EE5403 Lecture 2 Introduction To RF PA 20070930
EE5403 Lecture 2 Introduction To RF PA 20070930
Dr Guo Yongxin
RF and Optical Department
Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R)
20 Science Park Road, #02-21/25 TeleTech
ParkScience Park II, Singapore 117674
Tel: 6870-9165
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/~guoyx
1
Outline
• Introduction
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Example
2
Introduction
Design concerns of Power Amplifiers (PAs):
• output power: range from the milliwatt region for small, portable
transistor amplifiers to the megawatt region for large broadcast stations.
• efficiency (power output divided by power supplied)
• drive level
• power dissipation
• distortion: The PA is the last stage in the amplifier chain because the
power level is highest at this point. Because the signal level is the largest
at this point, it results in the maximum amount of distortion due to the
non-linear characteristics of the device. These nonlinearities produce
unwanted frequency components (harmonics) and intermodulation
distortion (IMD) products.
• modulation techniques: PA design depends on the type of
modulation signal to be amplified. Various modulation techniques can
tolerate different amounts of distortion, 3
Introduction (cont’d)
• The various types of PAs are identified by their classes of operation,
that is, Classes A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and S.
• Except for Class A, all of these amplifier types are easily differentiated
from small-signal amplifier amplifiers by their circuit configurations,
methods of operation, or both.
• Class A and Class B push pull amplifiers are linear PAs. These PAs
have a constant power gain, produce a magnified replica of the input
signal voltage or current wave.
4
Linear PAs
5
Non-Linear PAs
6
PA Metrics
8
Large Signal Behavior: FET
9
Class A PA
10
Class A Operation
11
Efficiency of Class A
13
Revisited SS Amp
14
Revisited SS Amp
15
How to improve efficiency
Power Amplifiers Efficiency limitations -- How do we improve this?
Reduce the conduction angle. The conduction angle is the portion of the RF
cycle in which the device is conducting (ie. Not in cutoff).
How? Change the bias condition from fully on (class A) to partially in cutoff.
16
Class B PA: Single-Ended
17
Class B PA
Base bias level is adjusted so that the conduction angle = π (50% duty cycle)
Now, collector current is a half cosine function
Since current is not a complete sine wave, we must calculate DC power and AC
fundamental and harmonics from Fourier components.
18
Class B PA
I1 is the fundamental
current component.
20
Efficiency of Class B PA
Choosing load resistance: The best load resistance is the large signal load
resistance that allows full voltage and current swing at the device collector or drain.
To get the full voltage swing across RL , VO = VDC , (neglecting knee voltage VK )
Now, the output power, DC power and efficiency can be calculated for Class B:
21
Class C PA
22
Operation of Class C
23
Operation of Class C
24
Operation of Class C
25
Efficiency of Class C
26
Power of Class C
27
Example 1
28
Example 1
29
Example 1
30