Bending

The Flexure Formula

Normal strain
along Δs

Normal stress
By using Hooke’s
law
The Flexure Formula

Mc My
σ max = σ ( y )=−
Iz Iz
Determine the internal moment M at the section
caused by the stress distribution (a) using the
flexure formula, (b) by finding the resultant of the
stress distribution using basic principles.
Determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam.
 dM
The Shear Formula ∫ ydA' = τ (tdx )
I z A'
1 dM
∫ M +dM
I
ydA' −∫
M
Iz
ydA ' − τ (tdx)=0 →τ = ( )∫ ydA '
I z t dx A'
A' z A'

VQ
Moment of the area A’ Q= ydA ' = y¯' A '
∫ τ=
about the neutral axis Izt
A'

Determine the distribution of the shear stress over the

cross section of the beam shown in Fig. a.

2
1 h 2
Q= y¯' A ' = ( − y )b
2 4
2
6V h V
τ = 3 ( − y2 ) τ =1.5
bh 4 max
A
Slope and Displacement by Integration Boundary and Continuity Conditions

2
dv ( x ) d v ( x)
θ ( x)= EI z 2
=M ( x)
dx dx
The cantilevered beam shown in Fig. a is subjected
to a vertical load P at its end. Determine the
equation of the elastic curve. EIz is constant.
 Elastic strain energy for bending moment case
Slope and Displacement by Energy
Conservation Method
Conservation of Energy U =U
e i

L 2 L 2
2
M M dx
U i =∫ σ dV =∫
2
(∫ y dA) dx=∫
V 2E 0 2 EI z
2
0 2 EI z A

The cantilevered beam in Fig. a has a rectangular cross section

and is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the
Li
1 M2 displacement of the load. EIz is constant.
P v =∑ ∫ dx
2 n C i 0 2 EI z

Li
1 M2
M ' θC =∑ ∫ dx
2 i 0 2 EI z
Slope and Displacement by Castigliano’s Theorem
Determine the
displacement of
point B on the
beam shown in Fig.
EIZ is constant.

Li
∂ M dx
v C =∑ ∫ M ( )
i 0 ∂ P n EI z Determine the
slope at point B
of the beam
shown in Fig. EIZ
is constant.

Li
∂ M dx
θC =∑ ∫ M ( )
i 0 ∂ M ' EI z
 Slope and Displacement by Mohr’s Integration
Determine the displacement
of point B on the beam shown
in Fig. EIZ is constant.

Determine the slope at point

B of the beam shown in Fig.
EIZ is constant.

Li L
MM 1 i
MM 2
v C =∑ ∫ dx θC =∑ ∫ dx
i 0 EI z i 0 EI z
Slope and Displacement by Vereschagin’s method
If EIz = const. on Li and Mk
(k=1, 2) is a constant or
linear function

Li
MM k S f
∫ dx= i i
0 EI z EI z
Example
Determine the slope at point B of the beam
Determine the displacement of point B shown in Fig. EIZ is constant.
on the beam shown in Fig. EIZ is constant.
Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts—Method of Integration
Determine the reactions at the supports A and B,
then draw the shear and moment diagrams. EIz is constant.
Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts—Force method
Determine the reactions at the supports A and B,
then draw the shear and moment diagrams. EIz is constant.
Review problems
The beam shown in Fig. a has a cross-sectional area in the shape of a channel, Fig. b. Determine the
maximum bending stress that occurs in the beam at section a–a.
Review problems
The beam shown in Fig. a is made from two boards. Determine the maximum shear stress in the glue
necessary to hold the boards together along the seam where they are joined.
Review problems The beam in Fig. a is subjected to a load at its end.
Determine the displacement at C. EI is constant.
The simply supported beam shown in Fig. a is
subjected to the concentrated force. Determine the
maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
Review problems
Determine the slope and deflection of end A of the
Determine the slope and deflection of end A of the
cantilevered beam. E = 200 GPa and Iz = 65.0(106 ) mm4.
cantilevered beam. E = 200 GPa and Iz = 65.0(106 ) mm4.
Review problems The loading on a floor beam used in the airplane is
shown. Use discontinuity functions and determine the
Determine the reactions at the supports A, B, and C; rections at the supports A and B , and then draw the
then draw the shear and moment diagrams. EIz is moment diagram for the beam.
constant.
Stress - Strain
Stress
Material: continuous, cohesive General State of Stress
Units: N/m2 = Pa
Stress: intensity of the internal force acting
N/mm2 = 106Pa = MPa
on a specific plane (area) passing through a
point
Normal Stress Shear Stress
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.
N Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when

A it is subjected to the loading shown.

