A Project Report On Financial Performance Evaluation With Key Ratios at Vasavadatta Cement Kesoram Industries LTD Sedam Gulbarga
A Project Report On Financial Performance Evaluation With Key Ratios at Vasavadatta Cement Kesoram Industries LTD Sedam Gulbarga
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Finance is the life blood of any organization. The financial matters are of utmost
importance to any business. The businesses are on the financial plans and strategies.
To make proper plans financial trend analysis and performance analysis is essentially
important. The basic duty of any financial manager is to have a look on the pecuniary
trend of the company as well as the industry.
The project undertaken had been an attempt on my part to learn and comprehend the
financial trends of the company over a period of five years with the ratios as the
analysis tools. The start into the finance is through knowing to interpret the financial
statements and assessing the short-term and long-term solvency, the efficacy in
exploiting the resources and investment and on the whole prosperity of the company.
The project involves calculation of various ratios and margins using the data made
available by the company. The documents made available to extract related data were
the summarized balance sheet for five financial years from the period of 2003-04 to
2007-08. The summarized profit and loss account for the same period was also
supplied with, in order to have a thorough study and derive appropriate conclusions.
The study undertaken involves liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, activity ratios, return
on investment margin, profitability ratios, overall profitability of the company and the
earning per share which are the key determinants of the financial health of any
company. These ratios have been of great assistance in determining the financial
status of the company under review. The studies have enabled in knowing the
financial variables in a more comprehensive manner and understand & construe the
statements of accounts in an appropriate approach.
The rationale behind ratio analysis lies in the fact that it makes data comparable. It is
a systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statements so that the strengths and
weaknesses of a firm as well as its historical performance and current financial
condition can be determined.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
To know and assess the financial trend of the firm over the years.
The source of information was secondary. Most of the financial information was
made available through the annual reports of the company. The company profile was
made available by the officials through several documents.
Additional information was given by the officials wherever required. Much support
was extended in analyzing the data and making meaningful conclusions.
Theoretical help was derived from some books and magazines and past reports and
records. Support from internet and other journals were also derived. The analysis was
reviewed and necessary improvements were made to it.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The study has been framed to the extent of the interpretation of several ratios and
their interpretations from the financial data collected for five years. It was an attempt
to understand the financial statements properly and know how the items of the
financial statements are interlinked and bear an influence on each other.
The conclusions based on ratio analysis are useful in the credit analysis of the
firm by banks and short term lenders.
Long term viability, adequate return to its owners, etc can be evaluated
through ratios which are of concern to the long term creditors, present and
potential owners and security analysts.
The ratios show the level of efficiency of the management in utilizing the
assets to generate profits.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The activity ratios have shown that the current assets are better
managed whether it is inventory or the debtors. Fixed assets require
more attention.
Suggestions:
There is lot of scope for the company to increase the level of debt which
currently is in the proportion of 40-45% which can be raised 65% safely.
There can be better utilization of fixed and current assets to turn up better sales
by proper expansion plans by all the units of the company.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The expenses are too high for the company. The expenses must be controlled
by bringing a proper system of material and machine handling, etc. The
alternative may be to increase sales in proportion with the increase in
expenses.
1. The difficulty in comparing data of one year with another due to changes in
the circumstances and conditions in two different years.
2. The impact of inflation also acts as a serious limitation for the trend ratio
analysis.
4. Confidential nature of the financial data hindered it’s in- detail availability and
also analysis of the same.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
INDUSTRY PROFILE
Cement Industry:
The Indian Cement Industry is the second largest in the world after China with a
capacity of 173 million tones. It has over 136 Cement Plants and over 350 mini plants
indulged in the production of cement. Indian Cement industry is making
commendable progress in capacity creation and extension, in order to conform to the
global parameters in technology and production of every variety of cement. The
Industry has also found the utility of the by-products of cement like fly-ash and slag
for making blended cement.
Overall capacity utilization has been increased to 96%, which earlier was 94%.
Infrastructure and Construction being the strategic factors in the growing demand for
the cement, provides the industry with lot of opportunities to increase their capacity as
well as their consumption. According to the 2007-08 updates, the per capita cement
consumption in India is 0.14 tonne as compared to that of the world average which is
0.4 tonne per annum. This clearly indicates the growth opportunities for the industry.
The cement story was in the limelight over the past few fiscals owing to the fact that
the demand grew at a faster pace compared to supply and therefore, cement prices
remained firm. The need to build up infrastructure to sustain a 9% GDP growth, also
kept investors keen on the sector.
Prior to FY04, the sector was looming in the darkness. However, the turnaround post
FY04 prices marched fast leading to significant improvement in the companies’
profitability owing to strong increase in demand with no major capacity additions
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
taking place. With the increased cash flows companies started cleaning their balance
sheets and lined up huge expansion plans to cater to increasing demand for the
commodity and witness higher realizations.
