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    AlbieJane Catoto
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    Momentum is a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object, and is calculated as mass multiplied by velocity. Impulse is the product of force applied and duration of force, and equals change in momentum. In collisions between objects, total momentum before the collision equals total momentum after, allowing calculation of unknown velocities if other values are known.

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    fact sheet about momentum

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    Momentum is a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object, and is calculated as mass multiplied by velocity. Impulse is the product of force applied and duration of force, and equals change in momentum. In collisions between objects, total momentum before the collision equals total momentum after, allowing calculation of unknown velocities if other values are known.

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    291 views23 pages

    Momentum

    Uploaded by

    AlbieJane Catoto
    Momentum is a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object, and is calculated as mass multiplied by velocity. Impulse is the product of force applied and duration of force, and equals change in momentum. In collisions between objects, total momentum before the collision equals total momentum after, allowing calculation of unknown velocities if other values are known.

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    of 23

    Momentum

    Notes (HRW p196)


    Momentum
     Definition
    • The measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving
    object
    • Mass in Action!
     Formula
    • p = mass * velocity, or
    • p = mv
     Units
    • kg.m/s
     Momentum is a vector!

    Mass in Action!
    Example
     Q: What is the momentum of a 1000 kg Civic
    traveling at 30 m/s?
    • p = mass x velocity = m x v
    • p = 1000 x 30 = 30,000 kg.m/s
     Q: What is the momentum of a 100,000 kg
    locomotive traveling at 30 m/s?
    • P = mass x velocity
    • P = 100,000 x 30 = 3,000,000 kg.m/s
     Q: What is the momentum of a 40,000 ton
    (40,000,000 kg) oil tanker traveling at 5 m/s?
    • P = m * v = 40,000,000 * 5
    • P = 200,000,000 kg.m/s
    Mass in Action!
    Impulse
     Definition
    • The product of the force (F) acting on an object and
    the duration of the force (t)
     Formula
    • Impulse = F * t
     Units
    • Newtons.seconds (N.s)
     Examples
    • Striking a golf/foot/base ball
    • Seatbelts (how do they work?)
    • Auto safety developments since 50’s

    Mass in Action!
    Impulse Example

     Example: Wall exerts a force of 10,000 N on


    the van. The contact time is 0.01 s. What is the
    impulse?
     Solve: Impulse = F * t = 10,000 * 0.01
    • Impulse = 100 N-s
    Mass in Action!
    Ex. Impulse = Momentum Change

     Impulse = change in momentum (final – initial)


     Impulse = 0 – mv
     Ft = -mv (momentum is a vector!)
     F = mv/t (force felt is the momentum/duration of the
    applied force)
    Mass in Action!
    Impulse and Momentum Change
     According to Newton’s 2nd Law
    • The application of a net force on an object will
    result in the object accelerating (aka changing
    velocity)
    • F = ma = m(Δv/t) = m(vf – vo)/t, but
    • Ft= mvf – mvo = pf – po thus
    • Ft (or impulse) = change in momentum
    • Ft = Δmv = mΔv
    • F = mΔv/t
    • F = m(vf – v0)/t (Newton’s 2nd law in
    momentum terms)
    Mass in Action!
    Example – Madness!

    Mass in Action!
    Impulse Example
     A 1000 kg Civic is traveling at 30 m/s and
    accelerates to 40 m/s in 10 seconds.
    • What is the momentum of the car before accelerating?
    • po = m*v = 1000 * 30 = 30,000 kg.m/s
    • What is the momentum of the car after accelerating for
    10 seconds?
    • pf = m*v = 1000*40 = 40,000 kg.m/s
    • What is the change in momentum?
    • Δp = pf – po = 40,000 – 30,000 = 10,000 kg.m/s
    • What is the impulse?
    • J = Change in momentum = 10,000 kg.m/s
    • What is the net force that causes the change?
    • F = change in momentum/time = 10,000/10 = 1,000 N
    Mass in Action! F*t = change in momentum = mΔv
    Impulse Example
     A 1000 kg Civic is traveling at 30 m/s
    and hits a lamp post.
    • What is the momentum of the car while
    moving?
    • po = m*v = 1000*30 = 30,000 kg.m/s
    • What is the momentum of the car after hitting
    the post?
    • pf = m*v = 1000*0 = 0 kg.m/s
    • What is the change in momentum?
    • Δp = pf – po = 0 – 30,000 = -30,000 kg.m/s
    Mass in Action!
    Impulses and Contact Time
    How does momentum of the vehicle relate to the impulse in the 2
    scenarios below?

