Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics

Unit 1Lesson 1 3. Social Change- the study of changes in the society and
Etnicity- it is a condition in which a social group belongs to a culture and the factors resulting from such change.
common national or cultural tradition. 4. Social Organization and Disorganization- study the
Cultural Identity- this refers to the identity or feeling of belonging emergence of societies, their structural formation and the ways
to a group. they are strengthened.
Sex- it is the biological or physical characteristics of human 5. Human Ecology- studies the behavior of a given population
whether a male or a female (e.g. having a penis, vagina, beard, and its relationship to present social institutions.
or breasts etc), genes and hormones. 6. Population- concerned with population size, composition,
Gender- it is the personal traits and social roles of the human change and quality and on how they influence the economic,
either masculine or feminine. political and social systems.
Identity Crisis- a person who does not accept or understand 7. Sociological Theory and Method- is concerned with the
their sexuality or unable to understand their status. application of the results of sociological studies to solve various
Unit 1Lesson 2: human problems.
Significance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics The Major Branches of Anthropology
To develops our understanding, knowledge, skills, values and 1. Cultural Anthropology- primarily based on cultural
attitudes to achieving social and cultural literacy. understanding gained through actual experiences or participant
To increase our knowledge and understanding and would give us observations of the human population
to impetus to change 2. Physical Anthropology- deals with the biological and
To have clear understanding about society, culture and politics behavioral aspects of human beings.
To equipped with informed and responsible values and attitudes 3. Archaeology- study both the ancient and recent past of
Reflection on the Following Phenomena humans through the material remains such as artifacts, fossils
A. Food Taboos and bone fragments.
is a prohibition against consuming foods. 4. Linguistic Anthropology- studies the relations between
ex. every Holy Week, during and after pregnancy, menstrual language and culture in relation to human biology, human
periods or breast feeding reasoning and human language.
Some Dishes that Filipinos Consider as Taboo 5. Applied Anthropology- deals with the application of
Any dish that have a dog or cat meat by the virtue of R.A. no. anthropological facts, perspectives, theories and procedures in
8485; the law prohibiting the use of the dog and cat meat. identifying, assessing and solving social problems
Any meat of animals considered as endangered. Major Subdivisions of Political Science
Any food that violates human dignity because they are not 1. Political Theory- focuses on the ideas of classical thinkers
anymore acceptable for human consumption by public opinion. such as Aristotle, Niccolo Machiavelli, Cicero and Plato among
ex. botcha and pagpag others.
B. The Istambay Phenomenon 2. Comparative Politics- deals with the incisive evaluation and
A person who does not have work and who usually hang-outs on comparison of the doctrines of various constitutions, of political
street corners. actors, legislature and other allied fields.
A person who spends his time unprofitably 3. Public Administration- focuses on the implementation of
C. Political Dynasty government policies, and the principles governing civil servants
refers to families whose members are engaged in politics have working in the government.
been in the Philippine political structure since time past 4. International Relations- delve on nation-states interactions
ex. Anti-Dynasty Bill including intergovernmental and transnational organizations
D. Philippine Elections 5. Law- governs the relationships between individuals and the
- The President, Vice- President and the senators are elected on government
a national or popular elections serves for a six-year term 6. Political Methodology- focuses on the quantitative methods
- The members of the House of Representatives and the local used in the study of politics combining Statistics, Mathematics
government officials are elected for a term of three years and are and formal theory
eligible for re-elections Unit 2 Lesson 1
Major Social Changes in the 21st Century Definition of Society
The 21st century has been characterized by the dynamic Is a group of people interacting with each other and having a
interaction between the advancing technology and the common culture; sharing common territory and having common
improvement of economy and society. aspirations.
Hence, it has been said that the main driving force is technology. Theories on Human Society
Technology is altering our society and changing our lives and Plato
may results to a change in the culture. “The Republic”; laid his standards for an ideal society ruled by
Texting Technology philosopher-kings assisted by equally and intellectually gifted
Text messaging or simply texting can be done by composing guardians
and sending electronic messages from one person to another Aristotle
using mobile phones or fixed or portable devices over a phone “The Politics”; states that man is self-sufficient and that those
network. who are unable to live in society and have no needs in life must
SMS- Short Message Service be either a “beast” or a “gods”.
