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k1 FCL DigSilent
k1 FCL DigSilent
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Fault Current Limiter in a Real Network: a Case
Study
A. Golzarfara, A. R. Sedighi*b, A. Asadia
aYazd Regional Electric Company, Yazd, Iran
bElectrical and Computer Engineering Department, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
PAPER INFO A B S T R A C T
Paper history: In this paper, the effect of number and fault current limiter(FCL) location has been investigated in
Received 13July2014 order to have maximum reduction of short circuit current level in all buses in a real network. To do so,
Received in revised form 03October2014 the faulty buses were identified in terms of short circuit current level by computing short circuits on the
Accepted 18December2014 desired network. Then, while the fault current limit was modeled, its optimal location and amount for
the greatest reduction in the fault current level of the whole critical buses was determined.
Optimization computations have been done using the genetic algorithm and method of reducing the
Keywords:
Fault current limiter search space and all implementation stages of the proposed algorithm and reduction of search space
Short circuit capacity has been conducted in DIgSILENT software using programming language DPL. The results indicate
Genetic algorithms the high efficiency of the proposed method in reducing the short circuit current level of faulty buses
DIgSILENT and simultaneous improving the power quality.
doi: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2015.28.03c.09
Please cite this article as: A. Golzarfar, A. R. Sedighi, A. Asadi, Optimal Placement and Sizing of Fault Current Limiter in a Real Network: a Case
Study, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 28, No. 3, (March 2015) 402-409
403 A. Golzarfar et al./ IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 28, No. 3, (March 2015) 402-409
Over Current Protection Coordination with FCL is output situation of 400 kV power and substations of
discussed in[15].In [16], an algorithm has been electricity network, respectively.
proposed to determine the best location for the
installation of only one FCL. In this paper, in addition to
determining optimal locations for installing fault current 3. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
limiters in a real network, the value of the optimal
impedance required for fault current limiters has been In order to study the short circuit, three-phase fault was
defined using the genetic algorithm. In the following performed in all voltage levels using DIgSILENT
and in the second part, the studied network has been software. Based on these calculations, the proportion of
introduced. The third part provides the short circuit the short circuit current to the power of circuit breaker is
studies. FCL model has been shown in the fourth part; more than 0.8 in a some number of 63 kV buses of
and in the fifth part, the sensitivity factor has been network such as Yazd 1, Yazd 2, Janoob and Shomal 1
considered as a way to reduce the search space. The (63/20) kV and Shomal 2 (230/63) kV. The interrupting
optimum method used in this paper has been shown in power of circuit breakers in the Shomal 1 (63/20) kV
the sixth part. The conducted simulations results have substation is 26.9 kA and in substations of Yazd 2,
been addressed in the seventh part, and in the eighth Janoob and Shomal 2 (230/63) kV are 31.5 kA and in
part, the accuracy of results have been discussed. the substation Yazd 1 is 40 kA.
2. INTRODUCING THE STUDIED NETWORK TABLE 1. The situation of power station's output in the limit
of the studied network
In this paper, a part of Iranian electricity network with Name Units Capacity(MW)
the maximum simultaneous load of about 850 MW that Yazd CCPP CCPP 3×123
consumes about 2% of the total grid has been studied. Zanbagh Gas Turbine 4×24.5
Network information such as the information oflines, Solar CCPP 3×170
loads, transformers and synchronous machines has Yazd Gas Turbine 2×68
separately been implemented in the DIgSILENT B.O.O CCPP 3×160
software. According to the last available information,
the surveyed network has 660 km of 400 kV line,
451.24 km of 230 kV line, 616.5 km of 132 kV line and TABLE 2. The status of studied network sub stations
550.5 km of 63 kV line. The network is interconnected Name HV/LV Capacity Number and Capacity
to its adjacent electricity networks from Janoob and (MW) (Reactor)
Shomal. The single-line diagram of the studied network Yazd1 400/63 2×200 1×50
is shown in Figure 1. Tables 1 and 2 demonstrate the 400/230 2×200
Yazd2 (1×50)+(1×100)
230/63 2×80
TABLE 4. The most effective location of FCLs installation in inductance value so that meanwhile the full covering of
reducing the fault current of critical buses. problem variables, the calculation time can be reduced.
Critical Seven suitable locations for FCL installation To allocate chromosome to the location and inductance
buses (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) of fault current limiters, each chromosome is divided
Yazd 1 99 103 102 17 71 80 23 into two parts. The first 22 genes of each chromosome
Janoob 76 17 99 102 103 71 80 have been dedicated to 22 locations of FCLs installation
Shomal 1 102 103 98 42 2 99 97 that according to the sensitivity factor, they were
Shomal 2 104 102 103 99 5 54 42 selected as the most appropriate locations to install
Yazd 2 90 91 103 30 29 100 101 FCL; each gene with the value of one and zero shows
FCL connection or non- connection in that location,
respectively. The second part of each chromosome is
composed of 176 genes that each 8 genes sequence
indicates the equivalence of inductance binary for each
FCLs installed. Figure 3 shows how to assign each
chromosome for FCLs.