σ = average normal stress at any

point on the cross-sectional area

N = internal resultant normal force

A = cross-sectional area of the bar

where σ is determined
Average Shear Stress Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm-diameter pin
at A and the 30-mm-diameter pin at B that support the beam

τavg = average shear stress at the section,

which is assumed to be the same at each
point located on the section
V = internal resultant shear force on the
section determined from the equations of
equilibrium
A = area at the section
Strain When force P is applied to the rigid lever arm ABC, the arm
rotates counterclockwise about pin A through an angle of 0.05°.
Determine the normal strain developed in wire BD.

The normal strain

Due to a loading, the plate is deformed into the dashed shape

shown in Fig. Determine (a) the average normal strain along the
side AB, and (b) the average shear strain in the plate at A relative
to the and y axes.

The
shear
strain
Mechanical properties of materials Stress-strain diagram

Tension and compression test Note the critical status

for strength specification
Understand how to measure
the stress and strain  proportional limit
through experiments  elastic limit
 yield stress
 ultimate stress
 fracture stress

Hooke’s Law

E: the modulus of
elasticity or Young’s
modulus
G: the shear
modulus of
elasticity or the Poisson’s
modulus of rigidity ratio
Review problems The bar has a cross-sectional area A and is subjected
to the axial load P . Determine the average normal
If the joint is subjected to an axial force of P = 9 and average shear stresses acting over the shaded
kN, determine the averege shear stress section, which is oriented at θ from the horizontal.
developed in each of the 6-mm diameter bolts
between the plates and the members and along
each of the four shaded shear planes.
Review problems The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape
Part of a control linkage for an airplane shown by the dashed lines. Determine the average
consists of a rigid member CBD and a flexible normal strain along diagonal BD , and the average
cable AB. If a force is applied to the end D of shear strain at corner B .
the member and causes a normal strain in the
cable of 0.0035 mm/mm, determine the
displacement of point D. Originally the cable
is unstretched.
Internal Forces
Internal Resultant Loadings
In mechanics of materials, statics is primarily used to determine the resultant loadings that act within a
body.

Internal forces
 Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is
Internal Resultant Loadings developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the
two segments of the body.

The assembly consists of an tube AB. A steel rod is

Giving the below structure. Find
attached to a rigid collar and passes through the
the internal loading acting at tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod,
Sign convention cross section at E. determine internal forces in tube and rod.
Internal Resultant Loadings Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect is developed when the
external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to
the other about an axis perpendicular to the area.

Find the internal loading acting at cross Find the maximum internal loading acting
Sign convention section at E. on AE
Internal Resultant Loadings Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external
loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane
of the area.

Shear force, V. The shear Sign convention Positive bending moment

force lies in the plane of will tend to bend the
the area, and it is a positive shear force will segment on which it acts in a
developed when the cause the beam segment on concave upward manner.
external loads tend to which it acts to rotate
cause the two segments of clockwise
the body to slide over one
another.
Example
Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment acting just to the left, point B, and just to the
right, point C, of the 6-kN force on the beam in Fig. a.

Support Reactions.

Equations of Equilibrium.
Functional method for constructing
shear and moment diagrams

+ AB: 0 < x1 < a

V ( x 1 )=9/ 8 wa M ( x 1 )=9/8 wax1 x 3

+ BC: a < x2 < 2a

2
V ( x 2 )=1/ 8 wa M ( x 2 )=1/8 wax 2 +wa x 4
+ CD: 2a < x3 < 3a
V ( x) V(x1)
V ( x 3 )=1/8 wa M ( x 3)=1/ 8 wax 3 wa V(x2) V(x3)
+ DE: 3a < x4 < 4a V(x4)
9/8
−7/8
V ( x 4 )=−wx 4 +25/ 8 wa 1/8
10/ 8 2 /8 M(x3) m m=1/ 8 a
M(x1) n
M ( x 4 )=−wx 24 /2+25 wax 4 /8−9 wa 2 / 2 n=7/ 8 a
M ' ( x 4 )=0⇒ x 4 =25 a/8 M(x2)
M ( x) M(x4)
2
M ( x 4 )max =49/ 128 wa wa
2
9/ 8 3/8 49/128
Graphical method for constructing shear and moment diagrams

