Python Tutorial For Beginners - Learn Python Programming - Intellipaat
Python Tutorial For Beginners - Learn Python Programming - Intellipaat
By Manoj
Introduction to Python
In this Python tutorial, we will comprehensively learn all the concepts of Python. Let’s start off
by understanding what exactly is Python.
Python is a free, open-source programming language. Therefore, all you have to do is install
Python once, and you can start working with it. Not to mention that you can contribute your own
code to the community.
Python is also a cross-platform compatible language. So, what does this mean? Well, you can
install and run Python on several operating systems. Whether you have a Windows, Mac or
Linux, you can rest assure that Python will work on all these operating systems.
Python is also a great visualization tool. It provides libraries such as Matplotlib, seaborn and
bokeh to create stunning visualizations.
In addition, Python is the most popular language for machine learning and deep learning. As a
matter of fact, today, all top organizations are investing in Python to implement machine
learning in the back-end.
Now, let us go ahead in this Python tutorial and understand why should we learn Python?
Learning python programming language is fun. If you compare Python with any other language,
for example, Java or C++, then you will find that its syntax is a way lot easier. You also don’t
have to worry about the missing semicolons (;) in the end!
Suppose we want to print “Welcome to the world of programming” on our screen. Let’s compare
the syntax for Python and Java:
Python Syntax:
print(“Welcome to the world of programming”)
Java Syntax:
class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
So here we see that Python code consists of only one line, but for Java, there are multiple lines
of code just for printing a statement.
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Career Opportunities:
Python has huge career opportunities in the IT industry. Almost every other IT company, be it a
startup or a Multi-National Company uses python for varied applications. So, if you have good
expertise in python, you will be in demand for a wide range of jobs in different domains such as
machine learning, cloud infrastructure, web-site designing, testing and many more.
Now, in this python tutorial, we will look at the procedure to install python.
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Python Installation
If you are new to programming, then installing a programming language itself could be a
herculean task. So, now we are going to look at the step by step process to install python.
1. Start off by going to this website -> https://www.python.org/downloads/
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2. Click on the downloads tab and choose the operating system and python version. So, here I
am downloading python version 3.7.4 for Windows operating system.
Now that we have installed python, let’s go ahead in this python tutorial and start off with
programming in Python
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Variables in Python:
You can consider a variable to be a temporary storage space where you can keep changing
values. Let’s take this example to understand variables:
So, let’s say, we have this cart and initially we store an apple in it.
After a while, we take out this apple and replace it with a banana.
Now, that we have understood what a variable is, let’s go ahead and see how can we assign
values to a variable in python.
Assigning values to a variable:
To assign values to a variable in Python, we will use the assignment (=) operator.
Here, initially, we have stored a numeric value -> 10 in the variable ‘a’. After a while, we have
stored a string value -> “sparta” in the same variable. And then, we have stored the logical value
True.
Now, let’s implement the same thing in Jupyter Notebook and look at the result:
Assigning a value 10 to a:
Allocating “sparta” to a:
Assigning True to a:
Going ahead in this Python tutorial, we will learn about data types in Python.
Numbers in Python
Numbers in python could be integers, floating point numbers or complex numbers.
Here, we have assigned the value 100 to num1 and when we check the type of the variable, we
see that it is an integer.
This time, we have assigned the value 13.4 to num2 and checking the type of the variable, tells
us that it is float.
Here, we have assigned the value 10-10j to num3. Now 10-10j comprises two parts-> the real
part and the imaginary part and combining these two gives us the complex number.
Now, let’s start with Python Strings.
Python Strings
Anything written in single or double quotes is treated as a string in Python.
Now, let’s see how can we extract individual characters from a string.
So, I’d want to extract the first two characters from ‘str1’ which I have created above:
Now, similarly, let’s extract the last two characters from str1:
Python Tuples
A python tuple is a collection of immutable Python objects enclosed within parenthesis ().
Elements in a tuple could be of the same data type or of the different data types.
