Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation-Saju-Hsslive PDF
Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Matter & Radiation-Saju-Hsslive PDF
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 1
appears as the kinetic energy of When u.v. radiations are incident
photoelectrons. on the photosensitive emitter plate C,
Einstein’s photoelectric equation electrons are emitted and are collected
Photon Energy = Work function + by the collector plate A. The potential
maximum K.E. of photoelectron. difference between the electrodes is
h = + Kmax measured by a voltmeter (V). The
Kmax = h - photoelectric current is measured by
This equation is called Einstein’s the micro ammeter.
photoelectric equation. We first keep the plate A at some
8. Give the relation between work positive accelerating potential with
function and threshold frequency. respect to plate C and illuminate plate
Ans: If a photon of threshold C with uv radiation of fixed frequency
frequency (0) is incident on the metal () and fixed intensity(I). We next
surface, the K.E. of the emitted increase the positive potential of the
electrons will be zero. plate A and measure the photocurrent
0 = h0 - each time. Then it is found that the
= h0 photo current increases and finally
This is the relation between work saturates. This maximum value of
function and threshold frequency. photoelectric current for a particular
9. Explain the experimental setup of intensity of incident radiation is
photoelectric effect. Define stopping called saturation current. Saturation
potential. current corresponds to the case when
Ans: all the photoelectrons emitted by the
emitter plate C reach the collector plate
A.
We now apply a negative
(retarding) potential to the plate A with
respect to the plate C and make it
increasingly negative gradually. Then
the photo current is found to decrease.
And at a particular retarding potential
V0 photocurrent is completely stopped.
The minimum retarding potential of
the collector plate at which the
photocurrent stops or becomes zero is
called the cut-off or stopping
potential.
10. Give the relation between stopping
potential V0 and K.E. of photoelectron
Ans:
½ mv2 = eV0
11. Draw the variation of photoelectric
current with intensity of incident
The emitter plate C is a radiation.
photosensitive metal plate like zinc.
The plates C and A are enclosed in an
evacuated glass bulb with a transparent
quartz window, which allows u.v.
radiations to pass through it.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 2
Ans: particular retarding potential
photoelectric current becomes zero.
This retarding potential is called
stopping potential.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 3
That is, Planck’s constant = slope of
the graph × charge of electron.
Work function of the metal, ɸ= -(c × e)
That is work function of the metal,
ɸ= - (y-intercept of the graph × charge
of electron)
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 4
energy to escape from the metal Dual Nature of Matter
surface. But experimental 20. What is meant by dual nature of
observations show that matter?
photoelectric effect is Ans: De Broglie found that particles
instantaneous. of matter have wave nature. Thus
Thus the wave picture of light material particles have dual nature.
is unable to explain photoelectric
effect. 21. What are matter waves?
Ans: The waves associated with
17. What is a photoelectric cell? material particles are called matter
Ans: Photoelectric cell is a device used waves or De Broglie waves.
to convert light energy into electric
energy using the principle of 22. Give expression for the De
photoelectric effect. Broglie wave length of a particle.
Ans:
18. Explain the particle nature of de-Broglie wave length,
light. What is a photon?
h
Ans: In the interaction of light with
matter as in the case of photoelectric p
effect light behaves as if it is made of But p = mv
quanta or packets of energy. These h
quanta of energy are called photons.
Properties of photons: mv
i) For light of frequency , all photons h Planck’s constant
have the same energy h and = 6.626 × 10-34J.S
h m mass of the particle
momentum v velocity of the particle
c ,
De-Broglie wave length in terms of
independent of the intensity
K.E. of particle
of light. 2
ii) Light having greater intensity p
We have K.E = 2 m
contains more no. of photons. But
the energy of photons is p = 2m(K.E)
independent of intensity. p = 2m(K.E.)
iii) Photons are electrically neutral and De-Broglie wavelength
are not deflected by electric or h
magnetic fields.
p
iv) In photon-particle collision (such
as photon-electron collision), the h
total energy and the total 2m(K.E)
momentum are conserved.
However, the no. of photons may
De-Broglie wavelength in terms of
not be considered in a collision.
potential difference (voltage)
The K.E. of a charge moving under a
19. What is meant by dual nature of
potential difference of ‘V’ volts is,
radiation?
K.E. = qV
Ans: Radiation has wave nature as
well as particle nature. This is called h
the dual nature of radiation. 2mqV
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 5
For an electron moving under a electrons scattered at different angles
potential difference of ‘V volt, is measured.
1.227 Observation: It was noticed that a
nm nm – nano meter
V strong peak appeared in the intensity
1nm = 10-9m (I) of the scattered electrons for an
accelerating voltage of 54V at a
23. Which is the experiment that scattering angle of 500.
proves the De Broglie wave nature of Reasoning: The maximum value
electrons? of current at 54V and 500 is due to the
Ans: Davison – Germer Experiment constructive interference of scattered
electron waves from nickel crystal.
Interference is the property of waves
24. Explain the Davison and
only. Thus wave nature of electron is
Germer experiment. established.
Ans:
Aim: To prove the wave nature of Experimental wavelength of electron
electron. The wavelength of the electron can be
found from the Bragg’s equation
2d sinθ = n
Substituting experimental
(observed) values angle of diffraction
θ = 650, n= 1, (first order
diffraction) and d = 0.91A0, we get
1× = 2 × 0.91 × 10-10 sin 65
= 2 × 0.91 × 10-10 × 0.906
= 0.165nm
Theoretical (de Broglie) wave length
of electron
The accelerating voltage is V= 54V
Procedure: A beam of electrons are 1.227
emitted by the filament F. These nm
V
electrons are accelerated by the anode
1.227
‘A’. The beam is made narrow by nm
passing it through the holes in 54
cylindrical anode. This narrow beam of = 0.167nm
electrons strikes the target T of Nickel The experimentally measured
crystal. The electrons are scattered in wavelength is found in good
all directions by the atoms of the target. agreement with de-Broglie wave
The intensity of scattered beam is length. Thus wave nature of electron is
measured by the electron detector confirmed.
which is connected to a galvanometer.
The detector can be moved on a Problems
circular scale. The current in the
galvanometer is a measure of the 1. What is the de-Broglie wave
intensity of the scattered beam of length associated with an electron,
electrons. The experiment is repeated accelerated through a potential
for varying the accelerating potentials difference of 100 volts?
and each time the intensity of the
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 6
2. The work function of cesium ii) How many photons per second, on
metal is 2.14eV. When light of the average, arrive at a target irradiated
frequency 6×1014Hz is incident on the by this beam? Assume the beam to
metal surface, photoemission of have uniform cross-section which is
electrons occurs. What is the less than the target area), and
(a) Maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted electrons, iii) How fast does a hydrogen atom
(b) Stopping potential, and have to travel in order to have the
(c) Maximum speed of the emitted same momentum as that of the
photoelectrons? photon?
6. Calculate the
(a) momentum and
(b) de Broglie wavelength of the
electrons accelerated through a
potential difference of 56 V.
SAJU K JOHN, M.Sc. Physics, NET, Doctoral Research Fellow at NIT Calicut 7