó ‹‰Ë 80 ¯ÚfiÓˆÓ fiÙ·Ó ‚˘ı›ÛÙËÎÂ. ∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚԉȷÎÔ‡˜ ·ÌÊÔÚ›˜ Ô˘ ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚÂ
Î·È ¤Ó· ÓfiÌÈÛÌ· Ô˘ ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó Û ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ Ó·˘¿ÁÈÔ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁ‹ıËΠÁ‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 303 .Ã. ∆· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ûηʋ˜ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ›Û˘
ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜. µÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó Ù¤ÛÛÂÚ· ·ÂÏÏ· Î·È ÈÛ¿ÚÈıÌ· ÎÔ˘Ù¿ÏÈ·, ÈÓ¿ÎÈ· Î·È ÔÈÓÔ¯fi˜. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜
Ô Î·ÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯·›Ô˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ›¯Â ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÙÚ›˜ Û˘ÓÙÚfiÊÔ˘˜.
11. Model of a Hellenic merchant ship of the 4th century B.C. Made by G. Rallis. Collection No: 91
The ancient merchant ships were of many and various types. The building of this model was based on the wreck of a vessel
discovered off Kyrenia, Cyprus, in 1967. The important thing about this shipwreck was that 75% of the hull's timber was preserved in a
very good condition. It was raised from the seabed, piece by piece, and assembled in Kyrenia Castle, Cyprus. The ship measures 15
metres in length and was carrying 30 tons of cargo, 403 wine amphorae, sacks of almonds and 29 millstones. It had been built from
pinewood using the ancient Hellenic boatbuilding technique known as shell first. The ship had a deck in the stern area which held the
two large steering oars and in the bow where the anchors were kept. The ship had one mast and a square sail. When the timber was
dated it was found that the ship was already 80 years old when she sank. From the Rhodian amphorae she was carrying and a coin
found on board, the wreck was dated to around 303 B.C. Findings from the excavation also revealed details about the number of
crew. Four cups and an equal number of spoons were found, along with dishes and wine jugs. It appears that the master of the
ancient ship had at least three other companions.
34
T·Í›‰È· ÛÙȘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¤˜ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ˜.
Voyages in the byzantine seas.
∆·Í›‰È· ÛÙȘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¤˜ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ˜.
O ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÔ‡ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó The Byzantine navy played a limited role during the first
ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ηٿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·- centuries of the empire and it held a minor position in the
ÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ηÙ›¯Â ÌÈÎÚ‹ ı¤ÛË ÛÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ- military plan of the emperors. It is characteristic, that there
Îfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙfiÚˆÓ. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi was no independent naval command and the fleet was
Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ·˘ÙÔÙÂÏ‹˜ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È Ô under the direct orders of the commander of the army.
ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ ˘·ÁfiÙ·Ó ÛÙȘ ¿ÌÂÛ˜ ‰È·Ù·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯ËÁÔ‡
ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔ‡.
∏ ÂͿψÛË, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÙˆÓ ∞Ú¿‚ˆÓ ÛÙË ÓÔÙÈ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ The Arab spreading in the southeastern Mediterranean, at
ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 7Ô˘ ·È. ¤ıÂÛ ˘fi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË the end of the 7th century, however, challenged the naval
ÙË ı·Ï·ÛÛÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ÙˆÓ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ Î·È ·Ó¿ÁηÛ supremacy of the Byzantines and forced the emperors to
ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ˜ Ó· ÛÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ direct their attention to the sea and the navy. A unified
ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Î·È ÛÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi. ™˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ıËÎÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, naval command was formed under the orders of the
ÌÈ· ÂÓÈ·›· Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ˘fi ÙÔÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁfi ÙˆÓ Stratigos ton Karavisianon (General of the sea-farers), as
∫·Ú·‚ËÛÈ¿ÓˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÙ·Ó Ô ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi- the Naval Commander was called.
ÏÔ˘.
∆ÔÓ 8Ô ·È. ÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ·Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËÎÂ. O ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔ- During the 8th century, the navy was re-organized.
Ú·˜ §¤ˆÓ Ô °’ Ô ÿÛ·˘ÚÔ˜ (717-741) ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË Emperor Leon the Third, the Isaurian (717-741), aiming at
‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË Ù˘ Ó·˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ µ˘˙·- the administrative decentralization of the Byzantine naval
ÓÙ›Ô˘, ‰È¤Ï˘Û ÙË Ó·˘ÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ∫·Ú·‚ËÛÈ¿ÓˆÓ forces, dissolved the naval command of the Karavisianoi,
Î·È ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ ÙÔ ÛÙfiÏÔ ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ and organized the fleet as a part of the themata system.
ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÒÓ The themata were major geographical and administrative
ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ·fi ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‹ÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ 8Ô˘ ·È. regions of the Byzantium. Thus, from the first half of the
̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ 11Ô˘ ·È. Ô ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ ·ÚÔ˘- 8th century until the end of the 11th, the Byzantine navy
ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË: had the following organization:
ñ O ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ Ó·˘ÏÔ¯Ô‡Û ÛÙ· ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ Ó·˘- ñ The thematikos fleet which was based in the purely
ÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Î·È ÛÙ· ËÂÈÚˆÙÈο Ì ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ӷ ·Ú¿ÏÈ·. marine themata and the mainland ones with extended
∆· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· Ó·˘ÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ‹Ù·Ó ÙˆÓ ∫È‚˘ÚڷȈÙÒÓ, coastlines. The major marine themata were the
ÛÙ· ÓfiÙÈ· ·Ú¿ÏÈ· Ù˘ ª. ∞Û›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ ¶ÂÏ¿ÁÔ˘˜, Cibyrrhaeots (south coast of Asia Minor), the Aegean Sea,
Ù˘ ™¿ÌÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ∫ÂÊ·ÏÏËÓ›·˜. ∏ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó·˘ÙÈ- Samos and Cefalonia. The naval forces were commanded
ÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ·ÛΛÙÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ by the generals and the Drungarius' (leaders) of the
‰ÚÔ˘ÁÁ¿ÚÈÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ. themata.
ñ ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÏÈÎfi ÏÒÈÌÔÓ ‹ ÏÒÈÌÔÓ, (ÌËÙÚÔÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi- ñ The vasiliko ploimon or ploimon, (metropolitan fleet). It
ÏÔ˜). ◊Ù·Ó ·Á΢ÚÔ‚ÔÏË̤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙË µ·ÛÈÏÂ‡Ô˘Û· Î·È Û was based in Constantinople and other strategic points
ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈο ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ‹ÏÂÁ¯·Ó ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ that controlled the international sea routes. It would
ı·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ. ∞Ó·Ï¿Ì‚·Ó ̷ÎÚÈÓ¤˜ undertake long range defensive missions for the empire
·ÔÛÙÔϤ˜ ¿Ì˘Ó·˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ‹˜ and its commander was Drungarius of the ploimon.
ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ô ‰ÚÔ˘ÁÁ¿ÚÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ψ›ÌÔ˘.
¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ˘‹Ú¯·Ó Î·È ÂÏ·ÊÚ¤˜ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Ô˘ At the same time, there were also lighter naval units that
ÛÙ¿ıÌ¢·Ó Û ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÛËÌ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿Ì˘Ó· Ù˘ were based in threatened areas, for the defense of the
·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ˘¿ÁÔÓÙ·Ó ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο ÛÙȘ ÙÔÈΤ˜ empire, and administratively, would obey to the local
·Ú¯¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·Á΢ÚÔ‚ÔÏÔ‡Û·Ó. ∞Ó authorities in the areas where they were based. Even
Î·È Â›¯·Ó ΢ڛˆ˜ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈο ηı‹ÎÔÓÙ·, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, though they mostly had police duties, they would
ÂÓ›Û¯˘·Ó ÙÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÌËÙÚÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ÛÙfiÏÔ fiÔÙ reinforce the thematikos and the metropolitan fleet,
·˘Ùfi ÎÚÈÓfiÙ·Ó ·Ó·Áη›Ô. whenever this was considered necessary.
36
OÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi The ship types that formed up the Byzantine fleet,
ÛÙfiÏÔ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÁÚ·Ù¤˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ according to written sources, were dromons, chelandia,
‰ÚfïÓ˜, Ù· ¯ÂϿӉȷ, ÔÈ ¿ÌÊ˘ÏÔÈ, Ù· Ô˘Ûȷο, Ù· pamfilos, ousiaka, smaller dromons and galleys.
‰ÚÔÌÒÓÈ· Î·È ÔÈ Á·Ï¤·È.
OÈ ‰ÚfïÓ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÔÏÂÌÈο ÏÔ›· ÙÔ˘ The dromons were the principal war ships of the Byzantine
‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ fleet, which often differed in type and dimensions. In the
ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆ÔÓ 10Ô ·È. Ù· ÊÈÏÔÏÔ- 10th century, literary texts describe them as heavily armed
ÁÈο ΛÌÂÓ· οÓÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ‚·ÚÈ¿ ÂÍÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ ÏÔ›·, ships of large capacity, with a crew reaching 300 men, all
Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ¯ˆÚËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Ï‹ÚˆÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ free citizens.
¤Êı·Ó ˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ 300 ¿Ó‰Ú˜, fiÏÔ˘˜ ÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜
Ôϛ٘.