Let’s create a tuple where elements are of the same data type:
Python Lists
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elements.
The below line of code will return the length of the list:
Python Sets
Python sets (https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/python-tutorial/python-sets/) are a collection of
unordered and unindexed items.
Sets can be used to perform mathematical calculations such as union, intersection, and
differences.
Creating a set:
Here, in set ‘Age’, value “22” is appearing twice. Since every element in set is unique, it will
remove the duplicate value.
Operations on Sets:
1.add: This method adds an element to the set if it is not present in it.
4.difference: The difference of two sets(set1, set2) will return the elements which are present
only in set1.
Python Dictionary
Python Dictionaries (https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/python-tutorial/python-dictionary/) is an
unordered collection of data. The data in the dictionary is stored as a key:value pair where the
key should not be mutable and value can be of any type.
Creating a Dictionary:
Going ahead in this python tutorial, we will learn about conditional statements.
Conditional Statements
We use a conditional statement to run a single line of code or a set of codes if it satisfies
certain conditions. If a condition is true, the code executes, otherwise, control passes to the
next control statement.
There are three types of conditional statements as illustrated in the above example:
1. If statement: Firstly, “if” condition is checked and if it is true the statements under “if”
statements will be executed. If it is false, then the control will be passed on to the next
conditional statements.
2. Elif statement: If the previous condition is false, either it could be “if” condition or “elif” after
“if”, then the control is passed on to the “elif” statements. If it is true then the statements
after the “elif” condition will execute. There can be more than one “elif” statement.
3. Else statement: When “if” and “elif” conditions are false, then the control is passed on to the
“else” statement and it will execute.
Now, let’s go ahead and learn about loops in this python tutorial.
Loops
If we have a block of code then statements in it will be executed sequentially. But, when we
want a statement or a set of statements to be executed multiple times then we use loops.
Types of loops:
1.While loop: We use this loop when we want a statement or a set of statement to execute as
long as the Boolean condition associated with it satisfies.
In the while loop, the number of iterations depends on the condition which is applied to the
while loop.
2.for loop: Here, we know the number of iterations unlike while loop. This for loop is also used
for iterations of statements or a set of statements multiple times.
3.nested loop: This type of loop consists of a loop inside a loop. It can be for loop or can be a
combination of for and while loop.
User-Defined Function
In any programming language, functions are a better and systematic way of writing. Functions
provide us the liberty to use the code inside it whenever it is needed just by calling the function
by its name.
Going ahead in this Python tutorial, we will learn about Exception Handling.
Exception Handling
Basically, an exception is an abnormal condition or error that occurs during the execution of a
program. Whenever an exception occurs in a program, the execution of the program halts and
the further instruction of the programs are not executed.
We need to handle these exceptions in order to ensure the normal execution of the program.
Some of the common exceptions that occur in Python programs while executing are:
1. NameError: This error occurs when a name is not found.
2. ZeroDivisionError: When a number is divided by zero, ZeroDivisionError occurs.
3. IndentationError: This error occurs due to the wrong indentation.
4. IOError: When Input-Output operation fails, IOError occurs.
So, in Python we use the try, catch, except and finally to handle the exceptions.
try-except block
In the Python program, the line of code that may throw exceptions is placed in the try block.
The try block should have except block with it to handle the exception. As an illustration – If any
exception occurs in try block then the statements in except block will be executed.
Syntax:
try:
#line of code
except Exception:
#line of code
Example:
“else” block
Syntax:
try:
#line of code
except Exception:
#line of code
else:
Example:
“finally” block
If we want a piece of executable code, which we cannot skip under any circumstances, then we
need to put this code in the finally block.
Syntax:
try:
#line of code
finally:
Example:
Here, in this tutorial, we learned all the basics of Python which are variables, string, numbers,
data types, tuples, lists, sets, dictionary, conditional statements, loops, user-defined functions,
and exception handling. If you want to go through more concepts of Python in-depth, this
Python Tutorial consists of all the modules which will help you throughout your learning.