x Δx dV dM
=w =V
dx dx
(7)V E =V D −S wDE (w ↓)
- +

(8)V E =V D + S wDE (w ↓)
- +

(9) M E = M D + S VDE
- +

+ w=0 on AB, BC, CD

+ -
(1)V =V −F ( F ↓) (4) M +
=M -
−M 0 (10)V =const .=a M =ax +b
(2)V + =V - + F ( F ↑) (5) M + =M - + M 0 + w=const.=a on DE
(3) M + = M - 1 2
(6)V + =V - (11)V =ax+ b M = ax + bx+ c
2
Graphical method for constructing shear and moment diagrams

Start V A =0
-
Check V E =0 +

M A =0 -
M E =0 +

V - Check V
(10) V =9/ 8
B
+
D
-
V =V =1/8
D + -
wa + -
(2)V E =V E +7/8=0
(6)V C =V C =1/ 8
(2)V +A=9/ 8 (10)
(7)V E =V D −S wDE (w ↓)
- +

V E =1/ 8−1=−7/8
-

+ +
(2)V B =1/8 (4) M C =2/ 8
(3) M A=0
+ m n 1/8 a
-
(10) (9) M =10/8 m= =1/8 a n=7/8 a
C
1/8+7/ 8
(10) (9) M E- =0
M (10)
-
(9) M =M + S
+ V Check M
2 B A CD -
wa -
M =9/ 8 (9) M =3/8 (9) M =49/128 + -
B +
D
O
(3) M E =M E =0
(3) M +B = M B- M =3/ 8
D
Review problems The cable will fail when subjected to a tension of 2
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, kN. Determine the largest vertical load P the frame
and moment at points D and E in the overhang will support and calculate the internal normal force,
beam. Point D is located just to the left of the shear force, and moment at the cross section
roller support at B. through point C for this loading.
Review problems The shaft is supported at its ends by two bearings A and B and
is subjected to the forces applied to the pulleys fixed to the
Determine the resultant internal loadings shaft. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the
acting on the cross section at B of the pipe cross section located at point C. The journal bearings at A and
B exert only x and z components of force on the shaft.
Review problems
Draw V and M
 Strength of Materials

Instructor: Phan Duc Huynh

E-mail: [email protected]
Scenario 1

P=10kN P=10kN

P=10kN P=10kN

P=10kN P=10kN

d0 = 26 mm

P=10kN P=10kN

Q. 1: Will the second shaft also fail?

Scenario 2

Q. 2. The solid steel shaft is used to transmit 5

hp from motor M to which it is attached. How to
determine the require diameter of shaft?
Scenario 3

Axle car

Q. 3: Design the diameter of shaft.

Scenario 4

Q. 4: if changing the section, what happen?

How about deformation of beam, shaft?
Overview of the course

(a) Given structure

(b) Find the reaction force

(c) Find the internal forces at specified
location, or draw diagram
Overview of the course

(d) Four kinds of internal forces cause

different stress distribution

(N, M)   (normal stress)

(V, T)   (shearing stress)

(e) Effecting of section on stress

Overview of the course

(f) Find deformation

Review: Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Loads

Surface forces
acting on small area

Surface forces are

caused by the direct
contact of one body
with the surface of
another.

Surface forces
acting on narrow
area
Review: Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Support Reactions.
If the support prevents translation in a given direction, then a force must be developed on the
member in that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple moment must be exerted
on the member .
Review: Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Equations of Equilibrium.

vector equations

balance of forces
balance of moments

scalar form

coplanar forces (2D) Here all the moments are summed

about point O and so they will be
directed along the z axis
Example
Beam ABD is rigid
1.Show the FBD of beam ABD and bar CB
2.Find the force acting on BC
FBC