The cement industry is highly cyclical in nature and depends largely on the economic
growth of the country. There is a high degree of correlation between the GDP growth
and the growth in cement consumption. The sector’s growth on account of robust
demand grew at the rate of around 10% YoY.
COMPANY PROFILE
The family of Birla Group of Companies has been founded by Syt. G.D.Birla, the
legendary person of Indian Industry and Business, a committed person to the cause of
Swadeshi Movement, a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, and a leading
philanthropist. This is continued by his worthy son Syt.B.K.Birla.
Vasavadatta Cement is the 2nd Green field project of Kesoram Industries Ltd., located
in district of Gulbarga, 3 Kms. away from the Sedam Town. 1st unit was conceived in
the year 1983-84 and commercial production started in the year 1986. The 2nd line
was commissioned in 1997 having latest state of the art technologies comparable to
the best cement Plant in the World. Within a short span of commissioning, the
expansion unit achieved more than 100% capacity utilization and now the work of the
3rd Unit is in full progress and the production has started in 2006. Accordingly, the
clinker production capacity may go up from 2.05 million tonne per annum to 3.3
million tonne per annum. We have also set further vision of commissioning of 4th
Unit.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The company is using huge quantities of waste products of other industries i.e., Fly
ash, Slag & Chemical Gypsum for making Cement, thus contributing to prevention of
pollution and helping nation to combat pollution in general.
Production of Unit 3 would have been higher but for an unexpected breakdown in
June 2007 resulting in production loss of about 2 lacs MT of Clinker. It is heartening
to note that Unit 1 and Unit 2 have achieved their highest ever production capacity
utilization this year. Production of blended cement (Birla Shakti) has risen by 37%
from 11.73 lac MT to 16.02 lac MT. consistent high quality of the product has
enabled this section to improve its market share.
Captive power generation has increased from 182.05 million kWh last year to 280.56
million kWh during the year under review, thus meeting about 94% of the total power
requirement of the section. This has been possible due to the commissioning of third
power plant of 17.5 MW capacities in April 2007.
There has been an all round increase in the cost of raw materials as well as coal
during the year. Due to the non availability of coal both in quantity and quality, the
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
section had to import more expensive coal with additional burden on the cost of
production.
The section has undertaken various social welfare activities such as construction of
water tank at Sedam town, tree plantation and water harvesting, health camps and
vocational training centre, farmers’ training and rural development, etc,.
PRODUCT PROFILE
In this competitive scenario of the cement market, it is important for the product to
satisfy certain standards and benchmarks for its consumers’ acceptance. The
requisites of quality cement are as follows:
Comprehensive strength
Fineness
Soundness
Setting time
The cement produced at Vasavadatta offers all the requisites and is considered as one
of the most sought after brand for its superlative quality, unmatched fineness, strength
and faster setting feature.
Vasavadatta now offers the following products which are changed and upgraded with
the changing needs and preferences of the consumers. The products are as follows:
43 Grade OPC
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
53 Grade OPC
It offers PPC as Birla Shakti PPC, whereas the other two products are 43
Grade Vasavadatta Super and 53 Grade Vasavadatta Gold.
The packing of the product has been done using H.D.P.E. and Paper. Each pack
weighs 50 kgs. The bags are transported through trucks which load at the factory
premises and carry them to the destinations. Some of the cement bags are also
transported through railway wagons from Sedam Railway station. The products all
adhere to the quality specifications.
The PPC cement is mainly useful in RCC building constructions, waste disposal
pipes, electricity poles, fencing poles, ventilators, tiles industry, marine works, etc.
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
COMPANY POLICY
Produce and deliver quality cement & clinker as per customers’ requirement
with an aim to enhance customer satisfaction.
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
Technological innovations.
COMPANY LOGO
Atlas, bearer of the heavens is synonymous with vast, all encompassing strength and
is used to symbolize the Group’s own collective strength. It reflects the combined
qualities of astute and dynamic management while emphasizing the Group’s
tendency, consistency, reliability and overall leadership.
The Sun, as a source of infinite energy and inspiration, is used here in conjunction
with the Atlas head to represent the vitality and powerful presence of the Group-both
in its industrial prowess and its financial, technological and intellectual skills.
Each of the latitudes around the Titan represents various sections – industrial,
agricultural, financial and other activities of the Group. As the earth is a composition
of diverse materials, so is the strength of the Group, made up of its diverse activities.
The Group’s global presence and vision is reflected in the entirety of the Earth’s
sphere.
The strength of the entire edifice depends upon the strength of the foundation
embedded in the bedrock, represented hereby the Group Name.
Seen in its entirety, each of the elements – Atlas, the Sun, the Earth divisions, the
Globe and the Base, together sum up a well conceptualized and balanced
conglomerate.
DEPARTMENTS:
Name of Departments:
1 Accounts
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
2 Stores
3 Purchase
4 HRD
6 Mechanical
8 Electrical
9 Civil
10 Mines
11 Power Plant
12 Packing Plant
13 Instrumentation
14 EDP
16 TPM
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The process of manufacturing Cement involves basically the following sequential unit
operations and processes.