MMS- Multi-Media Messages St. Augustine
Selfie Phenomenon “Tale of the Two Cities”; he describe society’s ultimate pilgrimage
Selfie has been defined as s self-portrait photograph, normally towards the kingdom of God which is closely identified with the
shot with a digital camera phone held in the hand or braced by a church, the community that worshipped God.
selfie stick. Sir Thomas More
Selfie “Utopia”; refers to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose
Unit 1Lesson 4 political system he described.
Sociology Types of Society
deals with the study of society and focused on all kinds of social A. Pre-industrial Societies
interactions, social relationships, social organization, structure Hunting and Gathering
and process. the main method of production is the collection of wild plants and
Anthropology the hunting of wild animals on a daily basis.
describe and explain human variation or the observe similarities they do not establish permanent villages nor have a variety of
and differences in people through time and across space. artifacts
Political Science 2. Pastoral Society
deals with the study of the state and government as well as the the members of a pastoral society depend on domesticated herd
theory and practice of politics. of animals to meet their need for food
Areas of Sociology pastoralist move their herds from one pasture to another.
1. Social Organization- study the social groups, social 3. Horticultural Society
institutions, social stratification, mobility, ethnic relations and they have learned how to raise fruits and vegetables grown in
bureaucracy. garden plots that have them their main source of food.
2. Social Psychology- tackles human behavior as a result of some groups practice the slash-and-burn method or the kaingin
group life, personality formation, social attitude and collective method
bahavoir.

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 Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
they make use of human labor and simple tools to cultivate the aspect of society. Primarily helps the society to become more
land for one or more seasons. meaningful and productive.
4. Agrarian Society Conflict- conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have
they use applied agricultural technological advances to cultivate conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against
crops over a large area. one another. This constant competition between groups forms
increases in food supplies creates greater surplus of food the basis for the ever-changing nature of society.
resulted in trading and greater degrees of social stratification Dramaturgical perspective- is an interactionist perspective that
appeared. analyses human behavior in much the same way that a person
5.Feudal Society would analyse the presentation of a play to the audience.
based on ownership of the land Ethnomethodology- is a socio-cultural perspective which
vassals under feudalism were bound for military protection in emphasizes the process of interaction that uses interpersonal
exchange of food, crops, craft, homage, and other services to the techniques to create situational impressions and the importance
landowners. of perceptions of consensus among actors.
B. Industrial Society Unit 2 Lesson 3
relies heavily on machines powered by fuel in the production of Social Institution
goods become dramatically increased and efficient. a social structure and social mechanism that promotes social
they have been produces a greater surplus before, hence, the order and cooperation and governs the behavior of its member.
surplus was not just agricultural goods but also manufactured Aspects of Culture
goods. Art- the expression or application of human creative skill and
C. Post-Industrial Society imagination and the manifestation of the person’s creative
dominated by information, services and high technology instinct.
Advance industrial societies are shifting towards an increase in Language- a system of communication used by a particular
service sectors over manufacturing and production. society. It is the most important tool of verbal communication.
D. Modern Societies Food- is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support
characterized by mass production of all essential products for the body.
money; as a medium of exchange, trade and commerce have Government- refers to the aggregate of persons or groups of
become more efficient; and money becomes the most valued persons exercising control and authority in the society.
entity in these type of society. Costume- is the distinctive style of dress of an individual or
Unit 2 Lesson 2 group that reflects their class, gender, profession, ethnicity or
Culture nationality.
is a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, Religion- unified system of beliefs and practices relative to
morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits sacred things but often contains moral code governing the proper
acquired by man as a member of society. conduct of human affairs.
refers to all that man has made for himself through time, Education- the process of teaching and learning; a social
material or non-material, still useful or not anymore, all to provide process wherein an individual is socialized and learns culture.
benefits for his society. Unit 2 Lesson 4
Characteristic of Culture The Primary Causes of Cultural Similarities
Culture is learned A. Biological Similarities
the acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that this means that all people in the world have the same biological
enable men to become active members of their communities is needs
called enculturation. Ex. food , clothing, shelter and health care
Culture is transmitted B. Necessary Prerequisites for Social Being
Cultural transmission is the process through which cultural society must fulfil some requirements in order to function
elements, ( in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and Ex. replacing members, teaching new members to participate,
behavioral scripts), are passed onto and taught to individuals and the need to have a participation in production and distribution.