C
B 300(N/m)×4(m)=1200N BC  1.52  22 2.5( m)
YA FBC
XA AC 1.5
sin    0.6
A
BC 2.5
B
rigid
Forces acting on BC => Axial load problem on BC
C
2000N
m A  1200 2   FBC sin   2 0
2400
 FBC  2000 N B
2 0.6
2000N
Problems
Find the reactive forces
Example

1. Show the FBD MC FBD

2. Find the reactive forces
C
4kNm
B
2kNm
A

z
Equations of Equilibrium.

m z M C  4  2 0

 M C  6kNm
Example
The two solid steel shafts shown in Fig. a are coupled together using the meshed gears.
Determine the tangential reaction between the gears.
Problems
Find the reactive forces
Example
FBD
1800N 1350N
Show the FBD and Find the reactive forces A B

300 mm 450 mm 375 mm

1800N 1350N
XA A
B
YA YB
300 mm 450 mm 375 mm

Reactive forces

  X  X 0 A
 X A 0
  Y Y  Y  1800  1350 0
A B 
 YA 405kN
m  1800 300  YB 750  1350 1125 0 Y 2745kN
A  B
Problems

Find the reactive forces

Axial Load
Stress-Strain The two aluminum rods AB and AC have diameters of 10 mm and 8 mm,
Normal stress respectively. Determine the largest vertical force P that can be
supported. The allowable tensile stress for the aluminum is σallow = 150
MPa.

Normal strain

Hooke’s Law
 N ( x)
Elastic Deformation σ= Hooke’s Law N ( x) dδx
A ( x) dδδ=
How to determine δ = displacement of one dδδ σ =E ( x) ϵ E ( x ) A( x )
point on the bar relative to the other point ϵ=
dδx L
N ( x) dδx
For the entire length L of the bar, δ =∫
0 E ( x ) A( x )

Segments AB and CD of the assembly are solid circular rods, and

segment BC is a tube. If the assembly is made of 6061-T6 aluminum
P = constant, AE = constant (E=68.9 GPa), determine the displacement of end D with respect to
end A.

General loads, AE = constant on Li

n Li
SN
δ =∑
i=1 ( AE )i
Li
S N is area of N on Li
Sign Convention
 Strain energy of normal stress Axial Load
External Work and Strain Energy
Work of a Strain Energy The work done by dFz
Force If no energy is lost: the
external work done by
the loads → converted converted
into internal work
called strain energy
which is caused by the
action of either normal The strain energy
or shear stress.

Conservation If A=100 mm2, E = 200 Gpa, determine the

of Energy horizontal displacement at point B.
2 N 1= P / √ 3 N 2 =−2 P / √ 3 N 3= P
1 N L
Pδ=∑ ∂ N 1 / ∂ P=1/ √ 3 ∂ N 2 /∂ P=−2 / √ 3 ∂ N 3 /∂ P=1
2 2 AE
L 1=1 m L 2 =2 m L 3= √ 3 m
A1 = A A2 = A A3 = A
Castigliano’s E 1= E E 2= E E 3 =E
Theorem Method 1: Conservation Method 2: Castigliano’s Theorem
n
∂ N i Li of Energy 1 P 1 2P 2
δ j =∑ N i ( ) δ= ( × ×1 + × ×2 + P×1×√ 3)
∂ P ( AE)i 1 1 2 2 2 AE √ 3 √ 3 √ 3 √3
i =1 Pδ= (L N + L N + L N )
2 2 AE 1 1 2 2 3 3
(3+ √ 3) P
(3+ √ 3) P δ= δ=4.732 mm→
δ= δ=4.732 mm→ AE
AE
 The equations of equilibrium are not sufficient
Statically indeterminate axially loaded member to determine all the reactions on a member.
Principle of superposition Force Method for statically → converted statically indeterminate problem
indeterminate problem Compatibility
conditions

Compatibility conditions 11 X1   p 0 Determine the force

 Ni 0  fi  0, P  developed in each bar. Bars
Ni  fi  X 1 , P    AB and EF each have a cross-
 Ni1  fi  1, 0  sectional area of 50 mm2 , and
N1 bar CD has a cross-sectional
3
N i21 1
11  Li  L4 area of 30 mm2 .
i=1 i 1  EA  i
 EA  4
3
N i 0 N i1
 p  L
X1= N4 i 1  EA i i
i=2 N2  p
N3  X 1   Ni  fi  X1 , P 
11
i=3
Review problems Rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown in Fig. a .
AC is made of steel and has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is
The assembly shown in Fig.a consists of an made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40 mm. Determine
aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional area of the displacement of point F on AB if a vertical load of 90 kN
400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is is applied over this point. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
attached to a rigid collar and passes through the
tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod,
determine the displacement of the end C of the
rod. Take Est = 200 Gpa, Eal = 70 GPa.