Limestone mining
Limestone crushing
Coal grinding
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
III) STACKING AND RECLAIMING: For stacking the crushed limestone BELT
TYPE BOOM STACKER is in operation, which is having capacity of 800 TPH.
The boom stacker has been conceived for material stacking on CHEVRON
METHOD. In this method the stacker travels to and fro on a runway between
two defined limits, while building up stockpile. The material is always
discharged constantly above the middle of the stockpile. With this method
piling can be done uniformly with required grades. Four stockpiles of 130 Mtrs.
long approximately 25000 MT capacities each can be made by turning the boom
to the opposite direction.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
WITH KEY RATIOS AT VASAVADATTA CEMENT KESORAM
INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The raw materials (Blended limestone, laterite and Bauxite) are fed to the
hoppers by belt conveyors. The materials from hoppers, fed to the mill in
required proportion by weigh feeders as predesigned by Quality Control
Department. In between the grinding table and rollers grinding takes place by
hydraulic pressure on rollers.
The ground material is conveyed outward over the edge of grinding bowl,
entrained by the air stream emanating from the nozzle ring conveyed to the
Electro Static Precipitator through the Static Separator of Unit-I and a dynamic
separator of Unit-II, which is built above the chamber. The separator separates
the ground material into the finished product (product fitness about 30% on 90
micron sieve) and coarse material. The coarse material drops back to the middle
of the grinding bowl, while fines are carried by the air stream to the E.S.P. and
then it will be transported through Bucket Elevator or by Airlift to Blending
Silo. The hot gases coming out of the Kiln are being utilized for drying the
material and entrainment of Raw Meal at required temperature. To control the
outlet temperature of the Mill and to maintain constant material bed on the
grinding table, water spraying system is provided inside the mill.
Recently the Unit-II Raw Mill has been upgraded by installing single chamber
ball mill in tandem with VRM and the output increased from 210 TPH to 255
TPH.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
VI) COAL GRINDING: The Raw Coal, received by rail/road is stored in Coal yard
after crushing to 30 mm size by Reversible Impact roll Crusher. Crushed Raw
Coal is fed to the Vertical Coal Mill (Capacity Unit-I 19 TPH and Unit-II 26
TPH) for grinding before firing in the Kiln and Precalciner. The coal grinding
takes place inside the mill between grinding rollers and grinding table. The
ground material (fine coal) is carried by the hot gasses drawn by C.A.fan. The
hot gasses are used to remove the moisture from Coal. The ground coal is
carried by hot gas stream through Static Separator in which the coarse material
will be returned to the mill and fines will be conveyed to the fine coal bins by
series of screw conveyors.
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
After blending and homogenization process, the Raw Meal is conveyed to the
Preheater through Poldos/Solid flow meter system, meant for weighing and
feeding the Raw meal and bucket elevator / air lift from C.F.Silo. Kiln Feed is
fed into the Cyclone I gas duct. Preheating and calcinations takes place in
various stages of Cyclones due to heat transfer.
Fine Coal is fired at Kiln outlet end through a Burner pipe. Poldos SC system is
used for main and precalciner firing. The hot gasses generated due to fine coal
firing are taken out by Dopol Fan/ESP Fan through Pre-heater, Raw Mill and
ESP.
Heat transfer takes place in Pre-heater as Kiln Feed moves downward and flue
gasses move upwards causing counter flow in gas ducts. Kiln Feed after
preheating (around 90% calcined material) enters at kiln inlet. Then such
decarbonised material will flow to the Burning Zone due to the inclination and
rotation of the rotary kiln in the direction of the hot zone (burning zone). The
temperature of the Burning Zone is maintained at about 1400 deg.C. for proper
clinkerisation. After this stage the material is known as CLINKER. This
Clinker gets cooled in the cooler (i.e., combination of static and moving grates).
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
Recently close circuiting of this mill is carried out and output increased from
115 TPH to 140 TPH. Also started using Polycom of Unit-II as a pregrinder for
Unit-I Cement Mill by installing clinker integration belt, for further
improvement.
Unit-II Cement Mill is a closed circuit Mill with POLYCOM (Roller Press) of 225
TPH capacity. Its length is 14.5 Mtrs. X dia 4.6 Mtrs. The Polycom Presses clinker
into flakes. The fines are separated in the “V” separator circuit and rejects goes back
to polycom for further size reduction. The “V” separator product is fed to the Ball
Mill for further grinding along with Gypsum. The ground material is then fed to the
Sepol dynamic Separator where the coarse and fines are separated. The Coarse
material is fed back to the Mill. Fines i.e., Cement is conveyed to the Cement Silos
by Bucket Elevator and stored for packing. Total 6 nos. of storage silos are there (3
for each unit).