Figure 3. The way of allocating a chromosome to FCLs
location and inductance 6. 2. Fitness Function To obtain the fitness rate
related to each chromosome, at first, the location and
inductance of each fault current limiters are obtained
Then, through investigating the results of short according to the gene-related content. Then, the
circuit for each critical bus, sevenlocations that had the numerical values obtained from the chromosomes are
highesteffect on reducing the short circuit current level substituted in the system equipment and the short circuit
of critical buses were determined to install FCL. Results test is conducted on critical buses. According to the
obtained from this experiment on the critical buses are given objective function, the fitness value of each
shown in Table 4. chromosome is obtained. In this project, the objective
By studying the values in Table 4, we will achieve function is defined as the following:
the result that some locations of FCLs installation have 1 2 3
been repeated for two or more buses. After removing
i n
iterative locations, finally, 22 locations were remained f = ( A* NFCL) + (Bå ZFCL) + (C * å
I KSSn
)+
as the location of optimal FCL installation that they 1 1 CBshort_ circute_ rating
respectively include: i n n
(2)
2, 5, 17, 23, 29, 30, 42, 54, 71, 75, 76, 80, 90, 91, 97, + ( D * [ NFCL * å ZFCL] ) + (å PF 1) + ( å PF 2)
1 1 1
98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,104.
Therefore, by calculating the sensitivity factor, in
addition to finding the best locations for installing FCL 4 5 6
in the network, the search space of genetic algorithm The objective function has been defined based on 4
has been reduced from 107 primary installation main conditions and 2 penalty factors including:
locations to 22. 1. Given the economic constraints in FCLs installation
and the high cost of this equipment, the problem of
the maximum buses should be solved with the
lowest number of FCL. Therefore, in the objective
6. OPTIMAL LOCATION FOR FCL INSTALATION function, the first condition is to have a minimum
AND ITS PARAMETERS number of FCL that the condition has been shown in
Equation (2) with number 1.
The objective of the present paper is to find an optimal 2. The FCL impedance should be chosen so that it has
location or locations for FCL installation in the network the maximum fault current reduction with minimum
with the smallest orbital parameters and by considering impedance value, because the value and size of
their economic advantage for keeping the fault current impedance are very effective and important in the
level within the range of circuit breaker power. To do amount of construction costs and the price of a FCL
so, genetic algorithm has been used[21, 22]. The main in the way that the greater impedance value of an
stages of conducting the genetic algorithm in this study FCL, the more cost for construction and
are as in the following: completion[23, 24]. This point has been considered
as the second condition of the objective function and
is shown by 2 in Equation (2).
6. 1. Coding of FCL Location and Inductance Value 3. The proportion of the maximum short circuit current
One of the major parts of genetic algorithm is the way to the interrupting power of circuit breakers for each
of defining chromosome to arrange FCLs and their of buses' problems should be less than 0.75. This
A. Golzarfar et al./IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 28, No. 3, (March 2015) 402-409 406
indicates that the level of short circuit current should 7. SIMULATION RESULTS
be within the range of interrupting power of circuit
breakers of that bus so that the power circuit 7. 1. Results of Genetic Algorithm
breakers has the ability to interrupt the short circuit Implementation By reducing the search space
current at the fault occurrence time. This condition by calculating the sensitivity factor and performing the
is shown with 3 in Equation (2) and where IKSSnis the genetic algorithm on the studied network, the
maximum short circuit current of nth in problem convergence time of the algorithm is mitigated from 608
bus. minutes to 123 minutes and the number of frequencies
from 166 to 53 iterations.The selected optimal
4. Given that the difference between the purchase and
chromosome shows 3 places for FCL installation that
maintenance costs of less FCL with more impedance
includes the following locations:
than more FCL with less impedance is noticeable,, a
1. To install the fault current limiter, the first location
condition should be considered in the objective
was placed in Yazd 1 substation and in the coupling
function so that before adding new FCLs, it possibly
placement of 63 kV buses in Yazd 1. The 63 kV bus
increases the minimum number of FCLs to solve the
of Yazd 1has a bus bar with H structure and its each
problem of short circuit current of critical buses,
bus is fed by a 400/63 kV transformer. So, a FCL
before boosting new FCLs. The condition is
installation is essential in this substation. The
considered in Part 4 of Equation (2).
location of FCL installation has been revealed on the
5. For FCL, the inductance value should be considered single-line diagram of the network studied in Figure
in the range between the valid maximum and 1 on the Yazd 1 substation.
max
minimum inductances for FCL that LFCL and LFCL
min Given the output data of the genetic algorithm, the
inductance value of the FCL was calculated as 15 mH.
are the valid maximum and minimum inductances In 63 kV Yazd 1 and Janoob buses, by installing this
for FCL, respectively. FCL, the problem of the short circuit current will be
Lmin max resolved to the acceptable level.