∆Ô Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ fiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÔÌÒÓˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ˘ÁÚfiÓ ˘Ú. The main weapon of the dromons was the liquid fire. It was
ªÂ›ÁÌ·, Èı·Ófiٷٷ, ı›Ԣ, Ó›ÙÚÔ˘, Ó¿Êı·˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ probably a mixture of sulfur, nitrate salts, naphtha and
¢ÊϤÎÙˆÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ ˘ÁÚfiÓ ˘Ú ¤·ÈÍ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi other inflammable substances, and played a decisive role
ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ¤Î‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂ- in the outcome of the empire's naval operations. By the
ˆÓ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜. ◊‰Ë, ·fi ÙÔÓ 7Ô ·È. ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ- 7th century, it had already been used, with great success,
‹ıËΠ̠ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÔÏÈÔÚΛ· Ù˘ in the first siege of Constantinople by the Arabs (674-678).
∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÕÚ·‚˜ (674-678). ∏ Û‡Ó- Its composition was probably a developed form of older
ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÛÂ, Èı·Ófiٷٷ, ÂÍÂÏÈÁ̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ chemical combinations attributed to Kallinikos, a Hellene
·Ï·ÈÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ¯ËÌÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ engineer from Heliopolis of Syria (7th century), and
∫·ÏÏ›ÓÈÎÔ, ŒÏÏËÓ· Ì˯·ÓÈÎfi ·fi ÙËÓ ∏ÏÈÔ‡ÔÏË Ù˘ remained secret until the 9th century, when it was
™˘Ú›·˜ (7Ô˜ ·È.) ÂÓÒ ·Ú¤ÌÂÈÓÂ Ì˘ÛÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 9Ô ·È., discovered by the Arabs.
ÔfiÙ ÙÔ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„·Ó ÔÈ ÕÚ·‚˜.
∆ÔÓ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi ÛÙfiÏÔ Û˘Ófi‰Â˘·Ó, ›Û˘, ÌÂÙ·ÁˆÁÈο The Byzantine fleet was also followed by transport ships -
ÏÔ›· - ηڿ‚È· η̷ÙËÚ¿ - ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÂÊԉȷÛÌÔ‡ kamatira- for its supply requirements. The main ones were
ÙÔ˘. ∆· ΢ÚÈfiÙÂÚ· ‹Ù·Ó Ù· È·ÁˆÁ¿ Î·È Ù· Û΢ÔÊfiÚ· the ippagoga (horse carriers) and the skevofora which
Ô˘ ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÙȘ ÔÏÈÔÚÎËÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜. carried the seizing machinery.
∆ÔÓ 10Ô ·È. ÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ ¤Êı·Û ÛÙÔ ·ÓÒ- During the 10th century, the Byzantine navy was at its
Ù·ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·ÎÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ peak. It is characteristic that, with its support, the re-
˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë ·Ó·Î·Ù¿ÏË„Ë Ù˘ ∫Ú‹- seizure of Crete (961) and of Cyprus (965), were made
Ù˘ (961) Î·È Ù˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ (965), ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ·Ô- possible after which, Byzantine supremacy in the eastern
ηٷÛÙ¿ıËÎÂ Ë ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ Mediterranean was reinstated.
ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ.
™Ù· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ÔÈ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔ˘ By the middle of the next century, however, the Byzantine
µ˘˙·ÓÙ›Ô˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÌ¿˙Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· naval strength started to decline as a result of greater
ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ. ∏ ‹ÙÙ· ÙˆÓ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈ- historical circumstances. The Byzantines' defeat by the
ÓÒÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô‡ÚÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ 1071 ÛÙÔ ª·ÓÙ˙ÈΤÚÙ, ÎÔÓÙ¿ Turks in Manzikert, near Lake Van of Armenia, in 1071,
ÛÙË Ï›ÌÓË µ·Ó Ù˘ ∞ÚÌÂÓ›·˜, ‹Ù·Ó ÔϤıÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË was disastrous for the Byzantine supremacy in Asia Minor,
΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ µ˘˙·ÓÙ›Ô˘ ÛÙË ªÈÎÚ¿ ∞Û›·, ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi- which was the most prominent of all Byzantine provinces.
ÙÂÚÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. OÈ ∆Ô‡ÚÎÔÈ ¿Ú¯È- The Turks gradually started to cut off Asia Minor from the
Û·Ó ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ Ó· ·ÔÎfiÙÔ˘Ó fiÏË ÙË ªÈÎÚ¿ ∞Û›· ·fi empire and the thematikos fleets lost their bases and
ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙfiÏÔÈ ¤¯·Û·Ó ÙȘ ceased to exist.
‚¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤·„·Ó Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó.
∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿ÓÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ∫ÔÌÓËÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈ- With the rise of the Comnenos dynasty to power, the
Ófi Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙÔ. O ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ·˜ ∞ϤÍÈÔ˜ Byzantine navy was non-existent. The emperor Alexios I
∞’ ∫ÔÌÓËÓfi˜ (1081-1118) ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂ- Comnenos (1081-1118), too weak to face the imminent
Ùˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÓÔÚÌ·Ó‰ÈÎfi ΛӉ˘ÓÔ ·Ó·ÁοÛÙËΠdanger by the Normans, was forced to turn to the
Ó· ÛÙÚ·Ê› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∂ÓÂÙÔ‡˜ Î·È Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· Venetians and request their naval assistance in return for
ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜, ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ commercial concessions. This, however, proved fateful
Ô˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ·¤‚ËÛ·Ó ÌÔÈÚ·›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ later for the empire. During the following years, the navy
·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·. ∆· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ‚ÂÏÙÈÒıË- was improved and achieved several notable attainments,
ÎÂ Î·È ÛËÌ›ˆÛ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜, ‰È¿ÊÔ- however, various combined factors did not allow its
ÚÔÈ fï˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÙÚÂ- strengthening to the point that its declining course could
37
„·Ó Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔÈËı› ÙfiÛÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·Ó·ÎÔ› Ë ÔÚ›· be halted.
ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹.
∆ËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÔÏfiÁˆÓ (1261-1453) ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi During the Paleologean era (1261-1453), the Byzantine
ÔÏÂÌÈÎfi Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÁηٷÏ›ÊıËΠϋڈ˜ Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔ- navy was totally abandoned and the empire relied on the
ÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· ÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙ ÙËÓ ¿Ì˘Ó· Ù˘ ÛÙȘ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ naval powers of allied Italian cities for its defense. It is
ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌ·¯ÈÎÒÓ ÈÙ·ÏÈÎÒÓ fiψÓ. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È characteristic that during the last years of the empire, the
fiÙÈ ÛÙ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ Ô ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ Byzantine fleet numbered only a few war ships which
ÙˆÓ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡Û ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· ÔÏÂÌÈο ÏÔ›· would be equipped only when it was considered
Ô˘ ÂÍÔÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÌfiÓÔ Î¿ı ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·˙fiÙ·Ó necessary.
·Ó¿ÁÎË.
∏ ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÎÚ¿- The privileged geographical position of the Byzantine
ÙÔ˘˜ -ÛÙ·˘ÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È ¢‡ÛË - ÙÔ state -crossroads between East and West- established it,
η٤ÛÙËÛ ·fi Ôχ ÓˆÚ›˜ ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂ- from early on, as the main channel for international trade.
ıÓÔ‡˜ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘. OÈ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ› ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿- Over great periods of time, the Byzantines maintained
ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ·Ó ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ Î·È Úˆ- control of the Mediterranean and played a leading role in
Ù·ÁˆÓ›ÛÙËÛ·Ó ÛÙȘ ı·Ï¿ÛÛȘ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. maritime, commercial transactions.
∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔÓ 5Ô During the early Byzantine years, mainly the 5th and 6th
Î·È 6Ô ·È., ÔÈ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈΤ˜ ·گ›Â˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ centuries, the eastern provinces of the empire were the
‹Ù·Ó ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì¿ÙÈÛ·Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ones that played leading role in sea commerce, as the
ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙÔ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Î·ıÒ˜ ÔÈ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÌÔ- major commercial routes from the Far East to the
ÚÈΤ˜ ·ÚÙËڛ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Õˆ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ Mediterranean, would end up in Antioch and Alexandria,
η٤ÏËÁ·Ó ÛÙ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÂÌÔÚÈο ΤÓÙÚ· Ù˘ ™˘Ú›·˜ Î·È the great trade centers of Syria and Egypt, respectively.
Ù˘ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘, ÙËÓ ∞ÓÙÈfi¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ·. ™ËÌ·- Also, important coastal centers such as the Peloponnese
ÓÙÈο, ›Û˘, ·Ú·ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈ· ΤÓÙÚ·, fiˆ˜ Ë ¶ÂÏÔfiÓ- and the Ionian Islands returned to the empire and formed
ÓËÛÔ˜ Î·È Ù· πfiÓÈ· ÓËÛÈ¿ ·ӋÏı·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· significant intermediate stop-overs within the commercial
ηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ‚·ÛÈÏ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ πÔ˘ÛÙÈÓÈ·ÓÔ‡ Î·È routes from Italy to Constantinople, Asia Minor and
·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÂӉȿÌÂÛÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·ıÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ Palestine.
ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌÒÓ ·fi ÙËÓ πÙ·Ï›· ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·-
ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË, ÙË ªÈÎÚ¿ ∞Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÛÙ›ÓË.
∆ÔÓ 7Ô ·È. Ë Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÓfiÙÈˆÓ Î·È ÓÔÙÈÔ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÒÓ In the 7th century, the conquest of the southern and
·گÈÒÓ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÕÚ·‚˜ ·Ó¿Áη- southeastern provinces by the Arabs, forced the
Û ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ó· ÛÙÚ·Ê› ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ µÔÚÚ¿ Î·È Byzantine state to turn to the north for new commercial
Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ ·ÊÂÙËڛ˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ starting-points. Thus, the centre of the Byzantine
ΤÓÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ µ˘˙·ÓÙ›Ô˘ commercial activities was transferred to the Hellenic area
ÌÂٷ٤ıËΠÛÙÔÓ ÂÏÏ·‰ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È Ù· ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ· ÙÔ˘ and the ports of Black Sea. Trapezounta had control of the
∂˘Í›ÓÔ˘ ¶fiÓÙÔ˘. ∏ ∆Ú·Â˙Ô‡ÓÙ· ‰È·ÙËÚÔ‡Û ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ- eastern trade, while Constantinople was the key to, in
¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ÂÓÒ Ë ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË transit, trade. During this period, Thessaloniki started to
¤ÁÈÓ ÙÔ ÎÏÂȉ› ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÌÂÙ·ÎÔÌÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘. ∆ËÓ grow into a significant commercial centre.
›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, Ë £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È
Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi ΤÓÙÚÔ.
∆ÔÓ 9Ô Î·È ÙÔÓ 10Ô ·È. ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ¤Êı·Û ÛÙÔ In the 9th and 10th centuries, Byzantine commerce
·fiÁÂÈÔ Ù˘ ·ÎÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. OÈ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ› ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„·Ó Ӥ˜ reached its highest peak. The Byzantines discovered new
·ÁÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÂÌfiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ‚ÔÚÚ¿. ∞fi Ù· ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ· Ù˘ markets and merchants in the north. From the ports of
ÃÂÚÛÒÓ·˜ ‹Úı·Ó Û ·ʋ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÷˙¿ÚÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯Èο Cherson they came into contact, firstly with the Khazars
Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ƒˆ˜, ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· and then with the Ros, transporting various merchandise
ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ ÛÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË Î·È ·fi ÂΛ to Constantinople, and from there to the West through the
ÚÔ˜ ÙË ¢‡ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÛfiÓÙÔ˘. ∞fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Hellespont. From the second half of the 10th century and
ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ 10Ô˘ ·È. Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, Ë ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ afterwards, the recovery of a large part of the lost
̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ·گÈÒÓ ÛÙË ªÈÎÚ¿ ∞Û›· Î·È ÛÙË provinces in Asia Minor and Syria, resulted in the political
™˘Ú›· ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ and financial prevalence of the empire in the East.
ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹.
38
∆Ô 10Ô ·È. ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂΛӘ However, during the 10th century, conditions were
Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ÛÙÔ shaping, that would later lead Byzantine commerce to
‰ÚfiÌÔ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÎÌ‹˜. ◊‰Ë, ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 9Ô˘ ·È. ÔÈ decline. Already, from the end of the 9th century, Russian
ƒÒÛÔÈ ¤ÌÔÚÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ µÔÚÚ¿ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ·Ó Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó merchants from the north had started to transport their
ÌfiÓÔÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù· ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٿ ÙÔ˘˜ ϤÔÓÙ·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ merchandise, on their own, to Constantinople. In the
∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ ÔÈ ÈÙ·ÏÈΤ˜ Western trade, the Italian cities appeared on the scene
fiÏÂȘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛ΋ÓÈÔ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ playing an important role. The Amalfians were the first
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. OÈ ∞Ì·ÏÊËÓÔ› ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ÚÒÙÔÈ Í¤ÓÔÈ foreign merchants who received commercial privileges
¤ÌÔÚÔÈ Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ÂÌÔÚÈο ÚÔÓfiÌÈ· Î·È ÂÁη٤ÛÙË- and established permanent commercial communities in
Û·Ó ÌfiÓÈ̘ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ ·ÚÔÈ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡Ô- Constantinople, in the beginning of the 10th century. In
ÏË, ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 10Ô˘ ·È. Î·È ÙÔ 992 Ô ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ·˜ 992, emperor Vasilios II (976-1025), granted significant
µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ˜ µ’ (976-1025) ·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛ ÛÙÔ˘˜ µÂÓÂÙÔ‡˜ privileges to Venetian merchants. Thus, Venetian
ÂÌfiÚÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÚÔÓfiÌÈ·. ŒÙÛÈ, ÙÔ ‚ÂÓÂÙÈÎfi ÂÌfi- commerce began to infiltrate the East with a rapid growth,
ÚÈÔ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂ- while the Byzantine mercantile marine waned and
Ù·È Ú·Á‰·›· ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi Ó·˘ÙÈ- Byzantine merchants were pushed aside.
Îfi ÌÂȈÓfiÙ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ B˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ› ¤ÌÔÚÔÈ ·Ú·ÌÂÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó.
∞fi ÙÔÓ 12Ô ·È. Î·È ÂÍ‹˜ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙˆÓ IÙ·ÏÒÓ ÂÌfi- From the 12th century onwards, the presence of Italian
ÚˆÓ ¤ÁÈÓ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ·ÈÛıËÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ 13Ô ·È. ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ merchants became distinctive and during the 13th
ηٿÏË„Ë Ù˘ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏ˘ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ™Ù·˘ÚÔ- century, after the seizure of Constantinople by the
ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, Ë Crusaders and the disintegration of the Byzantine state,
΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙˆÓ πÙ·ÏÒÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ (·Ú¯Èο ÙˆÓ µÂÓÂÙÒÓ Î·È the supremacy of the Italian merchants (originally the
ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙˆÓ °ÂÓÔ˘·ÙÒÓ) ‰ڷÈÒıËΠÛÙÔÓ Venetians and then the Genoans) was established in the
ÂÏÏ·‰ÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Hellenic area to such an extent, that we could talk about
Ó· ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔ- an international market in the eastern Mediterranean.
ÏÈ΋ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ.
OÈ Â‰·ÊÈΤ˜ ÎÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜ ·ÔÈ˘ Ô˘ ÔÈ The territorial acquisitions and the commercial provinces
Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÈÙ·ÏÈΤ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙ· ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈ- created by the Italian maritime communities on Byzantine
Ó¿ ‰¿ÊË, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ °·Ï·Ù¿, ÛÙÔÓ ∫·ÊÊ¿, ÛÙËÓ ∫Ú‹ÙË territories, such as Galata, Kaffas and Crete, was the
Î·È ÛÙËÓ ∂‡‚ÔÈ· ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Ô ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔ- undisputed factor that contributed to their commercial
ÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∞Ó·- control of the eastern Mediterranean and the isolation of
ÙÔÏÈ΋˜ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÌfiÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ the Byzantine merchants.
µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ.
™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ¶·Ï·ÈÔÏfiÁˆÓ (1261-1453) Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ During the Paleologean era (1261-1453), the role of the
‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰È·ÌÂÙ·ÎÔÌÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Ù˘ Byzantines in the vast Eastern commercial trade dwindled,
∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÒıËΠ¯ˆÚ›˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, Ó· Û‚‹ÛÂÈ. however, without becoming extinct. Thus, we may find
ŒÙÛÈ, ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ì B˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡˜ ÂÌfiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó- Byzantine merchants in Alexandria by the end of the 13th
‰ÚÂÈ· ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 13Ô˘ ·È. ÂÓÒ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 14Ô˘ ·È. century, while, by the beginning of the 14th century, they
Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÈÔ Û·Ê‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ have a more distinct presence in the area of the Aegean
ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ Î·È ÛÙË ª·‡ÚË £¿Ï·ÛÛ·, fiÔ˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿- and the Black Sea, where merchants from Constantinople,
˙ÔÓÙ·È ¤ÌÔÚÔÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË, ÙËÓ ∞‰ÚÈ·- Adrianopolis, Thessaloniki, Mistras and Monemvasia
ÓÔ‡ÔÏË, ÙË £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË, ÙÔ ª˘ÛÙÚ¿ Î·È ÙË ªÔÓÂÌ‚·- appear.
Û›·.
39
∆·Í›‰È· ÛÙȘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¤˜ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ˜.
Voyages in the byzantine seas.
1. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ‰Úfïӷ (10Ô˜ Ì.Ã. ·È.). ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: °. ƒ¿ÏÏ˘. ŒÚ¢ӷ: ∫ˆÓ. ∞ÏÂÍ·Ó‰Ú‹˜ ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 144
°È· ÙÔÓ ‰Úfïӷ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÊÈÏÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜
ËÁ¤˜. OÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ‰ÚfiÌˆÓ Û ÏÔ›· Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Î·È ÙȘ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ¶¿ÓÙˆ˜ ÔÈ
‰ÚfïÓ˜ ›¯·Ó ‰‡Ô ‹ ÙÚÂȘ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ Î·È ‰‡Ô ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ ÎÔ˘ÈÒÓ. ∆Ô Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi 45 ¤ˆ˜ 50 ̤ÙÚ· Î·È ÙÔ Ï¿ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜
·fi 5 ¤ˆ˜ 6 ̤ÙÚ·. ∆Ô Ï‹ÚˆÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·ÈÓfiÙ·Ó ·fi 100 ¤ˆ˜ 300 ¿Ó‰Ú˜. ∞fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÏÂÌÈÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÎˆËÏ¿-
Ù˜. OÈ ÎˆËÏ¿Ù˜ Ù˘ ¿Óˆ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÏÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Ì ۷ıÈ¿ Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Ù˘ Û˘ÌÏÔ΋˜, ¿ÊËÓ·Ó ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‚ÔË-
ıÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÂÌÈÛÙ¤˜. °È· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÍ¿ÏÏÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÎÔ˘·ÛÙ‹˜ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ·Û›‰Â˜.
OÈ ‰ÚfïÓ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÍÔÏÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Ì „ËÏÔ‡˜ ͇ÏÈÓÔ˘˜ ‡ÚÁÔ˘˜ (͢ÏfiηÛÙÚ·) ÛÙË Ì¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛÙÔ‡ ·fi fiÔ˘ ¤ÌÂÈÚÔÈ ÙÔÍfi-
Ù˜, ÔÈ Î·ÛÙÂÏψ̤ÓÔÈ, ÂÎÛÊÂÓ‰fiÓÈ˙·Ó ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ Â¯ıÚÒÓ ·ÎfiÓÙÈ· Î·È ‚¤ÏË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¤ÙÚ˜ Î·È Û›‰ÂÚ·. ™ÙËÓ ÏÒÚË Î·È ÛÙË Ú‡-
ÌÓË ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÙȘ ÙÔÍÔ‚·Ï›ÛÙÚ˜, ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·fi fiÔ˘ ÂÎÙÔ͇ÔÓÙ·Ó ÌÈÎÚ¿ ‚¤ÏË, Ù· ÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÌÂÓ· ̇Ș Î·È Ï›ıÔ˘˜.
∆Ô Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔ, fï˜, fiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÔÌÒÓˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ˘ÁÚfiÓ ˘Ú. ∆Ô Â‡ÊÏÂÎÙÔ Ì›ÁÌ· ÂÎÛÊÂÓ‰ÔÓÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi ‰Ô¯Â›·, Ì ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯¿ÏÎÈ-
ÓÔ˘˜ ۈϋÓ˜ ÂÎÙfiÍ¢Û˘ - ۛʈÓ˜- Ô˘ ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ¿ÎÚË ÙÚÔÌ·ÎÙÈο ÔÌÔÈÒÌ·Ù· ÎÂÊ·ÏÒÓ ıËÚ›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌÂÈ-
ÒÓÂÈ Ë ÕÓÓ· ∫ÔÌÓËÓ‹ ÛÙËÓ «∞ÏÂÍÈ¿‰·» (12Ô˜ ·È.). ∆· ÏÔ›· ·˘Ù¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ˆ˜ ÛÈʈÓÔÊfiÚÔÈ ‰ÚfïÓ˜
‹ ηÎη‚Ô˘ÚÊfiÚÔÈ.
O ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ·˙fiÙ·Ó Î¤ÓÙ·Ú¯Ô˜. O ı¿Ï·Ìfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ›Ûˆ ÛÙËÓ Ú‡ÌÓË Î·È ÔÈ B˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ› ÙÔÓ ÔÓfiÌ·˙·Ó
ÎÚ¿‚‚·ÙÔ. OÈ ¿Ó‰Ú˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÏËÚÒÌ·Ù· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÏÒÈÌÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ·È ‹ η‚‚·Ï·Ú›-
ÎÔÈ, Î·È ‹Ù·Ó fiÏÔÈ ÂχıÂÚÔÈ Ôϛ٘.
1. Model of a Byzantine dromon (10th century A.D.). Made by G. Rallis. Research by C. Alexandris. Collection No: 144
There is no available archaeological evidence regarding the dromon. Information regarding her shape comes only from literary
sources. The authors give the name dromon to ships which often differ in size and dimensions. Nevertheless, dromons had two or
three masts, and two banks of oars. They measured between 45 to 50 metres in length and 5 to 6 metres in width. Their crew
complement would vary from 100 to 300 men. Of these men, others were warriors and others were oarsmen. The oarsmen of the
upper bank were armed with swords and, when in battle, they would leave their positions and assist the warriors. There were shields
placed along the ship's bulwarks for their protection.
The dromons were equipped with high wooden constructions, called castles (xilokastra), in the middle of the central mast from where,
experienced archers, (they were called castellomenoi), would hurl spears, arrows, and even rocks and pieces of iron against the
enemy. In the bow and in the stern, they had the toxovalistres, special mechanisms that threw small arrows, called myies, and stones.
The main weapon of the dromon, however, was liquid fire. This highly inflammable mixture would be spurted from containers with
special copper tubes-siphons- at the end of which there were placed frightful effigies of beast-heads. Anna Comnena characteristically
describes them in her “Alexiad” (12th century). Sources name these ships as siphonoforoi dromons or kakkavopyrforoi.
The ship's commander was called kentarchos. His quarters were situated aft, in the stern, and the Byzantines called it kravvatos. The
men that crewed these warships were called ploimi stratiotai or kavvalarikoi and were all free citizens.
40
2
2. §ÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ· ·fi ÂÁ¯¿Ú·ÎÙË ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÚfïÓÔ˜ (;) Û ›ıÔ Ù˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ∂‡‚ÔÈ·. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 147
2. Detail from incised representation of a dromon (?) on a large earthenware jar of the Byzantine period. From Euboea.
Collection No: 147
3. §ÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ· ·fi ÂÁ¯¿Ú·ÎÙË ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ›Ô˘ Û ›ıÔ Ù˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ∂‡‚ÔÈ·.
∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜:147
3. Detail from incised representation of a merchant ship on a large earthenware jar of the Byzantine period. From Euboea.
Collection No: 147
41
4
4. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ( 7Ô˜ ·È. Ì.Ã). ∫·Ù·Û΢‹: ∞Ú. ƒ¿ÏÏ˘. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 2.359
OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ó·˘·Á›Ô˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ‚˘ıfi Ù˘ ı¿Ï·Û-
Û·˜ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙÔ ÓËÛ¿ÎÈ ÙÔ˘ Yassi Ada, ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ∫ˆ. ™ÒıËΠۯ‰fiÓ ÙÔ 60% ÙÔ˘ ÛηÚÈÔ‡, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ¤ÙÚ„ ÙËÓ ·Ó·-
Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛοÊÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¤‰ˆÛ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ Ó·˘ËÁÈ΋˜. ∏ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘
·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·›· Ù¯ÓÈ΋
ÚÒÙ· ÙÔ ¤Ùۈ̷ (shell first) ÛÙË ÓÂfiÙÂÚË ÚÒÙ· Ô ÛÎÂÏÂÙfi˜ (skeleton first). ∏ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛοÊÔ˘˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ›Û·ÏÔ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹
¤ÁÈÓ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·›· Ù¯ÓÈ΋. ∞fi ÂΛ Î·È ¿Óˆ ÛÙÂÚÂÒıËÎ·Ó ÓÔÌ›˜ ·fi ÊÙÂÏÈ¿ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ηÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ Û·Ó›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘
ÂÙÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÛȉÂÚ¤ÓÈ· ηÚÊÈ¿. ◊Ù·Ó ¤Ó· ÏÂÙfi ÛοÊÔ˜ Ì‹ÎÔ˘˜ 20 ̤ÙÚˆÓ Î·È Ï¿ÙÔ˘˜ 5,22 ̤ÙÚˆÓ, ¯ˆÚËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ 61 ÙfiÓˆÓ.
¢È¤ıÂÙ ¤Ó·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÈÛÙfi Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÏÒÚË. ∂›¯Â ηٿÛÙڈ̷ Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ¤Ó· ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ
¯ÒÚÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ú‡ÌÓË, fiÔ˘ ˘‹Ú¯Â Ì›· η̛ӷ ÛÙÂÁ·Ṳ̂ÓË Ì ÎÂÚ·Ì›‰È·. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ÙÔ Ì·ÁÂÈÚÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘,
ηıÒ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ‚Ú¤ıËΠÂÛÙ›· ÛÙڈ̤ÓË Ì ÎÂÚ·ÌÈΤ˜ ÂÊ˘·ÏˆÌ¤Ó˜ ϿΘ. ∆Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó 850, ·Ó fi¯È
ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ, ·ÌÊÔÚ›˜ Ì ÎÚ·Û›. ™ÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô ‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó Â›Û˘ ͢ÏÔ˘ÚÁÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, 11 ¿Á΢Ú˜, ÔÏÏ¿ Ì·ÁÂÈÚÈο Û·Ë, Ï˘¯Ó¿ÚÈ·,
¯¿ÏÎÈÓ· Î·È ¯Ú˘Û¿ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·Ù·, Ô˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ó·˘¿ÁÈÔ ÛÙ· 625/6 Ì.Ã., 3 ˙˘Á·ÚȤ˜ Î·È Ì›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ‚¿ÚË. ™Â Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ˙˘Á·-
ÚȤ˜ ‚Ú¤ıËΠ¯·Ú·Á̤ÓÔ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ȉÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË Î·È Î·ÂÙ¿ÓÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ “°∂øƒ°πOÀ ¶ƒ∂™µÀ∆∂ƒOÀ ¡∞À∫§∏ƒOÀ”.