To meet the power requirement for plant operation, two coal based Captive
Power Plants of capacities 15.0 MW and 9.5 MW respectively, have been
installed and balance power is taken from KPTCL with contract Demand of
7000 KVA 3 Nos. of Fuji DG sets are available to meet emergency power
requirement/during annual shutdown of Captive Thermal Power Plant.
IX) PACKING AND DESPATCH: Cement is extracted from the silo and filled in
Packer Hoppers, from where the material will flow to the Packer Machine
through bucket elevator and air slides. Six numbers of EEL make electronic
Roto Packers of 120 TPH capacity in Unit-I & II are installed for packing
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
purpose. They have high degree of accuracy. Finally the 50 Kg. Cement Bag is
transported by Belt Conveyor and stacked inside the Wagon/truck with the help
of Wagon Loading and Truck Loading Machines.
TPM is a powerful tool for organizational and cultural transformation that brings in
total efficiency of the plant by tackling key aspects of plant utilization, quality and
down-time, with the ultimate goal being Zero Breakdown, Zero Accident, Zero
Defect, Optimum inventory and clean environment with the involvement of each and
every employee right from Top Management to the Bottom Level person in the
company.
TPM aims at involving all the employees of the organization through eight pillars of
TPM.
They are:
1) Individual Improvement
2) Autonomous Maintenance
3) Planned Maintenance
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6) Quality Maintenance
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
Three Leaves (Rank 10) in the Green Rating Project of the Indian
Cement Industry by Center for Science and Environment
2005
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
THEORY BACK UP
Finance being an important part of business has extended its scope to wider
paradigms in the recent years. Due to its growing significance in today’s corporate
world there has been introduction of scientific analysis of the financial information.
The rationale behind ratio analysis lies in the fact that it makes data comparable. It is
a systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statements so that the strengths and
weaknesses of a firm as well as its historical performance and current financial
condition can be determined.
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A PROJECT REPORT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
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INDUSTRIES LTD SEDAM, GULBARGA
The financial statements provide a summarized view of the financial position and
operations of the firm. A lot of things can be learnt on analyzing the financial data and
information regarding its operations. The financial statements are considered as the
performance reports of a firm on the observation of which much can be understood.
Ratios are relative figures reflecting the relationship between the variables. They
enable us to draw conclusions regarding financial operations. Comparison with
related facts is the basis of ratio analysis. Four types of comparison are involved:
1. Trend ratios: Trend ratios involve comparison of the ratios of the firm over
time, that is, present ratios are compared with past ratios of the same firm.
These indicate the direction of change in the performance of the firm.
2. Inter-firm comparison: These involve comparison of the ratios of the firm with
those of others in the same line of business or for the industry as a whole
reflects its performance in relation to its competitors.
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of the firm in order to understand how one variable in the balance sheet can
impact over the other.
CLASSIFICATION OF RATIOS:
Liquidity Ratios:
The liquidity ratios measure the ability of the firm to meet its short-term obligations
and assess its small term solvency. While borrowing for short-term these liquidity
ratios are of high importance as they are checked by the short term lenders before
lending.
Current Ratio
The current ratio is the total current assets to current liabilities. The current assets of
the firm, represents the assets which in the normal course of the business can be
converted into cash within a short span of time. The current liabilities are liabilities of
the firm which mature in a short span of time. These ratios measure the short term
solvency, that is, its ability to meet short term obligations. The current ratio is given
by:
Quick Ratio
The difference between the current assets and current liabilities is called as the net
working capital of the firm. This is used as a measure of a firm’s liquidity. It is
considered that, the firm having greater working capital is more liquid and is able to
meet its current obligations with higher efficiency. In the above ratio the net working
capital has been related to the net assets(capital employed).
Another category of ratios which are extensively used to measure the long term
solvency of the firm are the leverage or the capital structure ratios.
These ratios are useful in the analysis of the firm in terms of its long term liquidity in
order to satiate the long term creditors which prefer the assurance of periodic and
regular payment of the interest and also of the principal with the arrival of the debt
maturing date. Some of the Capital Structure Ratios are as follows-
Debt-equity Ratio
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Coverage Ratio
Debt-Equity Ratio:
It reflects the level of debt indulged in the total capital structure. It shows the relative
claims of the creditors as against the owners’ funds. Alternatively it also indicates the
relative proportions of debt and equity in financing the assets of the firm. This ratio
acts as an indicator of the margin of safety to the creditors.
This ratio explains the proportion of total debt (long term liabilities) to the total assets
of the firm. One can understand that the debt to the total assets account for so much.
This signifies the stake of creditors in the total assets of the firm. Thus the debt to
total capital (total assets) is calculated as follows:
Total Assets
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Coverage Ratios:
The second category of leverage ratios are coverage ratios. These ratios are computed
from the information available in the profit and loss account. The obligations of the
firm are normally met out of the earnings or the operating profits and not out of the
permanent assets. Hence it is very important for the long term creditors to keep a
check on the soundness of the firm to service their claims like interest on loans,
repayment of the installment of the loans, redemption of preference capital on
maturity, preference dividend, etc. This ability of the firm is indicated by the coverage
ratios.
