9.2 Dams Mark Ferrater TTH

Design Consideration of Diversion Dams
1. Survey Data
 Topographic Map of Dam site – to have the general idea of the contour lines reflect
the dam site coordinates
 Location Map – to locate the dam site at a larger scale (NAMRIA map is
recommended)
 Site Development Plan – where the complete appurtenances are shown or reflected
 Vicinity Map – similar to location map where relative location of the structure with
respect to the locality are shown, but in a smaller scale
 Cross Section and Profile of Riverbed – reflecting the overflow level of left and
right bank and the normal surface water level
Cross Section Survey Profile Survey
2. Hydrological Data
 Maximum Inflow Design Flood with corresponding Return Period
 Tail Water Rating Curve
 Flood Hydrograph
 Area of Watershed
 Irrigation Diversion Requirement
3. Geologic Data
 Test Pit or log boring (boreholes) data at both abutments and center
 Foundation material gradation (particle size distribution)
 Bearing Capacity, Shear Strength, Cohesion, Unit weight and angle internal friction
data of the foundation material
 Seismicity of the dam site
 Foundation material test results using any of the ff:
Cone Penetration test
Standard penetration test
Intake Structures and other Appurtenances needed for the operation of the diversion dams
Appurtenant structures are other structures around a dam that are necessary to the operation
of the dam project. These are smaller structures than the dam, but they can be of considerable
importance to the project because they control the flow of water.
1. Diversion Dam Intakes structures
- Intakes structures are any structure in a dam through which water can be drawn from
reservoir into any conveyance structures. (e.g. canal intake structure)
Canal Intake Structure
2. Spillways
- Spillways are structures constructed to provide safe release of flood waters from a
dam to a downstream area
3. Sluiceway
4. Cut-off-Wall
-Seepage barriers, or cutoff walls, can be an effective means for controlling
seepage through an earth fill dam or its foundation.
5. Power House
6. Left and Right Guide Banks
7. Stilling Basin (Chute Blocks, Baffle Blocks and End Sill)
- To reduce the energy of the flow discharging from the outlet of a spillway and allow
the water to exit into the outlet channel at a reduced velocity
Typical Defects and Potential Failure Modes

Dam failures are most likely to happen for these reasons:
1. Overtopping
- Water spilling over the top of a dam can cause damage
2. Stability Failure
- The foundation or other features that hold the dam in place may collapse
3. Piping
- When Seepage through a dam worsens, forming sinkholes
4. Seepage Path
- Water passes through the dam and can cause damage
5. Cracking
- Caused by movements such as the natural setting of a dam
6. Transverse Cracking
- Caused by shrinkage of embankment materials from sever drying and/or settlement in
the embankment or foundation
7. Structural Failure
- Caused by stress or instability from materials used in dam construction
8. Inadequate Maintenance
- Roots from tress can create seepage paths
Analysis of Gravity Dam

The weight of gravity dam will cause a moment opposite to the overturning moment and
the friction on the base will prevent the dam from sliding. The dam may also be prevented from
sliding by keying its base into the bedrock.
Step 1
Consider 1unit length (1 m length) of dam perpendicular to the cross section.
Step 2
Determine all the forces acting:
1. Vertical forces
 W = Weight of dam
 Fv = Weight of water in the upstream side (if any)
 U = Hydrostatic uplift
 Weight of permanent structures on the dam
2.Horizontal forces
 FH = Horizontal component of total hydrostatic force
 Wind pressure, wave action, floating bodies, earthquake load, etc.
Step 3
Solve for the reaction
1. Horizontal component of the reaction
RX = ΣFH
2. Vertical component of the reaction
RY = ΣFV
Step 4
Moment about the toe
1. Righting moment, RM
RM = Sum of all rotation towards the upstream side
2. Overturning moment, OM
OM = Sum of all rotation towards the downstream side
Step 5
Location of Ry as measured from the toe
𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀
𝑥̄ =
𝑅𝑦
Factors of Safety
 Factor of safety against sliding, FSs
𝜇𝑅𝑦
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = > 1.50
𝑅𝑥
 Factor of safety against overturning, Fso
𝑅𝑀
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = > 2.00
𝑂𝑀
Where μ = coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and the foundation.
Pressure Distribution at the Base

1. Resultant at the middle of the base
𝑅 = 𝑃(𝐵)(1)
𝑹𝒚
𝑷= 𝑩
(𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒)
2. Resultant at the middle thirds nearer the toe

