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Edgar Alan Poe: The Army Years (1972)
Edgar Alan Poe: The Army Years (1972)
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EDGAR ALLAN POE
The Army Years
by
J. THOMAS RUSSELL
Associate Librarian
iii
LIBRARY
UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY
WEST POINT. NEW YORK 10996
FOREWORD
Students of nineteenth century American literature can-
not help but be intrigued by the curious influences
which seemed to have shaped Edgar Allan Poe's early life
which included two interludes in the U. S. Army. The
reasons which motivated Poe to enter the service in the
first place were far from extraordinary: unrequited love
and disagreements over money with his guardian. We
remember that he departed Richmond in a huff for Boston
in March of 1827 where, after publishing his first opus,
Tamerlayte arid Other Poems, he enlisted in the Army.
V
Academy because of its dedication to the U. S. Corps
of Cadets. Even greater was the satisfaction of having
the volume safely conveyed to our Library.
vi
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD..v
INTRODUCTION..ix
Facts.29
vii
INTRODUCTION
Of all the poets and writers the United States has pro-
duced, Edgar Allan Poe has perhaps succeeded best in
finding a permanent place both in the scholarly and in
the popular literature and consciousness. Poe alone may
be said to have assumed the status of "household word"
regardless of the status of the household.
ix
I
1
would indicate that the company did not disband
immediately after Lafayette's visit. That the
cadet organization enjoyed a position of some
local importance is of little doubt; that Poe re-
mained in its ranks after Lafayette's visit is certain.
2
The great object is, to keep the institu-
tion in good order, the youth steadily to
their studies, free from gambling, intem-
perance, and dissipation of every kind....
The idea in contemplation is, to appoint a
military instructor whose duty it shall be
to train young men, in every branch of the
military exercises and in performing that
duty, to afford a powerful aid to the
faculty in maintaining their authority over
the students in every branch of the
institution.
3
assumed name of Edgar A. Perry.7 The pseudonym may
have been adopted in order to avoid the bearers of
warrants for his Charlottesville indebtedness. Poe
gave his occupation as that of a clerk and his age as
twenty-two.8 He was assigned to Battery H of the First
Artillery at Fort Independence, Boston Harbor.
7
For the enlistment document and facsimiles of other
Poe records in the National Archives War Department
files, see the unpublished Duke University master's
thesis by Melvin C. Helfers, dated 1949, a copy of
which is in the USMA Library, The Military Career of
Edgar Allan Poe.
8 Having been born in 1809, Poe was actually eighteen
when he enlisted.
4
trip to Old Russia, for he used Saint Petersburg in the
dateline of letters written during this interval.1 0
Nonetheless, it was during these months that Poe
published, or rather, had printed, his first book:
Tomerlane and Other Poems "by a Bostonian." This, the
first quiet announcement to the world that a major
poet was operative, was noticed without comment by the
United States Review and Literary Gazette for August
1827 and by The North American Review for October 1827.
The slim pamphlet, poorly printed, sold for twelve
and one half cents; it is now one of the most sought
after entries in the bibliography of American
literature.
5
Poe had ample time to walk the beaches of Sullivan' 5
Island, to examine the shells on the sand and the
beetles on the trees, and to relax in the semitropical
sun. His Gold Bug, Balloon-Hoax, Oblong Box, and
Conchologist's Guide all trace their origins to this
experience. In his Gold Bug, Poe described Sullivan's
Island:
6
gentility doubtless stood out in bas-relief against the
ranks of the then typical enlisted man. Poe's appoint-
ment as company clerk, evidently an added duty, provided
contact with the officers and probably obviated his par-
ticipation in the more rigorous details and line duties.
15
Ostram, John Ward, ed. The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe,
(Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,
1948) vol. 1, p. 10.
16
Ostram. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 13.
7
It is probable that Poe had been turning the possibility
over in his mind for some months, for in the letter
dated 1 December 1828, he alludes to the difficulty in
obtaining a commission unless one had "...received his
education at West Point...
8
Before leaving Fortress Monroe, the post from which
Poe was discharged, he obtained a series of letters
of recommendation from his commanding officers for
use in support of the West Point application. The
endorsement by Brevet Captain H. W. Griswald, Adjutant
of the 1st Artillery Regiment was typical:
9
0
CiH
10
One might suspect that the discipline required for
success in the military or in the clerical life should
find close kinship with that requisite for success in
the arts. A basic difference between the two, however,
beside the end in mind, service in one case and a
product in the other, is that the military or clerical
requirement of personal submission to an official sys-
tem of hierarchical command is a regimen evolved and
directed from outside the man. On the other hand, per-
sonal submission to that discipline so necessary for
high artistic achievement is submission to a regimen
which originates from inside, from within, the man.
ILnasmuch as the man exercises his free will of choice,
for which he must accept the concommitant responsibility,
both avenues to a productively disciplined life are
entered into voluntarily. Poe was indeed his own man.
He boldly made his choice regarding the army--and not
in great haste.
11
0rT
0
1
1/
jilt I
LI -
"'I
12
Poe's age is recorded as nineteen years and five mQnths
when he enrolled;22 the Virginia cadet was older than
most of his classmates, His previous education at the
University of Virginia gave him an edge over his West
Point compeers, and his military experience must have
proved an asset. Because of these factors, age,
intellectual prowess, and prior military service, Poe
was considered somewhat of an elder statesman by his
classmates. Indeed, a roomate of the winter barracks
days reported:
13
It must have been Poe himself who started the Benedict
Arnold rumor. In a letter to Allan dated 25 June 1829,
he said:
14
5. No Cadet shall keep in his room any
novel, poem, or other book, not relating
to his studies, without permission from
the Superintendent.