The coverage ratios measure the relationship between what is normally available from
the operations of the firms and the claims of the outsiders. The important coverage
ratios are interest coverage ratio, dividend coverage ratio, total coverage ratio, total
cashflow coverage ratio, debt service coverage ratio.
The interest coverage ratio or the times interest earned is used to test the firm’s debt-
servicing ability. The interest coverage ratio is computed by dividing earnings before
interest and taxes (EBIT) by interest charges.
Profitability Ratios:
Equally important with the short term and long term solvency, is the financial
soundness of the firm which can be judged using the profitability ratios which imply
the profit earned by the firm through the sales. These ratios indicate the operating
efficiency of the firm as well as the ability of the firm to ensure returns on the
amounts invested by the shareholders by earning adequate profits.
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Gross profit is the measure of the relationship between profit and sales. This ratio
indicates the gross profit earned out of sales. It shows the profits available for
appropriations.
A higher ratio implies better management and indicates that the cost of production is
low; in contrast the lower margin is a danger sign for the firm. Thus gross profit
margin indicates the health of the company.
This measure is an indicator of the management’s ability to operate the business with
sufficient success not only to recover from revenues of the period, the cost of
merchandise or services, the expenses of operating the business (including
depreciation) the cost of the borrowed funds, but also leave a margin of reasonable
compensation to the owners for providing their capital at risk. The ratio of net profit
(after interest and taxes) to sales essentially expresses the cost price effectiveness of
the operation.
A higher margin would ensure adequate return to the owners as well s enable a firm to
withstand adverse economic conditions when selling price is declining, cost of
production is rising and demand for the product is falling. The lower margin has the
contrasting effect.
Operating profit ratio = Earnings before interest & taxes (EBIT) * 100
Sales
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Expenses Ratio:
Operating Ratio:
Return on Investments:
It would be unwise if only the profitability ratios are considered with sales and no
return on investments are considered; the return on investments act as a parameter of
knowing if the profits earned justify themselves.
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Any firm may earn fairly good percent of profit of sales but when calculated on the
total investment the profit percent may seem low. This signifies the importance of the
return on investment calculation. The various types of return on investment ratios are:
Return on Assets
Return on Equity
Overall profitability
Return on Assets:
This ratio is one of the important ratios which assess the return on the assets
employed. Here the profitability is measured in terms of the relationship between net
profits and assets. The ROA measures the profitability of the total funds/ investments
of a firm.
Return on equity:
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The ordinary shareholders’ are given their dividends out of the profits after taxes.
Therefore a return on shareholders’ equity is calculated to see the profitability on the
owners’ investment.
The return on equity is net profit after taxes divided by shareholders’ equity. This
ratio reflects the extent to which the objective of earning a satisfactory margin on
owners’ funds is accomplished. Thus this ratio is very important from the view point
of the prospective shareholders and also management of the firm who has the
responsibility of maximizing the shareholders’ wealth. The return on equity
calculation can be done using the formula below:
ROCE is another type of ROI. It is similar to the ROA except in one respect. Here the
profits are related to the capital employed. The capital employed basis provides a test
of profitability related to the sources of long term funds. A comparison of this ratio
with the industry average and over time would provide sufficient insight into how
efficiently the long term funds of owners and creditors are being used.
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According to this ratio, profitability can be measured by dividing the net profits after
taxes (but before preference dividend) by the average total shareholders’ equity. The
term total shareholders’ equity comprises of
This ratio reveals how profitably the funds of the owners have been utilized by the
firm.
As the equity shareholders or the ordinary shareholders are supposed to bear all the
risks of the business, they are called as real owners of the business. Hence the ratio
which emphasizes the return on ordinary shareholders’ equity is also termed as net
worth. If the company does not have any preference shareholders, so the ratio of
return on total shareholders’ equity will be equal to the net worth.
EPS measures the profit available to the equity shareholders on a per share basis, that
is, the amount that they can get on every share held. It is calculated by dividing the
profits available to the shareholders by the number of the outstanding shares. The
profits available to the ordinary shareholders are represented by net profits after taxes
and preference dividend. Thus EPS is given by:
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Overall Profitability:
The firm can assess its overall profitability by calculating the earning power of the
firm using total assets and the net profit after taxes. This is a central measure of the
overall profitability and the operational efficiency of the firm. However this can also
be called as a product of the net profit margin and the investments turnover ratio.
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Activity Ratios:
Creditors and owners invest in the various assets of the company in order to generate
profits out of the business. Sales of the firm can be enhanced with the proper
management of the assets of the firm. Activity ratios are employed to evaluate the
efficiency of asset management and their utilization by the firm. These are also called
as turnover ratios as these indicate the speed with which these get themselves
converted into cash.
These ratios measure the liquidity of the firm; these like the current ratio determine
how quickly certain current assets get converted into cash. The relevant turnover
ratios are-
Inventory turnover indicates the efficiency of the firm in producing and selling its
products. It is calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory.