Python is used to develop different types of applications such as web applications, GUI-
based applications, software development applications, scientific and numeric
applications, network programming, gaming and 3D applications, and business
applications. Also, Python is widely used in the field of data analytics and data science.
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Table of Contents
Fundamentals of Python
What is Python?
Python Version
Python History: Lets start off by looking at Python history. Python was developed at a time
when many other dynamic and open-source programming languages like Tcl, Perl, Ruby etc.
were also being actively developed and gaining popularity. The below-given image depicts the
python logo then vs Python logo now. Version 1: Python 1.0 In January 1994, the first version of
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Python Installation and Setup Guide: To get started working with Python 3, first of all You will
need to have access to the Python interpreter. There are numerous ways to accomplish this:
Watch this Python Installation in Windows 10: [videothumb class="col-md-12"
id="EqW48uNcAks" alt="Python Installation in Windows 10" title="Python Installation in
Windows 10"] You can directly obtain it from the Python
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Python Syntax
Python Syntax - Python Coding with Examples : Python was specifically designed to be a highly
readable language The Python Syntax is made for ease of use and have made it one of the most
used language among freshers as well as experts. Python syntax is English like which makes it
much easier to write, read and understand a python script
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Comments in Python
Comments in Python: In this module of Python tutorial, we will learn about Python comments.
We will also learn about the different types of Python comments and the way to use them.
Writing Python Comments Comments in any programming language are used to increase the
readability of the code. Similarly, in Python, when the program starts getting complicated, one of
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Data Types in Python: In this module of the Python tutorial, we will learn about the Python data
types. We will further learn about the dynamic typing feature in Python and different data types
in Python such as (Python Numbers, Python String, Python List, Python Tuple & Python Set)
Python Data Types: An Overview One of the most crucial part
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What Is a Variable in Python?: A variable is a memory address that can change, and when the
memory address cannot change then that variable is known as a constant. Variable is a name
of the memory location where data is stored. Once a variable is stored, the space is allocated in
memory. It defines a variable using a combination
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Numbers in Python
Numbers in Python: In Python, the number data type is used to store numeric values. are an
immutable data type. Being an immutable data type means that if we change the value of an
already allocated number data type, then that would result in a newly allocated object. In this
module, we will delve deeper into the
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String in Python
What is a Python String and String Function in Python?: Python string is an ordered collection of
characters which is used to represent and store the text-based information. Strings are stored
as individual characters in a contiguous memory location. It can be accessed from both
directions: forward and backward. Characters are nothing but symbols. Strings are immutable
Data Types in
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Python Lists
List in Python: Lists are Python’s most flexible ordered collection object type. It can also be
referred to as a sequence that is an ordered collection of objects that can host objects of any
data type, such as Python Numbers, Python Strings and nested lists as well. Lists are one of the
most used and versatile Python Data Types. In this
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Tuple in Python
What is Tuple in Python : Tuple data type in Python is a collection of various immutable Python
objects separated by commas. Tuples are much similar to Python Lists, but they are
syntactically different, i.e., in lists we use square brackets while in tuples we use parentheses. In
this module, we will learn all about the tuple data type in order
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Python Sets
Set in Python: A set in Python is mutable, iterable, and does not have any duplicate elements. It
is an unordered collection of elements which means that a set is a collection that stores
elements of different Python Data Types. Remember that a set in Python doesn’t index the
elements in a particular order. Let us look at some of
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Python Dictionary
Dictionary in Python: Python dictionary is yet another unordered collection of elements. The
difference between Python dictionary and other unordered Python data types such as sets lies
in the fact that unlike sets, a dictionary contains keys and values rather than just elements. Like
lists, Python dictionaries can also be changed and modified, but unlike Python lists the values in
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Python Operators
Operators in Python: In Python, we have a set of special symbols that perform various kinds of
operations such as logical operations, mathematical operations, and more. These symbols are
called Python operators. For every symbol or operator, there is a unique kind of operation. The
values on which the operators perform their respective operations are known as operands. In
this
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Type Conversion in Python with Examples: The process of converting a Python data type into
another data type is known as type conversion. There are mainly two types of type conversion
methods in Python, namely, implicit type conversion and explicit type conversion. In this
module, we will go through the following topics: Implicit Type Conversion in Python Explicit Type
Conversion
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Control Flow Statements: Python While Loop in Python: As discussed in the previous module,
we know that Python, like other programming languages, consists of some control flow
statements. One of the control flow statements that we have already studied about in the
previous module is the Python if else statement. Another one of the control flow statements is
loops. Loops
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Control Flow Statements – For Loop in Python 3 : For loops in Python, just like any other
language, are used to repeat a block of code for a fixed number of times. For loop is yet another
control flow statement since the control of the program is continuously transferred to the
beginning of the for loop to execute the body
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Python Functions
Functions in Python: Functions are used to group together a certain number of related
instructions. These are reusable blocks of codes written to carry out a specific task. A function
might or might not require inputs. Functions are only executed when they are specifically called.