LIBRARY
15
It was hard by the dim lake of Auber,
In the misty mid region of Weir--
It was down by the dank tarn of Auber,
In the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir.27
16
Although the poet may well have been able to have
mastered, and even excelled in, the entire program of
academic instruction, the realization that a four-
year course would be a requirement even for Sergeant
Major Perry must have come to Poe as something less
than a pleasant prospect. This fact certainly
influenced his decision to leave West Point. One
suspects that the gracious personal and family life
styles seen at Forts Moultry and Monroe, the cQlorI'ul,
formal ceremonies which mark the red-letter days in a
military man's life, and the satisfaction, recognition,
and security which accompany significant work, would
have had appeal to Poe, having been raised in the house
of an American aristocrat. The poet sought all this--
and more: free time to court the Muses. The achievement
of this goal would be worth an investment of six months
of his life. But not an investment of four years.
17
I must ......... I have no more
to say--except that my future life
(which thank God will not endure
long) must be passed in indigence
and sickness. I have no energy
left, nor health, If it was
possible, to put up with the fatigues
of this place, and the inconveniences
which my absolute want of necessaries
subject me to, and as L mentioned
before it is my intention to resign.
For this end it will be necessary
that you Cas my nominal guardian)
endorse me your written permission.
It will be useless to refuse me
this last request- -for I'can leave
theplace without any permission--
your refusal would only deprive me
of a little pay which is now due
as mileage. From the time of
writing this I shall neglect my'
studies and duties at the institu-
tion--if I do not receive your
answer in 10 days--I will leave the
point without- for otherwise
- ..30
should subject myself to disinission.
18
since I cannot believe a word he
writes. His letter is the most
barefaced one sided statement.31
l9
only crime was being sick- -but it
was of no use--I refer you to Col
Thayer to the public records, for
my standing and reputation for
talent--.... 34
New York
March lOth.1831
Sir
Having no longer any ties which can bind me
to my native country--no prospects--nor any
friends--I intend by the first opportunity
to proceed to Paris with the view of
obtaining thro' the interest of the Marquis
de La Fayette, an appointment (if possible)
in the Polish Army. In the event of the
interference of France in behalf of Poland
this may easily be effected--at all events it
will be my only feasible plan of procedure.
The object of this letter is respectfully
34
Ostrom. The Letters, vol. 1, p. 43. Poe to Allan,
New York, 21 February 1831.
20
to request that you will give me such
assistance as may lie in your power in
furtherance of my views.
A certificate of "standing" in my
class is all that I have any right to
expect.
Anything further--a letter to a friend
in Paris--or to the Marquis--would be a
kindness which I should never forget.
Most respectfully
Col: S. Thayer Yr.Obt St
Supt U.S.M.A. Edgar A. Poe35
35
From the original in the Poe Collection, U.S.
Military Academy Library.
21
POEMS
By
EDGAR A. POE.
SECOND EDITLON
YcIt:
PIJBLISIIED BY ELAM BLISS.
1831.
22
70
THIS VOLUME
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED.
25
funds obtained from the members of the Corps of Cadets.
The memo also pointed out that the "Book is exceedingly
rare and expensive,?? and that "Bidding will probably
open in excess of $2,000; USMA agent should be author-
ized to bid up to $,0.3
37
U. S. Military Academy- Library. Poe, Edgar Allan
manuscript collection, correspondence about.
38Although the exact size of the 1831 edition is not
reported in the literature, it is generally estimated
to have been a printing of abjout 500 copies.
26
soared, at $250-a-jump, to above his
offer of $5,000. Both he and Britain
(and LTC Blair) left the galleries
before the auction's end. 3
27
Attempts to establish the provenance of the West Point
copy have been unsuccessful due to the anonymity of
the "Baltimore owner.?! But we shall alway-s wonder
whether or not this volume had once before made the
trip up the Hudson from New York to the Military
Academy. Because we shall never know, the fabric of
the Poe mystique acquires for us another thread across
the warp of its variegated weave.
28
ILI I.
29
Washing
Tailor "Jno Smith"
Shoe Maker
Postage R. Alden
Banker Shoe Blacking
Distributing Fuel
Altering Pantaloons Mr. Bucking'm
Dentist Dr. Arnold
Edgar A. Poe's "Poems"
Cash on account
Balance of cash
Store Keeper
Thos Gimb~rede for Portraits 4
42
U. S. Military Academy Archives. Treasurer's
Records. Statement of payments for Maarch. and April
1831.
30
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Sr
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31
It is evident, then, that someone at the Academy
added to the sum the 1831 cadets contributed. Those
in a position to have done so, and possibly so
inclined, include Sylvanus Thayer, the Superintendent
without whose approval the subscription would never have
occurred, Captain Ethan Allan Hitchcock, the highly
sophisticated and well-read Commandant o~f Cadets, and
perhaps Thomas Leslie, the Treasurer. At this
juncture one can only speculate about who added to the
cadets' ':kitty.,"
32
As for Locke, he is all in my eye,
May the d---l right soon for his soul call.
He never was known to lie --
In bed at reveille roll-call.
44 h i o
As quoted in Woodberry, George E.ThLieo
Edgar AlIo'z P..... (Boston and New- York, Houghton
Mlifflin Company, 19093 p. 374. Lieutenant Joseph
Lorenzo Locke, USMA 1828, was as signed to the Depart-
ment of Tactics from 1828-1831. "To report' alludes
to the reporting of cadets for infringements of
regulations.
33
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