From the following table we can calculate the inventory turnover ratio for the five
successive years. The inventory turnover ratio is given by:
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Firms also sell their goods on credit, this creates the debtors account in the books of
the firm. Debtors are included in the current assets as they are convertible into cash.
Thus the liquidity position to a large extent depends on the quality of debtors as
debtors form a major part of the current assets.
Debtors turnover ratio indicates the number of times debtors turnover each year. High
ratio implies that the firm has been able to collect its debts efficiently and the debtors
have good credibility. A lower ratio states the firm needs to revise its credit policies
and see to it that the debtors’ turnover is increased.
It is given by:
It is also known as Investment Turnover Ratio. It measures the efficiency of the firm
in managing and utilizing its assets. There are several variants in the ratio depending
on the variants of the assets like total assets, fixed assets, current assets, etc.,.
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This ratio determines the extent to which the firm uses the fixed assets
efficiently in order to earn more sales and profits. A higher ratio implies that
the firm has been managing and utilizing its fixed assets. A lower ratio
suggests more scope for proper management of fixed assets.
This ratio depicts how quickly a company can turn its current assets. This ratio
is a measure of the utilization of current assets by the firm. The current assets
turnover ratio is given by:
This ratio indicates the firms’ ability in generating sales from all the financial
resources committed to assets. The total assets turnover ratio is given by:
This ratio indicates the turnover of capital. It studies the efficiency with which
the capital employed generates sales. Higher the ratio better is the utilization
of the funds employed.
This ratio indicates the ability of the firm to generate the sales with the
efficient use of the working capital of the firm. A lower ratio implies poor
usage of the working capital.
DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATION
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Liquidity Ratios:
The above table reveals the current ratio of the firm for five succeeding years. The
higher the current ratio, higher is the liquidity of the firm, which also means lower
profitability but by maintaining a consistent ratio the firm has managed a trade-off
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between liquidity and profitability. However the ratio has declined in the year 2007-
08. When seen for the five years from 2003-04 which showed a considerably high
ratio of 2.5:1 to 2007-08 which reduced its current ratio to 1.9:1. In the years 2004-05
and 2005-06 the current ratios were the highest.
The industry ratio is 2:1,that is, for every rupee of current liability the firm must have
two rupees as its current assets to pay them off. The company complies with the
industry average.
The table above gives an idea about the quick assets held by the company as against
their current liabilities. It can be interpreted as for every one rupee of current assets
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the company holds Re.1.24 in the year 2007-08. Investing more in the liquid assets
would affect the profitability. Therefore the company has been cautious enough to
reduce the amount of quick assets to current liabilities ratio. The company has thus
been reducing the investment in the liquid assets. The quick ratio was nearly Rs. 2 in
the year 2004-05 which came down to Rs.1.50 in the year 2005-06. Since then the
quick ratio has been on the declining trend. The industry average for the quick ratio is
1:1. This means that the company has been able to comply with the standards with
ease.
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In the above table one can see that the net working capital has been increasing but at a
declining rate which is why the ratio has been on the decreasing over the five
financial year period. One can observe that the ratio in the year 2004-05 was the
highest which gradually reduced to the level of 0.359 in the year 2005-06, then to
0.308 in the year 2006-07, finally to 0.245 in the year 2007-08.
This means that if the capital employed(net assets) is Rs.100 then the net working
capital was Rs. 40 in the year 2004-05, Rs. 30.8 in the year 2006-07 and Rs.24.5 in
the year 2007-08.
Activity Ratios:
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This table clearly shows the time taken by the inventory to turn into cash. In the
year 2007-08 it can be observed that inventory turns almost every 2 months. In the
sense that the inventory runs fast i.e., it runs for almost 6 times in the same year.
Whereas in the other years that is the four preceding years one can see that the
inventory took almost the same time. However it had been nominally high in the
years 2004-05 and 2005-06 through efficient management and sudden rise in the
demand for cement . This means that the firm has been managing inventory well
to make sure that the inventory is not shelved up.
A low inventory turnover implies excessive inventory levels than warranted by the
production and sales activities. An excessively high inventory turnover ratio is
also unfavorable which leads to stock-outs.
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The table reveals that the debtor turnover ratio is considerably high, which means the
firm has a very good debtor management system. The ratio has been increasing which
is a healthy trend. The average collection period is 1.10 months i.e. almost 33 days.
This means that the debtors in the year 2007-08 have been liquidated within 33 days.
When compared with the previous years it can be observed that the ratio was lowest
and the collection period the highest in the year 2003-04, the collection period being
56 days. The ratio saw an increase in the year 2005-06 from 6.97 times to 8.75 times.
The later years also mention an increase in the debtors’ turnover and thus implying a
lower average collection period from debtors.