groups. C. Psychic Unity of Mankind
Culture is adaptive all human beings are alike in having similar ranges of emotion
adaptation is the process of change in response to a new Ex. love, security, language
environment set by man. Ethnocentrism
Culture is symbolic feeling of superiority towards one’s own group over other groups.
symbols must be understood by all to be an effective tool of This one-sided vision often results in failing to adequately
communication to allow people to develop complex thoughts and understand cultures that are different from one’s own and in
exchange thoughts to others. value judgements of preference and thought of superiority of
Main Types of Culture one’s in-group.
Material Cultures- deals with the physical culture, a tangible and Cultural Relativism
concrete objects produced by man in the process of social this is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values and practices
development. of a culture from the viewpoint of the culture itself.
Ex. technology, artifacts, relics, fossils It was practiced to avoid cultural bias, as well as to avoid looking
Non-Material Culture- deal with the collective ideas which holds arrogance another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.
the society and shape individuals as they interact within society. Why we need to preserve the Filipino Culture?
Ex. values, norms, beliefs, tradition,customs Unit 3 Lesson 1
Elements of Non-material Culture ANTHROPOLOGY
A. Beliefs are man’s perception about the reality of things and deals with the study of the origin, evolution, and development of
are sheared ideas about how the world and his environment the of the human species is concerned with all peoples
operate. everywhere, from those alive today, back to those who lived in
B. Values refer to the broad preferences of person on the the remote past.
appropriate courses of action or decision he has to take. A PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
reflection of a person’s sense of right and wrong. is the branch that deals with the biological origins and evolution
Norms are the society’s standard of morality, conduct, propriety, of man and the variations of the human species and their
ethics and legality. physical characteristics including the study of different races.
Folkways are fairly weak forms of norms, whose violation is Types of Dating Methods
generally not considered serious within a particular culture. 1. The Relative Dating
Ideas comprise man’s concepts of his physical, social and a type of dating where in an artifact or human remains that
cultural world as manifested in people’s beliefs and values. cannot be determined is measured in comparison with the
Knowledge these are the facts and beliefs that people date of others determined already.
accumulate over time. 2. The Absolute Dating
Perspectives/Approaches in the Study of Culture and is when the dating is more precise considering that it can be
Society narrowed to a bracket of within a few years.
Symbolic Interactionism- is a theoretical perspective that A. RadioCarbon Dating Method (Wiiliard F. Libby)
examines the way participants in the organization choose and is based on measuring the radioactive carbon or Carbon 14 (an
agree on the meaning of symbols. unstable radioactive isotope of normal carbon) that absorb daily
Functionalism- is a school of thought that presupposes the from environment and atmosphere.
interdependency and contributes to the total functioning of every B. Potassium Argon K-AR Dating

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 Reviewer in Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
is radiometric dating method based on measurement of the Unit 3 Lesson 2
product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K40) Early Human and their Culture
that breaks into Aron (AR40) a gas. Human are cultural beings.
C. Uranium-Series Dating Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
is the most accurate and reliable procedure at present. It is done - Were nomadic, invented the first simple tools, learn how to
through a Radiogenic Isotope Facility. make and use fire, lived in clans and developed oral language
Geology and created “cave art”.
Is the science that comprises the study of solid Earth, its rock Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
composition and the processes of changes. Geologic time tells - develop agriculture, domesticated animals, used advanced
that the earth began 6 billion years ago. tools, made pottery and developed weaving skills.
Paleontology Bronze Age
is the scientific study of life in the past Geologic periods . It deals - Bronze was a combination of copper and tin; more harder and
with the life forms known from fossils longer lasting than the stone and copper predecessor.
Charles Darwin Unit 3 Lesson 3
His years of studies pointed out the thought of evolution of Democratization
species through change and occurs through process of natural This refers to a concept that encapsulates the expansion of a set
election. of related political ideals with different intellectual vintages that
Origin of Species (1859) gain public prominence during the emergence of capitalist
The Evolution of Man from the Theory of Natural Selection modernity.