∆· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô ÂÓ·Ï›·˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Bodrum (∞ÏÈηÚÓ·ÛÛfi˜) ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚΛ·.
∆Ô Ó·˘¿ÁÈÔ ÚÔÎÏ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿Ú·ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ›Ô˘ Û ‡Ê·ÏÔ. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ Ë ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Î·È Ô ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·‰È¢-
ÎÚ›ÓÈÛÙ·, fiˆ˜ ›Û˘ Î·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÒÌ·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘.
4. Model of a Byzantine merchant ship (7th century A.D.). Made by A. Rallis. Collection No: 2,359
This model was built in accordance with the wreck of a small Byzantine merchant ship, discovered at the bottom of the sea, near the
islet of Yassi Ada, opposite the island of Kos. Almost 60% of the ship was salvaged, a fact which not only enabled her reconstruction,
but also provided important information regarding the development of Byzantine shipbuilding. Her construction is of particular interest,
since it marks the transition that took place during this period from the ancient shell first technique, to the modern skeleton first
method. Below the waterline, the vessel was built using the ancient technique. Above the waterline, elm frames were fitted, onto
which, the planks of the shell were nailed using iron spikes.
She was a narrow beamed ship, 20 metres in length and a beam of 5.22 metres with a capacity of 61 tons. She had a main mast and
a smaller one towards the bow. The entire ship was decked, with the exception of a square area astern, where there was a tile
covered cabin. Below the cabin it was the ship's galley, as evidenced by the stove with glazed ceramic plates. The main cargo she
carried was 850, if not more, wine amphorae. There were also found on the ship carpentry tools, eleven anchors, many cooking
utensils, oil lamps, bronze and gold coins that date the wreck to 625-626 A.D., three scales and a set of weights. On one of the
scales, the name of the ship's owner and captain, “GEORGIOS NAFKLEROS the ELDER”, was found engraved. The findings are on
display in the Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Bodrum, Turkey. The ship sank when she ran aground on a reef. Unfortunately,
her ports of departure and destination remain unknown, as well as the number of her crew.
42
¶ÚÔ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ÙÔ N·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ 1821.
The years prior to the Hellenic War of Independence and the Navy of 1821.
¶ÚÔ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ÙÔ N·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ 1821.
The years prior to the Hellenic War of Independence and the Navy of 1821.
∏ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ 1821 Â›Ó·È The outbreak of the Hellenic Revolution in 1821, is
¿ÚÚËÎÙ· Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È strongly related to the economic development and
ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·Ê‡ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˘fi‰Ô˘ÏˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË intellectual awakening of the enslaved Hellenes during
‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ∏ Û˘ÛÛÒÚ¢ÛË ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ë the 18th century. The accumulation of wealth and the
‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚˆÓ Î·È Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿- spreading of liberal and revolutionary ideas from Europe
ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ·ÚÈÔ to the Hellenic people were attributed to the
ÏfiÁÔ, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜ Î·È ˘ÏÔ- development of the mercantile marine and was realized
ÔÈ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ÙˆÓ ÏÔ˘Û›ˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ by the class of wealthy Hellene merchants that was
Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠηٿ ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. created during the period of Turkish domination.
∆Ô ∞ÈÁ·›Ô, ·fi Ù· ÚÒÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ù˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈ- Since the very first years of the Ottoman conquest, the
ÎÚ¿ÙËÛ˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÙÔ ÛÎËÓÈÎfi ·ÈÌ·ÙËÚÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Aegean had become a theatre of bloody clashes
·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û µÂÓÂÙÔ‡˜ Î·È OıˆÌ·ÓÔ‡˜, Ô˘ ¤ÚÈ˙·Ó ÁÈ· between the Venetians and the Ottomans who were
ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ›¯Â ηٷÛÙ› ‰›Ô fighting for its control and, at the same time, it had
‰Ú¿Û˘ ·ÈÌÔÛÙ·ÁÒÓ ÂÈÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÎÔ˘ÚÛ¿ÚˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ become a field of action for blood-thirsty pirates of
ÂıÓÈÎÔًوÓ. OÈ Î¿ÙÔÈÎÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ Â›¯·Ó Ô‰ËÁËı› various nationalities. The islanders had been driven to
ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ıÏ›ˆÛË ÂÓÒ ÔÏÏ¿ ÓËÛÈ¿ ›¯·Ó ·ÔÁ˘ÌÓˆı› poverty while many islands had been completely
ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÁËÁÂÓ‹ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ stripped of their native population. This situation started
·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË to change with the consolidation of Ottoman rule over
Ù˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ ÛÙ· ÓËÛÈ¿ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ the islands, from the beginning of the 17th century. The
ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·È. ∏ ¶‡ÏË ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÛÚ¿ÙÙÂÈ ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ Sublime Port, in order to collect taxes from the poor, up
·fi Ù· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙ ÊÙˆ¯¿ ÓËÛȈÙÈο ‰¿ÊË, ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Úfi- to then, island regions, commenced a settlement plan for
ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÔÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· the islands and, at the same time, granted privileges to
Î·È ÚÔÓfiÌÈ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ηÙÔ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ΢ڛˆ˜ the inhabitants, mainly tax exemptions, but also a more
Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Û ÊÔÚÔ··ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙË ¯·Ï·Ú‹ relaxed presence of Ottoman administration, which finally
·ÚÔ˘Û›· Ù˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘, Ô˘ ÙÂÏÈο ı· led to a form of semi-autonomy. The Ottoman Empire,
Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ËÌÈ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜. ∏ OıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋ which started to show signs of decline by the end of the
A˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· Ô˘ ·fi Ù· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 16Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ¿Ú¯ÈÛ 16th century, was not able to take advantage of the
Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ¿‰È· ·Ú·ÎÌ‹˜, ‰ÂÓ ÌfiÚÂÛ ӷ ÂÎÌÂ- benefits that emanated from commercial supremacy at
Ù·ÏÏ¢Ù› Ù· ÔʤÏË Ô˘ ·¤ÚÚÂ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· sea. In the barren islands of the Aegean, the maritime
ÛÙÔ ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ. ™Ù· ¿ÁÔÓ· ÓËÛÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ Ë profession, exercised by the inhabitants, provided almost
ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÙÔ›ÎˆÓ Ì ٷ Ó·˘ÙÈο ·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·Ù· the only income for their survival. The Ottoman
‹Ù·Ó Ë ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ۯ‰fiÓ ËÁ‹ ÂÈÛÔ‰‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. OÈ OıˆÌ·- conquerors had never been experienced mariners and
ÓÔ› ηٷÎÙËÙ¤˜ ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÔÙ¤ ηÏÔ› Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ›, essentially left the maritime sector open to their Hellene
¿ÊËÛ·Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ÂχıÂÚÔ ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ subjects. From sporadic accounts, it appears that during
Ó·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ˘ËÎfiÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÛÔÚ·‰È- the first half of the 18th century, internal trade in the
Τ˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÌÈÛfi Ottoman Empire was in the hands of Hellene mariners.
ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·È. ÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Ù˘ OıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ This situation created suitable conditions, not only for the
∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ ›¯Â ÂÚȤÏıÂÈ ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ demographic development of the islands, but also for
Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÙȘ ηٿÏ- their financial progress.
ÏËϘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó¿-
Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Âͤ-
ÏÈÍË.
∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ Ó·˘ÙÈÏ›· ¿ÓıËÛ ·fi ÙÔ ‚’ ÌÈÛfi The Hellenic mercantile marine flourished after the
ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·È. οو ·fi ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÍÔÓÙˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·- second half of the 18th century under conditions of
ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜, cutthroat competition among the maritime powers of this
΢ڛˆ˜ °·ÏÏ›·˜ Î·È ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤ÙÚ„·Ó ÙËÓ period, namely between France and England. This
·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ͤÓÔ˘ ¤ÌÔÚÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤· ·fi competition allowed the replacement of the European
ÙÔÓ ÓÙfiÈÔ, ÙÔÓ ŒÏÏËÓ·, Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ merchant and transporter, by the local one, the Hellene,
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ. ∏ ·ÎÌ‹ fï˜ Ù˘ ÂÏÏË- thus allowing the participation of the latter in international
ÓfiÎÙËÙ˘ Ó·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ‚’ ÌÈÛfi ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÙÔ- commerce. The peak of the Hellenic mercantile marine,
‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Û˘ÁÎ˘Ú›Â˜. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔ- during the second half of the same century, was
44
Ófi˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚˆÛÔÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÔ‡ ÔϤÌÔ˘ underlined by historic coincidences. The end of the
Î·È Ë ™˘Óı‹ÎË ÙÔ˘ ∫ÈÔ˘ÙÛԇΠ∫·˚Ó·ÚÙ˙‹ (1768-1774). Russian-Turkish war, and the Kioutsouk Kainartzi treaty
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÏÔ›· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· (1768-1774), constituted a significant turning point.
