Chapter Ii
Chapter Ii
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the
thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers. This will also present
understand the research to be done and lastly the definition of terms for
A. Taal Lake
famous tourist destination, Tagaytay City. The freshwater lake flows within
fisher folk depend greatly on these bodies of water for the marine life they
projects. Taal Lake is home to a plethora of rare fauna and endemic marine
largest lake in the country and the world’s smallest active volcano, was
NIPAS. It is known for its beauty and tourist attractions and is the home to
only three freshwater sea snake in the world. The lake is also known to one
of the highest diversity of fish species of any lake in country, with at least 47
specie recorded in 2000. Many of the fish species are migratory, moving to
the coastal area to the lake through the Pansipit River as larvae the moving
back to the sea. The lake drains into the Pansipit River, the lake’s only
deteriorating, fish catch is low and some of the native fish were gone. The
greatest threats to the lake are pollution and unregulated fish cage
operations. Fish cages are plentiful with the lake’s tilapia farms providing as
Quezon and directly employing around 1500 people. The practice of the fish
cages operator to overstock and overfeed has threatening the productivity
heavy metals, agricultural and domestic pollution and more recently, by fish
cage aquaculture. The reported fish kills in Taal Lake suggest a deteriorating
lake quality.
B. MANGROVES
freshwater and land realms meet. It is most particularly found in tropical and
Mangrove forests are rich in biodiversity providing a habitat for wide varieties
of animal and plant species. They are dynamic areas rich in food. Live and
decaying mangrove leaves and roots provide nutrient that nourish plankton
algae, fish, and shellfish. It is also a home for birds and mammals. Many of
activities vary from fishing and gathering of crustaceans to usage of the trees
for timber production. It may provide wood forest products, fishery, nursery,
absorbing nutrients and organics from the water, which in turn creates a
natural filter for cleaning water. Mangroves not only have the ability to
absorb nitrates, but phosphates and other organics as well. In fact, they
remove organics so well from the water that they act as a replacement for a
protein skimmer. When using mangroves you will notice your protein
skimmer working less and less all the time. The more the mangroves grow
and mature, the more they absorb the excess organics in your water, and
several kinds of tropical flowering plants that are members of three different
families. Mangroves are trees or shrubs that have the common trait of
C. 3 Species of Mangroves
or breather roots, form a network collecting silt and debris and controlling
erosion. Plant height will vary from 4 to 9 feet. Leaves are 1 to 5 inches
above, and grayish with a tight felt-like pubescence beneath. Glands on the
underside secrete salt. Clusters of small sessile flowers with white petals,
approximately ½ inch in diameter, are borne on the leaf axils or growing tips
on the twigs. The fruits are flat, approximately 1 inch long, dark green and
thick, dark brown or blackish, with rough irregular flattened scales. Twigs
are grayish in color and smooth, with enlargements at the joints. Mangrove
detritus (dead leaves and twigs) in water feeds microorganisms that provide
capabilities. This plant also provides for wildlife and marine habitats.
More so, it is also used primarily for wildlife habitat along protected
reduces shoreline erosion, and traps suspended sediments and other solids
February 2005)
Like other native mangrove trees, this species holds the muddy soil of
its habitat in place. Although it is usually much shorter in height, this tree
can grow to be as tall as 20 m (70 ft) or more. It has many arching, aerial
prop roots. The leaves are a lighter shade of green on top than its close
relative Malil (Rhizophora apiculata), with leaf margins often rolled under.
The flowers have four thin white petals (which fall off shortly after opening)
and four persistent, yellow sepals; branching clusters contain 3-10 flowers.
The viviparous fruits which sprout while they are still attached to the tree,
are very long on Roway and can grow to lengths of 30-90 cm (1-3 ft). This
kind of fruit solves the problem of establishing new plants in a substrate that
the mangroves in Yap or along the channels, and along estuaries and bays,
and on reef flats from areas in tropical Asia to the Western Pacific.
Furthermore, the dense and extremely hard wood is used in house for
rafters and sometimes for small posts. It is used also in stakes for fish traps,
because it resists sea-water and ship worm (Kiribati). The bark produces a
red dye, rich in tanin, but is not used to color cotton nets. The bark is used
family (or Primrose family) with a distribution in coastal and estuarine areas
ranging from India through South East Asia to southern China, New Guinea
7 m high, though often considerably less. Its leaves are alternate, obovate,
30–100 mm long and 15–50 mm wide, entire, leathery and minutely dotted.