The Primates – monkeys, apes Unit 4 Lesson 1
- As time passed some of the most primitive primates have ENCULTURATION- is a process by which individuals acquire the
become more developed monkeys, some became apes, and knowledge, skills, attitude, and value that enable them to become
some developed human-like features. functioning members of society.
Miocene Hominoids SOCIALIZATION- is a process whereby the individual’s behavior
Was a period of environmental conditions highly favorable to the is modified to conform to the expectation of a certain group.
arboreal primate, with a mild climate, moist and wetter than at NORMS- are standards of behavior which tell whether an action
present. is right or wrong. It also represents the standardized
The Miocene Hominoids generalization concerning expected modes of behavior.
Dryopithecus SOCIAL VALUES- are cultural standards that indicate the
The first of the fossils of the great apes to be discovered. It has a general good deemed desirable for organized social life.
large brain and could stand like a chimpanzee. STATUS - refers to one’s position or place in a social group.
Pliopithecus ● ascribed- status that is assigned to an individual from birth.
Its skeleton and teeth suggest that they are the ancient relatives ● achieved- acquires either by choice or by force or through
of the gibbons and also of the siamangas. some form of competition or individual efforts.
Gigantopithecus ROLES- functional and dynamic aspect of the status.
The largest known primate. FORMS OF ROLES
Oreopithecus ROLE AS EXPECTATION- refers to the rights, duties, and
Was directly related to Dryophitecus. It was bipedal but not in the obligations of a certain individual.
likes of the Australophitecus who were bipeds also. ROLE AS PERFORMANCE- refers how individual actually
Silvapthecus (Ramapithecus) behaves.
It is a genus of extinct primate with fossil remains as old 8.5 t0 ROLE CONFLICT- when an individual encounters conflicting
12.5 million years and lived in the Miocene. demands from his two or more statuses.
The Pliocene Hominids ROLE SET- refers to the individual’s list of performances towards
The hominids close relatives of humans . the variety of others.
The australophithecus is an extinct genus of hominids that has Unit 4 Lesson 2
evolved in eastern Africa aroud 4 million years. Deviance - is defined as the recognized violation of cultural
The Pliocene Hominids norms. Deviancy must not be identified or constructed in as
Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy always negative.
Is an extinct hominid that lived between 2.9 to 3.9 million yrs. Labeling- The labeling theory of deviant behavior suggests that
The fossil “Lucy” found by Donald Johanson is the most complete what defines deviance is the action of others or by the actors
and oldest hominid dated 3.2 m years old, themselves.
The oldest hominid found. Value Conflict - The theory holds that acts are considered
Australopithecus Africanus criminal or deviant because they are at variance with a group’s
It was the South african counterpart of the A. Aferensis and was values.
given the name, “The south ape of Africa”. 1. CONFORMIST- is a person who accepts both the societal
Human like posture. goals and the approved means to reach them.
Australopithecus Robustus 2. INNOVATOR- is a person who seeks to achieve goals by
First discovered in 1983 . It is bigger, bulkier, more muscular and means that are not approved by the society.
had a larger molar teeth than africanus. 3. RITUALIST- is a person who follows the norms to the letter
Australopithecus Boises but reject or abandon the hope of achieving societal goals.
It is also called as the “Nutracker Man” because its face and 4. RETREATIST- is a person who rejects both the societal goals
cheek are so massive. and institutionalized means to achieve them.
it is considered the first hominid to use stone tools. 5. REBEL- is a person who rejects both the societal goals and
The Rise of the Homo the means to achieve them; instead he substitutes them with
The Homo’s new goals and new means to achieve them.
Homo Habilis
Is believed to be the first of the “great Ape”type creatures to have
evelved into “Homo” (Man)
Homo Habilis meaning “Handy Man” because he made tools.
Homo-Erectus
Or “Upright man” is believed to be the first creature to stand fully
upright.
He was believed to be the first to use fire.
Their fossils forund in Africa
Homo-Sapiens
The ability to make use of symbols such as used in language and
writing.
Early Homo-Sapiens used simple technology.
Their tools were in the form of chipped stones which points were
sharpened to be used as simple knives for cutting.