𝐵
𝑥̄ =
3
(𝑃+0)
𝑅𝑦 = (𝐵)(1)
2
𝑷𝑩
𝑹𝒚 = 𝟐
(𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
3. Resultant Outside the middle-thirds
𝑃(3𝑥̄ )
𝑅𝑦 =
2
𝟐𝑹
𝑷=
𝟑𝒙̄
4. Resultant within the middle thirds
From combined axial and bending stress formula:
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
𝑓= ±
𝐴 𝐼
Where: 𝑃 = 𝑅𝑦
𝐴 = 𝐵(1) = 𝐵
𝑀 = 𝑅𝑦 𝑒
(1)𝐵3
𝐼= 12
𝐵
𝑐=
2
Substitute to the interaction formula

𝐵
𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑦 𝑒( ) 𝐵
2
𝑓= ± (1)𝐵3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑒 = − 𝑥̄
𝐵 2
12
𝑹𝒚 𝟔𝑹𝒚 𝒆
𝒇= ±
𝑩 𝑩𝟐
Sample Problem
For the gravity dam with cross section shown, determine:
1. Factor of safety against sliding
2. Factor of safety against overturning
3. Stress of foundation at the toe of dam
4. Stress of foundation at the heel of dam
Assume the uplift to vary linearly from full hydrostatic pressure at the toe to full
hydrostatic pressure at the heel, coefficient of friction in siding is 0.65.
Solution:
Forces acting on dam
Considering 1m length of wall

1 1 1 1
𝐹1 = 2 𝑃1 ℎ(1) = 2 [18.8𝛾𝑤 ℎ(1)] 𝐹2 = 2 𝑃2 ℎ(1) = 2 [2.4𝛾𝑤 ℎ(1)]
Ry = W1 +W2 +W3 – U1 – U2 =3593.44 KN

Rx = F1 – F2 = 1705.37 KN
1. Factor of Safety Against Sliding
𝜇𝑅𝑦 0.65(3593.44)
𝐹𝑆𝑠 = = = 1.37 < 1.50 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦!, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑘𝑒𝑦.
𝑅𝑥 1705.37
2. Factor of Safety Against Overturning

𝑅𝑀 74122.18
𝐹𝑆𝑜 = 𝑂𝑀 = 37024.02 = 2.6 > 2.00 𝑜𝑘!
3. Location of Ry at the base of dam from toe

𝑅𝑀−𝑂𝑀 74122.18−37024.02 𝐵 𝐵
𝑥̄ = = = 10.32 𝑚 > <
𝑅𝑦 3593.44 3 2
𝐵 20 𝐵
𝑒 = 𝑥̄ − 2 = 10.32 − = 0.32 𝑚 <
2 6
𝐵 > 6𝑒 = 6(0.31) = 1.86 𝑚 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

‫ ؞‬Ry is within middle third, thus the base of the dam is under compressive pressure
4. Stresses at the toe of dam
𝑀 = 𝑒𝑅𝑦 = 10.32(3593.44) = 1149.90 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑅𝑦 6𝑀 3594.44 6(1149.90)
𝑞𝑡 = − = − = 179.672 − 17.249
𝐵 𝐵2 20 202
𝒒𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

𝑅𝑦 6𝑀 3594.44 6(1149.90)
𝑞ℎ = + = + = 179.672 + 17.249
𝐵 𝐵2 20 202
𝒒𝒉 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
References:
http://omcrs.nia.gov.ph/?q=system/files/mc/2016-036.pdf
https://damsafety.org/dam-owners/outlet-erosion-control-structures
https://www.nap.edu/read/289/chapter/9
https://www.aboutcivil.org/spillway-definition-types-classification.html
https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/designstandards-datacollectionguides/finalds-pdfs/DS13-
16.pdf
http://interactives.dallasnews.com/2015/lewisville-dam/
https://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/fluid-mechanics-and-hydraulics/analysis-gravity-dam

9.2 Dams Mark Ferrater TTH

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9.2 Dams Mark Ferrater TTH

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Design Consideration of Diversion Dams

Cross Section Survey Profile Survey

Canal Intake Structure

Typical Defects and Potential Failure Modes

Analysis of Gravity Dam

Pressure Distribution at the Base

2. Resultant at the middle thirds nearer the toe

3. Resultant Outside the middle-thirds

Substitute to the interaction formula

Considering 1m length of wall

Ry = W1 +W2 +W3 – U1 – U2 =3593.44 KN

2. Factor of Safety Against Overturning

3. Location of Ry at the base of dam from toe

𝐵 > 6𝑒 = 6(0.31) = 1.86 𝑚 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝒒𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂

𝒒𝒉 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂

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