Its fragrant, small, white flowers are produced as umbellate clusters of 10–
The calyx is 2–4 mm long and corolla 4–6 mm long. The fruit is curved and
cylindrical or horn-shaped, light green to pink in colour and 20–75 mm long.
It grows in mud in estuaries and tidal creeks, often at the seaward edge of
plants. These plants often grow together to form a thicket that can be up to
4 m tall. It has no obvious above-ground roots. The leaves are oval and
about 7 cm long. There are glands on the leaves for secreting salt. The
flowers are small, white, arranged in bunches and smell like rotten bananas.
The propagules are up to 5 cm long, pencil thick, slightly curved and have a
pointed tip. The end of the fruit that is attached to the tree has a spiral
patterned cap. The fruits are green, ripening to red in the summer months.
due to extraction and coastal development, and there has been an estimated
21% decline in mangrove area within this species range since 1980.
Mangrove species are more at risk from coastal development and extraction
areas more than in other areas. It is also likely that changes in climate due
to global warming will further affect these parts of the range. Although there
are overall range declines in many areas, they are not enough to reach any
oxygen atoms and are often the final stage in the nitrogen cycle of fresh
and saltwater aquariums if there are not nitrate removing plants, algae, or
packing house wastes, drainage from the livestock, feeding areas and
manure. Nitrates in large amounts in drinking water can cause “blue baby
Standards that 44 ppm nitrate should not be exceeded. To the sanitary and
especially at levels higher than 100 ppm in many fish. The increasing stress
results in the loss of ability to fight diseases, the ability to heal itself, and the
ability to reproduce. Long term high nitrates are potentially dangerous due
to the effects on the water chemistry and on a healthy environment for your
fish while nitrates are accumulating. The higher the nitrate levels, the higher
and more severe the consequences due to the stress on your fish and the
Phosphate
nutrient for plants (that includes algae) and as a useful buffering agent within
animal cells.
not directly harm your fish, even at high levels. However, the algae blooms
that result from elevated phosphates can ultimately cause problems for the
aquarium inhabitants. For instance, green water can deplete the oxygen,
which in turn can harm the fish. Phosphates naturally occur as wastes are
reaction which can then be directly detected. In this lab we will be using an
found in water is generally not more than 0.1 ppm unless the water has
increase in algae and weeds. When algae cells die, oxygen is used in the
algae scums with associated organisms give rise to foul odors and hydrogen
sulfide gas.
2.2 RELATED STUDIES
restoration. The managers make all efforts to make people understand the
worldwide, generally along large river deltas, estuaries, and coastal areas.
open fishing, heavy metal pollution, agricultural and domestic pollution and
sediment to the surface. This resulted in oxygen depletion, and raised levels
aquatic plants and algae. In many cases, the amount of nitrate in the water
is what limits how much plants and algae can grow. If there is an excess
dissolved oxygen. During the day, there will be usually be high levels of
dramatically.
Likewise, his study said that phosphate will stimulate the growth of
plankton and aquatic plants which provide food for larger organisms,
represents the base of the food chain. Initially, this increased productivity
will cause an increase in the fish population and overall biological diversity
of the system. But as the phosphate loading continues and there is a build-
of lake or water body can lead to an imbalance in the nutrient and material
nutrient inputs, usually nitrogen and phosphate, have been shown to be the
main cause of eutrophication over the past 30 years. This aging process can
result in large fluctuations in the lake water quality and trophic status and in
2.3 SYNTHESIS
in the year 2000 that mangroves are fed by absorbing nutrients such as
tells that mangroves are tropical trees that have roots which grow in
shallow salt water or brackish water. After the La Motte Laboratory testing,
effective one.
2.4 HYPOTHESIS
This study is based on the hypothesis that the one of the three
phosphate content in Taal Lake was determined in the input using the
analysis of the PO4 and NO3 content of water and identification of the
different mangrove species that can survive in the water of the said lake
which belongs to the input box. Laboratory tests were conducted to test the
content of nitrate and phosphate. To test the nitrate content, zinc reduction
method is used and for the phosphate content, ascorbic acid reduction
effectiveness. Lastly, the output box contains the result of the study. In this
part, the changes in the level of nitrate and phosphate present in the water
of Taal Lake.