The rigid bar is supported by the pin-

connected rod CB that has a cross-
sectional area of 14 mm2. Determine the
vertical deflection of the bar at D when
the distributed load is applied
 Determine the vertical displacement at C
Review problems
Determine the support reactions at the rigid supports A
and C . The material has a modulus of elasticity of E.
TORSION
The Torsion Formula
- Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis.
- Its effect is of primary concern in the design of drive shafts used in vehicles
and machinery.

Shear strain γ= π − θ '

2
dϕ
BD=ρ Δ ϕ =Δ x γ ⇒ γ=ρ
dx
γ
Since d ϕ = γ = max
dx ρ R
ρ
Then γ=( )γ max
R
Hooke’s law τ =Gγγ
ρ
→ τ =( ) τ max
R
The torque
ρ
T =∫ ρ ( τ dA)=∫ ρ ( ) τ max dA
A A R
τ max 2 τ max
T=
R A
∫ ρ dA=
R C
I

Shear stress
TR Tρ
τ max = τ=
IC IC
Example The pipe has an inner diameter of 80 mm and an outer
diameter of 100 mm. If its end is tightened against the
The shaft is supported by two bearings and is
support at A using a torque wrench at B, determine the
subjected to three torques. Determine the shear
shear stress developed in the material at the inner and
stress developed at points A and B, located at
outer walls along the central portion of the pipe when the
section a-a of the shaft
80-N forces are applied to the wrench.
Power Transmission 1 W = 1 N.m/s
1 Hp = 745.7 W
A solid steel shaft AB , shown in Fig., is to be used to transmit 3750 W
from the motor M to which it is attached. If the shaft rotates at ω = 175
rpm and the steel has an allowable shear stress of τallow = 100 MPa,
determine the required diameter of the shaft

The belt drive transmits the torque

developed by an electric motor to
the shaft at A. The stress developed
in the shaft depends upon the power
transmitted by the motor and the
rate of rotation of the shaft.
 ICG=const. on Li and multiple torques
Angle of twist ICG=const., T=const. T
S Li T
S Li is the area of T on Li
ϕ=∑
TL (GγI C )i
ϕ=
GγI C
Sign convention

The gears attached to the fixed-end steel shaft are subjected to the
torques shown in Fig. a . If the shear modulus of elasticity is 80 Gpa and
the shaft has a diameter of 14 mm, determine the displacement of the
tooth P on gear A . The shaft turns freely within the bearing at B .

dx dx T ( x)
d ϕ =γ ρ = τ ρ = dx
Gγ Gγ ( x ) I C ( x )
L
angle of twist T ( x)
ϕ =∫ dx
(rad) 0 Gγ ( x ) I C ( x )
Statically Indeterminate Torque-Loaded Members
The solid steel shaft has a diameter of 20 mm. If it is
subjected to the two torques, determine the reactions at
the fixed supports A and B .
Review problems
The two solid steel shafts are coupled together using the
meshed gears. Determine the angle of twist of end A of
shaft AB when the torque 45 Nm is applied. Take G to be
80 GPa. Shaft AB is free to rotate within bearings E and F,
whereas shaft DC is fixed at D. Each shaft has a diameter of
20 mm.
Combined loadings
Review of stress analyses Torsional moment T leads to:

Normal force P leads to: Bending moment M leads to: Tρ

τ=
IC
My
σ ( y )=−
Iz

Shear force
Shear V leads
force to:to:
V leads

Resultant stresses by superposition:

Once the normal and shear stress components for each loading
have been calculated, use the principal of superposition to
determine the resultant normal and shear stress components.
VQ
τ=
Izt
Example
A force of 15 kN is applied to the edge of the member
shown in Fig. a. Neglect the weight of the member
and determine the state of stress at points B and C.
Example
The member shown in Fig. a has a rectangular
cross section. Determine the state of stress that
the loading produces at point C.