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ÚˆÛÈ΋ ÛËÌ·›· Î·È Ó· ‰È·Ï¤Ô˘Ó According to this treaty, Hellenic ships, could raise the
ÂχıÂÚ· Ù· ™ÙÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Í›ÓÔ˘ ¶fiÓÙÔ˘. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂ- Russian flag and sail freely through the Straits of Euxinus
ÛÌ· ‹Ù·Ó ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÚˆÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÈÙËÚÒÓ Ó· ÂÚ¿- Pontos. This resulted in passing into the hands of
ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÙËÓ Hellene merchants the transportation of Russian grain. In
›‰È· ÂÔ¯‹, ÔÈ N·ÔÏÂfiÓÙÂÈÔÈ ¶fiÏÂÌÔÈ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘Ó·Ó ÙÔ addition, during this same period, the Napoleonic Wars
΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô ˆ˜ ÙfiÙ Á·ÏÏÈÎfi Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ·fi ÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ, removed the predominant, up to then, French Navy from
‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· ‰ڷÈÒ- the Mediterranean, thus providing the Hellenes with the
ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ∂ÈϤ- opportunity to strengthen their position in the commerce
ÔÓ, Ô ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Ô ·ÁÁÏÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi- of this area. Furthermore, the blockade imposed by the
ÏÔ˜ ÛÙ· ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ· Ù˘ °·ÏÏ›·˜, πÛ·Ó›·˜, πÙ·Ï›·˜ Î·È ª¿Ï- British fleet to the ports of France, Spain, Italy and Malta,
Ù·˜, ¤ÁÈÓ ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfi- was an opportunity for an extensive commercial activity
ÙËÙ· Î·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÔ ÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi. OÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ηڷ‚Ô·ÚË- and quick enrichment. The Hellene ship-owners, in
‰Â˜ ·„ËÊÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ·ÁÁÏÈο ÔÏÂÌÈο ÏÔ›·, ‰È·ÛÔ‡Û·Ó defiance to the British war ships, used to break through
ÙȘ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·ÓÂÊÔ‰›·˙·Ó Ì ÙÔ the blockade and supply the European ports with the
ÂÚÈ˙‹ÙËÙÔ ÛÈÙ¿ÚÈ Ù· Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ÏÈÌ¿ÓÈ·. ∆· Î¤Ú‰Ë Ô˘ greatly demanded wheat. The profits made from these
·ÔÎfiÌÈ˙·Ó ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·. operations were immense. A part of these was invested
ŒÓ· ̤ÚÔ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÂÂÓ‰‡ıËΠ۠ÔÈÎÔ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È Ó·˘- in buildings and shipping activities, but the biggest part
ÙÈÏȷΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fi- was used to fund the Revolution of 1821.
ÙËÛÂ ÙËÓ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ 1821.
∆Ș ·Ú·ÌÔÓ¤˜ Ù˘ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜, ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÏÔÈÔ- Just prior to the Revolution, the Hellene ship-owners had
Îً٘ ‰È¤ıÂÙ·Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·Îfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ 1.000 at their disposal the impressive number of about 1,000
ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ. ∆Ú›· ÓËÛÈ¿ ›¯·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ·- merchant ships. Three islands had the biggest merchant
χÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘˜: Ë ⁄‰Ú·, ÔÈ ™¤ÙÛ˜ Î·È fleets: Hydra, Spetses and Psara. Most of the ships were
Ù· æ·Ú¿. ∆· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ηڿ‚È· ‹Ù·Ó ÌÚ›ÎÈ· Ì ‰‡Ô twin-masted brigs, with a displacement of 250 tons and
ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ηٿÚÙÈ·, ÂÎÙfiÈÛÌ· 250 ÙfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÂÍÔÏÈṲ̂ӷ armed with 8 to 16 cannons, in order to more effectively
Ì 8 ¤ˆ˜ 16 ηÓfiÓÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂ- face the danger of pirates lurking in the seas of the
ÚË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔÓ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈÚ·ÙÒÓ Ô˘ Mediterranean. Upon the declaration of war in the
ÙfiÙ ÂÏÏfi¯Â˘Â ÛÙȘ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ˜ Ù˘ ªÂÛÔÁ›Ԣ. ªÂ ÙËÓ Peloponnese, these same merchant ships were
΋ڢÍË Ù˘ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÏÔfiÓÓËÛÔ, Ù· ›‰È· converted into warships. This fleet, having such limited
ÂÌÔÚÈο ÏÔ›· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¿ËÎ·Ó Û ÔÏÂÌÈο. ∞˘Ùfi˜ Ô armament, was clearly not in a position to face, in
ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÔÏÈÛÌfi, Û·ÊÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ regular battle the Ottoman ships of the line, armed with
‹Ù·Ó Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ Û ηÓÔÓÈ΋ Ó·˘Ì·¯›· Ù· two or three rows of cannons. In this unequal
ÏÔ›· ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔıˆÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘ Ì ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ‹ confrontation, the Hellenes managed to excel in
ÙÚÂȘ ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ ηÓÔÓÈÒÓ. ∂Λ fï˜ Ô˘ ˘ÂÚ›¯·Ó ÔÈ unrivalled seamanship shown by the captains and crews
ŒÏÏËÓ˜, Û' ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿ÓÈÛË ·Ó·Ì¤ÙÚËÛË, ‹Ù·Ó Ë ··Ú¿- who, by skilful handling of their small but swift ships,
ÌÈÏÏË Ó·˘ÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÙˆÓ Î·ÂÙ·Ó·›ˆÓ Î·È ÏËڈ̿وÓ, managed to prevail the Turkish warships that lacked
Ô˘ ηÙfiÚıˆÓ·Ó Ì ÙÔÓ Âȉ¤ÍÈÔ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ organization, maneuverability and efficiency.
·ÏÏ¿ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ó· ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙÂ-
ÚÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ Û ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ-
ÎÒÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ.
OÈ ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ›¯·Ó ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·ÛÙ› Î·È The Hellenic naval forces proved to be prepared to carry
‹Ù·Ó ¤ÙÔÈ̘ Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¡·˘ÙÈÎfi ∞ÁÒÓ·. ∏ ÛÎÏËÚ‹ out the fight in the sea. The hard, and full of dangers, life
Î·È ÁÂÌ¿ÙË ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹ ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ›¯Â ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ at sea, had transformed the ships' crews, who used to
Ù· ÏËÚÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ come mostly from the islands, into skilful and hardened
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ηÙÔ›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ, Û Âȉ¤ÍÈÔ˘˜ Î·È mariners. With their ships, they not only faced rough
ÛÎÏËÚÔÙÚ¿¯ËÏÔ˘˜ ı·Ï·ÛÛfiÏ˘ÎÔ˘˜. ªÂ Ù· ηڿ‚È· ÙÔ˘˜ seas and storms, but also ruthless pirates and corsairs,
›¯·Ó Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ ÙÚÈ΢- ravaging the Mediterranean. Sometimes, they would
̛˜ Î·È ÙȘ ηٷÈÁ›‰Â˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·‰›ÛÙ·ÎÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ- become pirates themselves. These naval confrontations,
Ú·Ù¤˜ Î·È ÎÔ˘ÚÛ¿ÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ï˘Ì·›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ÙË ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ. in many instances, used to take the form of actual naval
∫·Ù¿ ηÈÚÔ‡˜ Î·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ Âȉ›‰ÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÚ·Ù›·. battles, training the ships' crews in battle tactics and
∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Ô˘ Û ÔÏϤ˜ mainly, surprise attacks.
ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¤·ÈÚÓ·Ó ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ó·˘Ì·-
¯ÈÒÓ ÂÍ·ÛÎÔ‡Û·Ó Ù· ÏËÚÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Ù·ÎÙÈ-
΋ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÊÓȉȷÛÌÔ‡.
45
π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· fï˜ ÂÍ·Û΋ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÔ› ηٿ Obligatory recruitment on the Ottoman Empire warships
ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ Ó·˘ÙÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· ÔÏÂÌÈο ηڿ- proved particularly instructive for Hellene mariners.
‚È· Ù˘ OıˆÌ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ According to the institution of mellachides all seafaring
ıÂÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÏ¿¯Ë‰ˆÓ, fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ Ó·˘ÙfiÙÔÔÈ Î¿ı ¯ÚfiÓÔ, areas, depending on their population size, would
·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘˜, Û˘ÓÂÈÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ¿Ó‰Ú˜ annually provide crews to the Turkish fleet. The Aegean
ÛÙ· ÏËÚÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘. OÈ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ fighters, of 1821, were familiar with war tactics at sea
ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘ ÙÔ 1821 ÏÔÈfiÓ, ›¯·Ó ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈı› Ì ÙËÓ and, simultaneously, knew the weaknesses and
Ù¤¯ÓË ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÁÓÒ- strategies of their opponent because of their involuntary
ÚÈ˙·Ó ÙËÓ Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜, services to him.
ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ·ÎÔ‡ÛÈ·˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û’ ·˘ÙfiÓ.