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The table represents the ratios assessing the efficiency of the firm in utilizing their
fixed as well as their current asset. The table reveals that the ratios have been
deteriorating year after year which means the firm has ample chance to expand its
operations and make full utilization of the available resources.
Here one can see that the cost of goods sold to fixed assets ratio in the year 2006-07
was the highest. In the year 2007-08 the ratio was 1.66, in the sense, that the firm
utilizes its fixed assets 1.66 times. The ratios in the years 2004-05 and 2005-06 are
quite high comparatively.
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The table depicts the current assets turnover ratio of the company wherein one can
observe that the current assets turnover is faster than the fixed assets turnover of the
company. If taken in comparison, we can observe that the current assets are well
managed than the fixed assets. The CATR was the highest in the year 2006-07 and it
is comparatively lower in the year 2007-08. We can compare the fixed assets turnover
ratio and current assets turnover ratio of the company in the years 2004-05 and 2005-
06 and say that both the ratios were almost equal.
These ratios infer by reciprocating them. Considering the ratios of 2007-08, for one
rupee of cost of goods sold the fixed asset investment would be Rs.0.60 (1/1.66) and
Rs.0.44 (1/2.26) in the current assets should be invested. Thus this is the explanation
of the above ratios.
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The table gives a clear picture of total assets turnover of the company for the period of
5 years. The total assets turnover has been declining since the year 2005-06 when it
was the highest. The falling rate is not a very healthy trend. It implies that Rs.0.94 is
the investment in total assets that is in both current and fixed assets in order to incur
Re.1 on the cost of goods sold.
Similarly the amount for different years can be interpreted as above, stating that for
the cost of goods sold of Re. 1 the total asset investment in the year 2003-04 was Rs.
1.02 and for the year 2004-05 the investment was Rs. 1.10, which meant that the asset
handling had been improved. In the year 2005-06, the total asset investment was Rs.
1.13 as against the cost of Re. 1 which gradually deteriorated to Rs. 1.06 and Re.0.94.
This however clarifies the total asset turnover ratio was never high in the span of five
years for the company.
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The table reveals the ratios which can be interpreted as follows- the capital
turnover ratio had been the highest in the years 2005-06 and 2005-04 mainly
because of the lower profits in those two years. The ratio can be interpreted as
the capital employed to be at Re.1 against Rs. 1.26 of the cost of goods sold in
the year 2007-08. The ratio has been declining since the year 2005-06. The
capital employed against the cost of goods sold by reciprocating the ratio, one
can find that Re. 0.79 has to be the capital employed against the cost of goods
sold in the financial year 2007-08.
The ratios of the other years can also be interpreted in the same manner.
The ratios calculated in the above table reveals the level of working capital employed
to expend the cost on the goods sold. In the year 2007-08, the cost of goods sold is 4
times the working capital. The working capital required is 4 times to generate the
sales. Similarly in the year 2006-07 the working capital to cost of goods sold is 3.5.
The turnover ratio is 4 times and 3.2 times in the years 2005-06 and 2004-05.
Leverage Ratio:
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Debt-Equity Ratio:
The above table reveals that the firm maintains a mediocre ratio of debt and equity.
To explain it precisely with the data available, it is clear that for every Rs.1.24 of debt
there is owners’ equity of Re.1 which means that both the owners and creditors are
almost equal level of risk and gain. The lower ratio has helped the firm to raise more
funds for the expansion plan. The ratio was the highest in the year 2005-06. It was
almost Rs.1.50 for Re.1. However, the debt-equity ratio of 2006-07 and 2007-08 were
Rs.1.33 and finally to Rs.1.24 against Re.1 respectively. The prescribed standard for
debt-equity ratio is 2:1. The company maintains a low level of debt-equity ratio
compared to the standard.
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Total Assets
The total debt to total assets ratio reveals the proportion of debt to total assets. It is
another way of interpreting the debt to equity ratio. One can see that the proportion of
the debt to total assets is Re. 0.40 if the total assets are Re. 1 in the year. The company
has constantly been maintaining the same level of debt to total assets ratio. In the year
2003-04 it was Re. 0.39 in the total assets of Re.1. The total debt has not been varying
too much in fraction out of total assets. In the year 2005-06 the proportion was the
highest, it was almost Re.0.45 of Re.1. In the year 2004-05 it was Re.0.41 against
Re.1 , similarly it was Re.0.43 and 0.41 in the years 2006-07 and 2007-08.
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Coverage Ratios:
This ratio shows the number of times the interest charges are covered by funds that
are ordinarily available for their payments. In the above table one can see that the
interest coverage ratio in the year 2006-07 was the highest; it was 12.43 times. This
means that the firm is able to service its interest almost 12.5 times with the same
earnings. In the year 2007-08, it reduced to 11.6 but this reduction is not detrimental.
The ratio is high, despite reduction. The other years have low interest coverage ratios.
From the above calculation one can infer that a high ICR is a favorable sign for the
company as it has got greater ability to service the interest on debts.
