Readings in Philippine History E-NOTE
Readings in Philippine History E-NOTE
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Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A
3. Paintings or Lesson 3: Historical Criticisms
photographs 1. Historical Criticism- examines the origins of
ii. Accounts that describe earliest text to appreciate the underlying
events, people, or ideas circumstances upon which the text came
1. Newspapers be.
2. Chronicles or 2. Goals of Historical Criticism
historical accounts a. To discover the original meaning of
3. Essays and the text in its primitive or historical
speeches context and its literal sense or
4. Memoirs, diaries, sensus literalis historicus.
journals, and letters b. To establish a reconstruction of the
5. Philosophical historical situation of the author
treatises or and recipients of the text
manifestos 3. AUTHENTICITY- is determined by external
iii. Information about people criticism, whereas
1. Census records 4. CREDIBILITY is established by internal
2. Obituaries criticism.
3. Newspaper articles 5. Two Types of Historical Criticisms
4. Biographies and a. External Criticism – determines the
autobiographies authenticity of the source.
iv. Finding information about i. Refers to genuineness of
place the documents a researcher
1. Maps and atlases used in a historical study.
2. Census information ii. Conducts document
3. Statistics analysis using science
4. Photographs iii. The authenticity of the
5. City directories material may be testes in
6. Local libraries or two ways:
historical societies 1. By paleography
v. Finding Information about (deciphering and
an organization dating of historical
1. Archives (held by manuscripts)
libraries, 2. Diplomatic
institutions, or Criticisms (critical
historical societies) analysis of historical
2. Secondary Sources or INDIRECT document to
a. Generally, describe, discuss, understand how
interpret, comment upon, analyze, the document came
evaluate, summarize, and process to be, the
primary sources information
b. Materials made by people long transmitted.
after the events being described b. Internal Criticisms
had taken place to provide valuable i. determines the historicity
interpretations of historical events of the facts contained in the
c. Those sources which were document. It is not
produced by an author who used necessary to prove the
primary sources to provide authenticity of the material
material. or document.
d. Examples are: biographies, ii. is textual criticism, it
histories, literary criticism, books involves factors such as
written by a third party about competence, good faith,
historical events, art and theater position, and bias of the
reviews author
e. Newspaper or journal articles that iii. it looks at the content of
interpret the document to determine
its authenticity.
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Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A
iv. It involves determining the
intention of the source of
date
6. Auxiliary science that help in determining
authenticity and genuineness of a
document
a. EPIGRAPHY
o The study of inscriptions and
the art of deciphering them
b. Diplomatics
o Science of charters and
diplomas and includes
knowledge of the practices and
of forms used in them
c. Paleography
o Study of writing, which has a
history all of its own
d. Philology
o In all its branches is of greatest
use in determining date and
authenticity
7. Greatest influencer upon study of history
a. Archeology – scientific study of life
and culture of the past, especially
ancient peoples, as far as
excavations of ancient cities, relics,
artifacts, etc..
b. Anthropology- the study of
humans, especially of the variety,
physical and cultural characteristics,
distribution, customs, social
relationships, etc. of humanity
c. Prehistory- is history before
recorded history as learned from
archeology
8. Chemistry and the papermaker’s art may
be able to say and have often said that a
given document written on a wood pulp
with a particular ink, for example, cannot be
older than the definite date when these
materials were first manufactured.
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