FCL ≤LFCL ≤LFCL (3)
2. To install the fault current limiter, the second
In this paper, the maximum and minimum location has been placed in 230/63 kV Shomal
inductances of FCL are considered 0.1 and 15 mH, substation and in the coupling place of 63 kV buses
respectively.So, to avoid the excessive increase of FCL in Shomal 2. The location of FCL installation is
inductance limit, defining penalty factor is inevitable. shown on the single-line diagram of the network
The penalty factor wasdefined for each active FCL as : studied in Figure 1 on the Shomal 2 substation.
Given the output data of the genetic algorithm, the
If (LFCL> 15mH)or (LFCL< 0.1mH)Then (PF1=1000) inductance value of this FCL was calculated as 19 mH.
(4) In buses of 63 kV Shomal 1 and Shomal 2, by installing
Else
this FCL, the problem of the short circuit current will be
(PF1 =0)
completely resolved.
6. Given the importance of the third condition, to To install the fault current limiter, the third location
achieve the most optimal chromosome, a penalty was placed in 400/230/63 kV Yazd 2 substation and in
factor is defined that if the ratio of the maximum the coupling place of 63 kV buses in Yazd 2. The
short circuit current to the interrupting power of location of FCL installation is indicated on the single-
circuit breakers of each buses having fault was line diagram of the network studied in Figure 1
greater than 0.75, it penalizes that chromosome. This 3. on 400/230/63 kV Yazd 2 substation.
factor is determined in part 6 of the Equation (2) and FCL in 3 mentioned substations is shown in Figure
for each critical bus. 4.Considering the output data of the genetic algorithm,
In the present paper, parameters of genetic algorithm the inductance value of this FCL was calculated as 9.5
are used with the following numerical values: mH. In the bus of 63 kV Yazd 2, by installing this FCL,
· Population size: (N= 50) the problem of the short circuit current will be
· Crossover rate: (Pm= 0.1) completely resolved.
· Mutation rate: (Pc= 0.9)
· Maximum iteration number= 200
It is worth noting that all stages of the genetic
algorithm including the main program and all sub-
programs of Decode, Combination, and Mutation and
determining fitness, and so onareimplemented by the
DPL programming language related to the software
DIgSILENT Power Factory 14.
Figure 4. FCL connection in a substation
407 A. Golzarfar et al./IJE TRANSACTIONS C: Aspects Vol. 28, No. 3, (March 2015) 402-409
TABLE 5. The short circuit current level in the networks critical buses before and after the FCL installation
Before the FCL installation After the FCL installation
Critical buses
Ratio of I KSS toreaking current of CB I KSS (kA) Ratio of I KSS tobreaking current of CB I KSS (kA)
Yazd 1 0.896 35.869 0.711 24.147
Janoob 1.114 35.093 0.88 27.954
Shomal 1 0.857 23.068 0.69 18.585
Shomal 2 0.962 30.306 0.7 22.053
Yazd 2 0.838 26.105 0.692 21.818
TABLE 6. Voltage level of 10 buses of the network with and without FCL, assuming that the fault occurs on the 63 kV bus of
YAZD 1 substation
Buses Voltage Sag withoutFCL Voltage Sag withFCL PercentImprovement inVoltage Level
Daneshgah 8.816 31.987 262.833
Modares 9.468 11.071 14.745
Shomal 1 35.463 42.242 15.848
Darvaze 32.041 40.435 26.199
Foolad 51.306 55.759 8.679
TorkAbad 62.020 63.61 2.571
ArdakAn 61.209 63.004 2.932
Rostagh 58.917 61.278 4.007
Yazd 1 316.596 341.44 5.556
Yazd 2 345.187 364.367 7.847
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Paper history: اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر.در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﻣﮑﺎن ﻣﺤﺪود ﮐﻨﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ در ﯾﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ واﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
Received 13 July 2014
Received in revised form 03 October 2014
ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎﺳﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي.ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺗﺼﺎل ﮐﻮﺗﺎه در ﺗﻤﺎم ﺑﺎسﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ
Accepted 18December 2014 ،ﻣﺸﮑﻞ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺗﺼﺎل ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺗﺼﺎل ﮐﻮﺗﺎه در ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ
ﻣﮑﺎن و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ، ﺗﻌﺪاد، ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﺪود ﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺧﻄﺎ، ﺳﭙﺲ.ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ دﻫﯽ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ
Keywords:
Fault current limiter ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده. ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ،ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺗﺼﺎل ﮐﻮﺗﺎه در ﺗﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﺳﻬﺎي ﻣﺸﮑﻠﺪار
Short circuit capacity
Genetic algorithms اﻟﮕﻮرﯾﺘﻢ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻓﻀﺎي.از اﻟﮕﻮرﯾﺘﻢ ژﻧﺘﯿﮏ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ
DIgSILENT
، ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ زﯾﺎد اﻟﮕﻮرﯾﺘﻢ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ. ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ و اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ،DIgSILENT در ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰارDPL ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ
.در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﺗﺼﺎل ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﺑﺎسﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﮑﻠﺪار و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺗﻮان را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ
doi: 10.5829/idosi.ije.2015.28.03c.09