Depending on the task a function is supposed to carry out, it might or might
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Lambda Function in Python: As discussed in the previous module, we know that there are three
types of Python Functions. One of them is an anonymous function. Anonymous functions are
the functions without a name. Now, to define a normal function, we use the keyword, ‘def’.
Similarly, to define an anonymous function, we use the keyword, ‘lambda’. Since anonymous
functions are
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Python Arrays
What is an Array in Python 3?: An array is a data structure that can contain or hold a fixed
number of elements that are of the same Python data type. An array is composed of an element
and an index. Index in an array is the location where an element resides. All elements have their
respective indices. Index of
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Classes and Objects in Python: Python is an object-oriented language and almost every entity in
Python is an object, which means that programmers extensively use classes and objects while
coding in Python. Objects in Python are basically an encapsulation of Python variables and
functions, that they get from classes. Watch this video on ‘Python Classes and Objects’:
[videothumb class="col-md-12" id="c4EG6O299tY"
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Python Modules
Modules in Python: When we write a program in Python Interpreter or Python Shell and then exit
from Shell, all definitions that we have included in our program get lost. We can’t use those
definitions again. While practicing and learning Python, it may not seem as much of a problem,
but in certain cases, for example, while working on a
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Python Dates
Python Datetime Module: There is a Python module which is comprised of various functions to
deal, manipulate, and work with dates and date objects. This module is known as the Python
datetime module. We can simply start working with dates by importing this module and using
the functions and classes it provides. In this module, we will learn about how
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Python JSON
JSON in Python: JSON is an acronym for JavaScript Object Notation. Python has a built-in
package named ‘json’ to support . JSON is basically used for encoding and decoding data. The
process of encoding the JSON data is referred to as serialization as it involves converting data
into a series of bytes that can be stored and transmitted
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Python RegEx
What is Regular Expression in Python?: Python Regular Expressions or Python RegEx are
patterns that permit us to ‘match’ various string values in a variety of ways. A pattern is simply
one or more characters that represent a set of possible match characters. In regular expression
matching, we use a character (or a set of characters) to represent the strings
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PIP Python
What is PIP in Python?: PIP is a Python package management system which can also be used
to install various software written in Python and Python modules and their respective
dependencies. In this module, we will learn about PIP, covering the following topics: How to
Install PIP in Python? Checking if PIP is installed Installing PIP How to Use PIP in
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File Handling in Python - Learn Python File Handling for Beginners: Python file handling
operations also known as Python I/O deal with two types of files. They are: Text files Binary files
Even though the two file types may look the same on the surface, they encode data differently. A
text file is structured as a sequence of lines. And,
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Python Exception Handling: What is Exception Handling in Python? Well, before we get you
started on Exception Handling in Python, let’s learn about it from the beginning. It is obvious for
a developer to encounter a few errors or mistakes in their code file. But what if developers could
minimize these errors? Wouldn’t it be great? There are exception handling
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Enumerate Python
What Is Enumerate in Python?: Before we jump into understanding What is enumerate in Python,
let us unfold the chapter by finding out what enumerate Python is and what it means to
enumerate something. The term ‘enumerate’ is commonly used in mathematics and computer
science, which is nothing but ordered listing of all elements in a collection. Enrol yourself in
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Queue in Python
What is Python Queue?: Python queue is an important concept in data structure. Queue in
Python is nothing but data item containers. With the help of queue in Python, we can control the
flow of our tasks. Say, we are manipulating data that are collected from a website and then
writing the manipulated data into a .txt file. Now, if
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Python NumPy Tutorial for Beginners: In this Python NumPy Tutorial, we will be covering One of
the robust and most commonly used Python libraries i.e. Python NumPy. Python library is a
collection of script modules which are accessible to a Python program. It helps simplify the
programming process and remove the need to rewrite commonly used commands again and
again.