OÈ ÏÔÈÔÎً٘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ Ó·˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ ⁄‰Ú·˜ (186 The ship-owners of the three maritime islands of Hydra
ÏÔ›·), ™ÂÙÛÒÓ (64 ÏÔ›·) Î·È æ·ÚÒÓ (40 ÏÔ›·) ‰È¤ıÂ- (186 ships), Spetses (64 ships) and Psara (40 ships),
Û·Ó ÚÒÙÔÈ Ù· ÏÔ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∞ÁÒÓ· Ù˘ ∞ÓÂÍ·ÚÙË- were the first to dispose their ships for the War of
Û›·˜. ∞ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔÛÙ¤ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙfiÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ Independence. Later on, the smaller fleets of the other
˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ ·ÈÁÈÔÂÏ·Á›ÙÈÎˆÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ. ∂ÓÈ·›· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ‰ÂÓ Aegean islands were added. There was no unified
˘‹Ú¯Â. ∫·ı¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÙÚ›· ÓËÛÈ¿ ›¯Â ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Ó·‡- command. Each of the three islands had its own admiral
·Ú¯Ô Î·È ˘ÔÓ·‡·Ú¯Ô, ˘‹Ú¯Â fï˜ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ and vice-admiral. There was, however, a co-ordination
ÚÔÎÚ›ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ. ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔϤÌÔ˘ among the island leaders. By the second year of the war,
·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛıËΠÛȈËÚ¿ Ë ÚˆÙÔηı‰ڛ· ÙÔ˘ À‰Ú·›Ô˘ the precedence of the admiral of Hydra, Andreas
Ó·˘¿Ú¯Ô˘ ∞Ó‰Ú¤· ªÈ·Ô‡ÏË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ- Miaoulis, was tacitly acknowledged. He was the true
Îfi˜ ·Ú¯ËÁfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ¡·˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ∂·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛÂ- commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Navy of the
ˆ˜, ·Ó Î·È ÂÈۋ̈˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÓÂÌ‹ıËΠÔÙ¤ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô Revolution, even though he was never officially awarded
Ù›ÙÏÔ˜. with this title.
∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ fiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ı·Ï·ÛÛÔÌ¿¯ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó The most important weapon of the Hellene naval fighters
ÙÔ ˘ÚÔÏÈÎfi, Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ·ÙÚfiÌËÙÔÈ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÚÔ- was the fire ship, with which, the fearless fighters would
ηÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ˙ËÌȤ˜ Î·È Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈο ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·- cause serious damages and literally intimidate their
ÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. O æ·ÚÈ·Ófi˜ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚÈÔ˜ opponents. Dimitrios Papanikolis, from Psara, blows up a
¶··ÓÈÎÔÏ‹˜ ·Ó·ÙÈÓ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙÔ ˘ÚÔÏÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ- Turkish two-decker, with his fire-ship at Eressos in
Îfi ‰›ÎÚÔÙÔ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÚÂÛÛfi Ù˘ §¤Û‚Ô˘, Ô ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ Lesvos and Constantinos Kanaris blows up a two-decker
∫·Ó¿Ú˘ ·Ó·ÙÈÓ¿˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÚÔÙÔ ÛÙËÓ ∆¤ÓÂ‰Ô Î·È ÙËÓ in Tenedos, and the Turkish flagship in Chios, becoming
ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ΋ Ó·˘·Ú¯›‰· ÛÙË Ã›Ô ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ˘fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÙÂÏÈο the legendary fire-ship captain that terrorized the Turkish
ÛÙÔÓ ıÚ˘ÏÈÎfi ÌÔ˘ÚÏÔÙȤÚË ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤ÙÚÂÌ ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈ- navy. Antonis Rafalias, from Hydra, blows up a two-
Îfi Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi. O À‰Ú·›Ô˜ ∞ÓÙÒÓ˘ ƒ·Ê·ÏÈ¿˜ ˘ÚÔÏ› decker in the naval operations at Samos in July of 1822.
‰›ÎÚÔÙÔ ÛÙȘ Ó·˘ÙÈΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ™¿ÌÔ˘ ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÏÈÔ Andreas Miaoulis, with his unrivalled ability to
ÙÔ˘ 1822. O ∞Ó‰Ú¤·˜ ªÈ·Ô‡Ï˘ Ì ÙËÓ ··Ú¿ÌÈÏÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ comprehend and take advantage of all the data of the
‰ÂÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› fiÏ· Ù· ‰Â‰Ô- war at sea, manages to crush the Turks in many naval
̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· ÔϤÌÔ˘ ηÙÔÚıÒÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÙÚ›- battles.
„ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô‡ÚÎÔ˘˜ Û ¿ÌÔÏϘ Ó·˘Ì·¯›Â˜.
OÈ Âӈ̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙfiÏÔÈ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÓËÛÈÒÓ ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ The unified fleets of the three islands spread the
·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Îϛ̷ Û fiÏ· Ù· ÓËÛÈ¿, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ¯ÂÚ- revolutionary spirit to all islands and reinforce the land
Û·›Â˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Û ·Ú¿ÏȘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, ·ÓÂÊԉȿ˙Ô˘Ó operations in coastal areas. They supplied the Hellenic
ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÊÚÔ‡ÚÈ·, ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÔÚÎÔ‡Ó Ù· ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈο fortifications and, respectively, besiege to Turkish ones
Î·È ÚÔ·ÓÙfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∆Ô‡ÚÎÔ˘˜ Ó· and, above all, do not allow the Turks to transport their
ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÚ·Ùfi Î·È ÂÊfi‰È· ÛÙȘ ·ӷÛÙ·ÙË̤Ó˜ army and supplies to Hellenic areas that had already
ÂÏÏËÓÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. rebelled.
∏ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÁÒÓ· ·Ô‰ÂÈ- Careful study of the War of Independence history proves
ÎÓ‡ÂÈ, ¤Ú· ·fi οı ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›·, fiÙÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi Ë beyond any doubt, that without the navy, the Revolution
∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ı· ›¯Â ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÂÏÔ- would not have spread outside the Peloponnese, would
fiÓÓËÛÔ, ‰ÂÓ ı· ›¯Â ÛÙÂÚÈÒÛÂÈ Î·È ÙÂÏÈο ‰ÂÓ ı· ›¯Â not have been consolidated and would not finally prevail
ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ. throughout the country.
™ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 1825 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛıËÎ·Ó Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÛËÌ¿- Beginning of 1825, the first signs of materials and
‰È· Ù˘ ˘ÏÈ΋˜ ÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÛ˘. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ ÏÔ›· ›¯·Ó ηٷ- supplies exhaustion appeared. Many ships that had been
ÛÙÚ·Ê› ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ˘ÚÔÏÈο, converted to fire-ships, had been destroyed and those
fiÛ· ·¤ÌÂÓ·Ó Â›¯·Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÊıÔÚ¤˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ that remained, had sustained serious damages due to
46
Û˘Ó¯ÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù· ȉȈÙÈο ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·, Ô˘ their continuous battles. The private funding that helped
ˆ˜ ÙfiÙÂ Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Û·Ó Î·È ÂÊÔ‰›·˙·Ó ÙÔ ÛÙfiÏÔ, ›¯·Ó to maintain and supply the fleet, up to then, had been
ÂÍ·ÓÂÌÈÛı›. exhausted.
∏ ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ‹ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙˆÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ The provisional administration of the revolutionary
ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ı› Ô ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ‰‡Ô ηÈ- Hellenes, reinforced the fleet with the purchase of two
ÓÔ‡ÚÁÈˆÓ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ. ∏ ÊÚÂÁ¿Ù· “∂ÏÏ¿˜”, Ô˘ new warships. The frigate “Hellas”, which was built in
Ó·˘ËÁ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ ÙÚÔ¯‹Ï·ÙÔ ·ÙÌfiÏÔÈÔ USA and the paddle-steamer “Karteria”, which was built
“∫·ÚÙÂÚ›·”, Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›·, ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó in Britain, became our first national ships that arrived at
Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÂıÓÈο Ì·˜ ÏÔ›·, Ù· ÔÔ›· η٤Êı·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ Hellas in 1826.
∂ÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ 1826.
O ·ÁÒÓ·˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ηıÒ˜ Ô Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· The fight for independence became more difficult as the
ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ·ÈÁ˘ÙÈ·Îfi˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ better organized Egyptian fleet made its appearance in
∞ÈÁ·›Ô ÚÔ˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ Î·È Ù· the Aegean, in reinforcement of the Turkish forces, and
ÛÙÚ·Ù‡̷ٷ ÙÔ˘ πÌÚ·‹Ì ‰ËÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÙÂÚÈ¿, ı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ Ibrahim's forces in parallel plundered the land, placing
Û ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙ·ÙÔ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË Ù˘ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤Úˆ- the cause of the Hellenic liberation in serious danger.
Û˘ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ.
™ÙȘ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ÂΛӘ ÒÚ˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ı· ‰È·- In these difficult hours, the decisive role was again
‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÈ Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ Û˘Á΢ڛ· Ô˘ ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ played by international conjuncture, which weighed the
Ï¿ÛÙÈÁÁ· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ. ∆Ô Î‡Ì· ÙÔ˘ scales in the Hellenes favour. The wave of philhellenism
ÊÈÏÂÏÏËÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË, Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ sweeping through Europe, the change in English foreign
Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ∫¿ÓÓÈÁÎ policy headed by Canning, and the weakening of the
Î·È Ë ·Ô‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ A˘ÛÙÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ηÁÎÂÏ·Ú›Ô˘ ª¤Ù- Austrian Chancellor Metternich's influence, prompted the
ÙÂÚÓȯ, ı· ˆı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÔ¯‹˜ Û great powers towards decisive actions in solving the
·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ Hellenic issue in favour of the revolutionaries,
˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÒÓ, Ì ·ÔÎÔڇʈ̷ culminating in the famous Naval Battle at Navarino.
ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÊËÌË ¡·˘Ì·¯›· ÙÔ˘ ¡·‚·Ú›ÓÔ˘.
™ÙȘ 20 OÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ 1827, Ô ÙÔ˘ÚÎÔ·ÈÁ˘ÙÈ·Îfi˜ ÛÙfi- On the 20th of October 1827, the Turkish-Egyptian fleet,
ÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ›¯Â Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆı› ÛÙÔÓ fiÚÌÔ Ù˘ ¶‡ÏÔ˘ which had assembled in the bay of Pylos (Navarino), to
(¡·‚·Ú›ÓÔ) ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ πÌÚ·‹Ì Ó· ηٷӛÍÂÈ assist Ibrahim in smothering the revolution in the
ÙËÓ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ¶ÂÏÔfiÓÓËÛÔ, ˘¤ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ- Peloponnese, suffered a crushing defeat by the unified
΋ ‹ÙÙ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Âӈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfiÏÔ˘˜ ªÂÁ¿Ï˘ µÚÂÙÙ·- fleets of Great Britain, France and Russia. They were
Ó›·˜, °·ÏÏ›·˜ Î·È ƒˆÛ›·˜. ∂ÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Û·Ó ÔÈ Ó·‡- commanded by Admirals Edward Codrington, Henry
·Ú¯ÔÈ ∂‰Ô˘¿Ú‰Ô˜ ∫fi‰ÚÈÁÎÙÔÓ, ∂ÚÚ›ÎÔ˜ ¢ÂÚÈÁÓ‡ Î·È Derigny and Longine Heiden respectively.
§ÔÁÁ›ÓÔ˜ 䢉ÂÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·.
∏ ¤Î‚·ÛË Ù˘ Ó·˘Ì·¯›·˜ ¤Î·Ó ϤÔÓ ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÙËÓ È‰¤· The outcome of this naval battle made the idea of the
Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ creation of a fully independent Hellenic state, feasible.
ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. OÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ¤ÂÈÙ· ·fi 400 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÎÏ·‚È¿˜, The Hellenes, after 400 years of enslavement, countless
·Ì¤ÙÚËÙˆÓ ·ÈÌ·ÙÔ¯˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ı˘ÛÈÒÓ, ÂÈÙ¤ÏÔ˘˜ ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó sacrifices and bloodsheds, could at last envision the day
ÙËÓ Ë̤ڷ Ù˘ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛ˘ Ó· ¯·Ú¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚ›˙Ô- of their liberation, dawning in the horizon.
ÓÙ·.
∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ N·˘Ì·¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡·‚·Ú›ÓÔ˘, ηٿ The result of the Naval Battle of Navarino, as generally
ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹, ·ÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙÔÓ Î·Ù·Ï‡ÙË ÁÈ· Ì›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ accepted, was the catalyst for a series of developments.
ÂÍÂϛ͈Ó. OÈ ÌÂÓ ŒÏÏËÓ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ï¤ÔÓ Ó· ÂÏ›- On one hand, the Hellenes could now hope for the
˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ∞ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ- creation of a fully independent Hellenic state. On the
ÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. OÈ ‰Â Â˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ› Ï·Ô› ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó Ó· ηٷ- other, the European people, saw that the “Principle of
χÂÙ·È Ë «∞Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜», Ô˘ ›¯Â ıÂÛÈÛÙ› ÙÔ Legality”, instituted in 1815, for the protection of the
1815, Î·È ÚÔÛٿ٢ ÙËÓ Â‰·ÊÈ΋ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ great empires' territorial integrity and depriving people
ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚÈÒÓ, ÛÙÂÚÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï·Ô‡˜ ÙÔ from their rights to national independence, was being
‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ÂıÓÈ΋˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜. ∏ N·˘Ì·¯›· ÙÔ˘ abolished. The Naval Battle of Navarino, constituted a
¡·‚·Ú›ÓÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ significant event, not only in Hellenic history, but also
Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfi- European history in general.
ÙÂÚ·.
47
¶ÚÔ·ӷÛÙ·ÙÈο ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Î·È ÙÔ N·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ 1821.
The years prior to the Hellenic War of Independence and the Navy of 1821.
1. Copper plate engraving depicting the Naval Battle of Lepanto. Collection No: 129
On 7th October 1571, the famous naval battle took place, during which, the conflict between the allied Christian fleets of Venice and
Spain and the Ottoman Turks reached its highest peak, for the supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. Among the Christian ships,
were many manned with Hellenic crews from Crete and Eptanisos. The two fleets confronted each other at the entrance of the Bay of
Patras and the battle ended with a magnificent victory for the Christians. The famous author, Cervantes, who fought in this battle,
during which he lost his arm, wrote; “On that day, the world wide belief that the Turks were invincible, was dispelled”. In the copper
plate engraving, the positions of the opposing fleets are discerned.
48
2
2. 18th century pirate axes from Chania, Crete. The pirates would use
them when storming a ship. Collection Nos: 142-143
3
49
5
5. ÿÏÎÈÓÔ ÔÈÛıÔÁÂ̤˜ ˘ÚÔ‚fiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ 15Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ô˘ ·Ó·Û‡ÚıËΠ·fi ÙÔ ‚˘ıfi Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Ù˘ ¡·˘¿ÎÙÔ˘.
(¶·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛË Ù˘ πÛÙÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∂ıÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚ›·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜).
5. Cooper breach-loader cannon of the 15th century risen from the seabed in the area of Nafpaktos.
(Ceded by the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece).
ñ
6. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· ÂÓÂÙÈ΋˜ Á·Ï¤Ú·˜. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 131
∫ˆ‹Ï·ÙÔ ÈÛÙÈÔÊfiÚÔ ÏÔ›Ô Ì ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë °·ÏËÓÔÙ¿ÙË ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ‰ڷ›ˆÛ ÙË ı·Ï·ÛÛÈÓ‹ Ù˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈ΋ ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ
·fi ÙÔÓ 12Ô ·ÈÒÓ· Ì.Ã. ¤ˆ˜ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘. OÈ Á·Ï¤Ú˜ ¤ÏÎÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓfi ‰Úfïӷ, Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ¢fi-
ÓÙˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙÔ Î·È ˆ˜ ÂÌÔÚÈο. O ÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ›ÙÔ ·fi ÚˆÚ·›· ˘ÚÔ‚fiÏ·. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÏÔ›· ¤Ï·‚·Ó ̤ÚÔ˜
ÛÙË ¡·˘Ì·¯›· Ù˘ ¡·˘¿ÎÙÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÂÓÂÙÔÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔϤÌÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·.
ñ
7. OÌÔ›ˆÌ· „·ÚÈ·Ó‹˜ Á·ÏÈfiÙ·˜. ∞Ú. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜: 132
∆·¯‡ÏÔÔ Îˆ‹Ï·ÙÔ ÏÔ›Ô Ì ÈÛÙ›·. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ æ·ÚÈ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÛÙÔ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô ηٿ ÙÔÓ 18Ô Î·È 19Ô ·ÈÒÓ·. ∫·Ù¿ÁÂÙ·È ·fi
ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÙÈ΋ ÔÏÂÌÈ΋ Á·Ï¤Ú· ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ÛοÊÔ˜, ηٿÏÏËÏÔ ÁÈ· ηٷ‰ÚÔ̤˜, ÂÈÚ·Ù›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÂ
ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ ÙÔ˘, ‰È¤ıÂÙ 8 ¤ˆ˜ 16 ÎÔ˘È¿ Û οı ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Î·È ‰‡Ô ‹ ÙÚÂȘ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ Ì ·ÓÈ¿ Ï·Ù›ÓÈ·. ∂›¯Â ‰‡Ô ¤ˆ˜ ¤ÍÈ ÌÈÎÚ¿ ηÓfiÓÈ·
ÛÙËÓ ÏÒÚË Î·È Ë ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÈÌfiÓÈ Ô˘ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔÓ Ù˘ Ú‡ÌÓ˘. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË
ÙÔ˘ 1770, Ô˘ ͤ۷Û ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ƒˆÛÔÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÔϤÌÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ 1768-1774, ÔÈ æ·ÚÈ·ÓÔ› ‰È¤ıÂÛ·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ƒÒÛÔ˘˜ 36
Û·ÎÔϤ‚˜ Î·È Á·ÏÈfiÙ˜. ∏ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ·fi ÙȘ Á·ÏÈfiÙ˜ ›¯Â Ì‹ÎÔ˜ 25 ‹¯Â˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ú›Ó·, 16 ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ· ÎÔ˘ÈÒÓ Î·È Ï‹ÚˆÌ· 80
¿Ó‰Ú˜. ¢È·‰Ú·Ì¿ÙÈÛ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙȘ ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ∂·Ó¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ 1821.
50