    Force is spread over a longer duration

    Force is spread over a shorter duration!

    Mass in Action!
    Summary: Momentum - Impulse
     Interrelated
    • Momentum
    • Impulse
    • Change in momentum

    IMPULSE Change in Momentum


    Force * time momentum Δp = mvf - mvo
    F*t F*t = m(vf – vo)

    Mass in Action!
    Summary

    Mass in Action!
    Practice
     A stationary 0.12 kg hockey puck is hit
    with a force that lasts for 0.01 seconds
    and makes the puck move at 20 m/s.
    With what force was the puck hit?
     Impulse = Change in momentum
    • Ft = mΔv = m(vf – vo)
    • F = mΔv/t
    • F = 0.12 (20 – 0)/0.01 = 240 N
    Mass in Action!
    Practice
     If a 5kg object experiences a 10 N force
    for 0.1 second, what is the change in
    momentum of the object?
     Solve
    • Change in momentum = impulse
    • Impulse = F*t
    • Change in momentum = F*t = 10*0.1 = 1N-s

    Mass in Action!
    Practice
     A 50 kg driver of a sports car is traveling at
    35 m/s when she hits a large deer. She
    strikes the air bag/seatbelt combination that
    brings her body to a stop in 0.5 seconds.
    • What average force does the bag/belt exert on
    her?
     Solve: m=50, vo=35, vf=0, t=0.5, F=?
    • F = m*(vf-vo)/t
    • F = 50*(-35)/0.5 = -3500 N
    Mass in Action!
    Practice (continued)
     What if the driver in the previous
    example was not wearing a seatbelt and
    there were no airbags, and the
    windshield stopped her head in 0.002 s.
    • What is the average force on her head?
     Solve
    • F = 50*-35/0.002 = -875,000 N!!!

    Mass in Action!
    Conservation of Momentum
    Sum of the momenta of all elements before the event = Sum of
    the momenta of all elements after the event

    Momentum Before firing = p(rifle) + p(bullet) = 0


    Momentum After firing = p(rifle) + p(bullet) = 0

    After firing, the opposite momenta cancel – direction is


    important in vector arithmetic!

    Mass in Action!
    Conservation of Momentum –
    Collisions (aka events)
     2 basic types of collisions for analysis
    • Elastic
    • Bodies collide and bounce apart – no energy loss
    • Bowling ball/pin
    • Pool
    • Inelastic
    • Bodies collide and stick together – some energy
    transformation into heat
    • Auto rear-ender
    • Picking up an object (combining)
     Real world – a bit of both!
    Mass in Action!
    Momentum Table
    Before vs After
    BEFORE Object 1 Object 2 Total Momentum
    Mass (m) m1 m2
    Velocity (v) v1 v2
    Momentum m1v1 m2v2 m1v1 + m2v2
    AFTER Object 1 Object 2 Total Momentum
    Mass (m) m1 m2
    Velocity (v) v1 v2
    Momentum m1v1 m2v2 m1v1 + m2v2

    Equate the total momentum (before) with the total momentum (after) to
    solve!

    Mass in Action!
    Practice using table
     A 1000 kg Honda @ 30 m/s collides (head-on
    glancing blow) with a 2000 kg Camry @ 20
    m/s. If the Honda continues @ 20 m/s,
    • what is the speed of the Camry after the impact?
     Solve: Honda, Camry, collision
    • Total momentum (before) = Total momentum (after)
    • phonda + pcamry = phonda + pcamry
    • 1000*30 + 2000*(-20) = 1000*20 + 2000*v
    • 30,000 – 40,000 = 20,000 + 2000v
    • v = -15 m/s (negative direction)
    Mass in Action!
    Practice using table
     A 200 kg astronaut leaves the Shuttle for a
    space walk and while stationary his tether
    breaks. To return to the craft he throws a 2
    kg hammer @ 3m/s directly away from the
    shuttle.
    • What is his returning speed?
     Solve: astronaut, hammer, throw
    • pastro + phammer (before) = pastro + phammer (after)
    • 200*0 + 2*0 = 200*v + 2*3
    • v = -200/6 = -0.03 m/s
    Mass in Action!
    Practice using table
     A 500 kg bumper car @ 5 m/s runs into the
    back of a similar car @ 2 m/s. If the 2nd car
    bounces forward at 4 m/s,
    • What is the speed of the 1st car?
     Solve: bumper car #1, #2, collision
    • (p1 + p2)before = (p1 + p2)after
    • 500*5 + 500*2 = 500*v + 500*4
    • 2500 + 1000 = 500v + 2000
    • v = 3 m/s
    Mass in Action!

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