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SciPy Tutorial
What is SciPy in Python: Learn with an Example: Let’s start off with this SciPy Tutorial with an
example. Scientists and researchers are likely to gather enormous amount of information and
data, which are scientific and technical, from their exploration, experimentation, and analysis.
Dealing with such huge amount of data becomes a hindrance to them. That is, calculating and
computing
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Introduction to Python Scikit-learn: Python Scikit-learn is a free Machine Learning library for
Python. It’s a very useful tool for data mining and data analysis and can be used for personal as
well as commercial use. Python Scikit-learn lets users perform various Machine Learning tasks
and provides a means to implement Machine Learning in Python. It needs to work with
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What is Pandas in Python?: So, lets now tell you What is Pandas in Python. Pandas is a Python
library which is a simple yet powerful tool for Data Science. Python Pandas is one of the most
widely used Python packages. This package comprises many data structures and tools for
effective data manipulation and analysis. Python Pandas is used everywhere including
commercial
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Python Basics Cheat Sheet: Are you finding difficult in remembering all the syntax that you need
to work with Python for Data Science? Guys, don’t worry if you are a beginner and have no idea
about how Python works, this Python for Data Science cheat sheet will give you a quick
reference of the basics that you must know to
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Introduction:: Data Structure is a collection of data types and set of rules with a format of
organizing, managing and storage which can be used for efficient accessing and modification.
Data structures are used in every field for storing and organizing data in the computer. You can
also download the printable PDF of this Data Structure cheat sheet This Python
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Python NumPy Cheat Sheet: Whether you are a professional and have been working with Python
for quite some time or you are a fresher and have just started using python, you must have
heard of NumPy, a python library for numerical operations. It is extensively used but regardless
of how popular it is, wouldn’t you agree that it’s practically not possible
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Python Scikit-Learn Cheat Sheet: If you are finding it hard to remember all the different
commands to perform different operations in Scikit Learn then don’t worry, you are not alone, it
happens more often than you would think. Download the printable PDF of this cheat sheet At
Intellipaat, we make sure that our learners get the best out of our
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Python Pandas Cheat Sheet: Simple, expressive and arguably one of the most important
libraries in Python, not only does it make real-world Data Analysis significantly easier but
provides an optimized feature of being significantly fast. It is common that for those who just
started Data Science journey with Python and Pandas library might find it overwhelming to
remember all those functions
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List Comprehension in Python: Previously in this Python tutorial, we have already learned what
Python lists are and how to use them. We have also understood list comprehension Python. In
this section, we will go deep into list comprehension Python and understand why we need it.
Following is the list of all topics that we will cover in this section:
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Web Scraping Using Python: Web scraping Python has been around for a while now, but it has
become more popular in the past decade. Web Scraping using Python is very easy. With the help
of Python, extracting data from a web page can be done automatically. In this module, we will
discuss web scraping in Python from scratch. Also, this
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