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Profitability Ratio:
The ratios calculated for the five succeeding years in the above table tell us the
percentage of gross profit on sales. The table indicates a very progressive growth in
the gross profits. However one can observe decline in the gross profit percentage level
in the year 2004-05 which is the lowest in the five year data followed by an increase
in the gross profits indicating a positive sign. But the data show a sharp increase in the
gross profits continuing the same trend.
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This table shows operating profitability margin calculated using sales as a measure.
These margins indicate the level of operating profit, that is, the profit available before
interest and taxes but after deducting the necessary operating expenses. One can see
that the operating profit margin in the year 2003-04 was almost 9% owing to the high
expenses which can be seen in the expenses ratio. The margin is highest in the year
2007-08, due to reduction in the expenses over the years and improvement in sales.
This improvement in the margin commenced from 2005-06 which saw an increased
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margin from 4.5% in the year 2004-05, to 6.4%. Since this rise in the margin, the
company saw a drastic rise in the margin in the year 2006-07 of about 16%, due to the
reduction in the expenses of the company and also better sales.
The table here depicts the net profit margins calculated for the company over the
period of 5 years which sees a fluctuation over the period. The company had a low
margin in the year 2003-04, which further deteriorated in the year 2004-05, leaving a
meager amount as earnings for the shareholders. Similar was the case in the year
2005-06 which followed the same trend of lower profits. However, the company saw
a drastic change in the year 2006-07, which had the profitability margin of 12% and
has led to an improvement in the margin from 12% to 13% in the year 2007-08.
The above table clearly shows that the operating and the net profit margins have been
increasing ever since the decline in the year 2004-05. This means that the firm has
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been effective in managing the business properly with due care so that it could
provide margin of reasonable compensation to the owners for providing their capital
at risk.
Expenses Ratio:
The table reveals that the cost of the goods sold in the five years had been
considerably high. In the year 2003-04 it was about 89% of sales, that is,
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Rs.114981.8, leaving only a small gross profit margin of 11%. This margin
increased in the next years leaving a lean margin of profits for the
shareholders. However the cost of goods sold has been reduced indicating
efficiency in the cost management.
The cost of goods sold margin should be maintained at a lower level so that a
fairly good amount of earnings remain for the shareholders. The margin shows
the direct impact on the profitability and earnings of the firm.
The above table reveals that the operating costs like administrative and selling
expenses to what extent occupy the sales. The margins show the proportion of
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amount spent as operating expenses. One can see that the operating expenses
in the year 2004-05 was the highest amounting to Rs.35730 lacs, which again
has a bad impact on the profits of the company. However the company has put
in efforts to considerably reduce the expenses in the year 2007-08, which
shows a margin of 20%. The company has been able to decline the margin
from 24% to 22% from the year 2005-06 to 2006-07.
Operating Ratio:
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The table shows that the operating ratio, that is, both operating costs and the
cost of goods sold together account for almost 112% of sales in the year 2003-
04, which however raised to 118% in the year 2004-05, the same got reduced
however by 2%, that is, 116% of the sales. This margin got reduced to 104%
in the year 2006-07, which showed the considerable control of the company
over the expenses. However, the company has now been able to reduce the
level of expenses in the overall sales by bringing down the expenses to sales
margin to 98% in 2007-08 from 104% the previous year.
Return on Investments:
Return on Assets:
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Here through the table we can infer that the utilization of assets have been effective
and to a fairly good extent. The figures in the table indicate that the assets have been
earning a fairly good amount of profits, though the year 2004-05 had a decline in the
ROA but in the later year one can see that the ROA has been increasing. The profit
before interest but after taxes acts as a good measure in knowing the return on assets.
The return was the highest in the year 2007-08, with 17.5%, but this was only a
nominal rise in the returns when compared the same with the returns of 2006-07
wherein the returns were 17.4%. Prior to this year the returns on assets were low
which can be examined from the table. This implies that over the years; since the
decline the firm has been trying to manage and utilize its assets, so as to maximize the
returns on assets
Return on Equity:
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One can observe the return on equity ratios calculated in the above table, here the
ratios depicts the earnings on the equity invested by the owners in the firm. These
ratios are an answer of the proper handling or mishandling of the funds invested of the
firm. The ratios here consider the profit after interest and taxes, which has all the
appropriations deducted of it and is available for the distribution of the same to the
owners of the firm. The ratio can converted to % to have a better understanding of
them.
One can see that the returns in the year 2006-07 were the highest showing 41% of
returns on equity; there is a slight reduction in the % of returns in the year 2007-08,
showing 39% returns. The returns were low in the years 2004-05 and 2005-06. The
return in the year 2003-04 was also low but in comparison to the years 2004-05 and
2005-06, the returns were good.
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These margins measure the returns that a firm has managed to generate on the average
capital employed. It takes into consideration the earnings before interest and taxes
with the average of the total capital employed in the business.
One can see that the return on capital employed had been the lowest in the years
2004-05 and 2005-06. However the company raised the return on capital employed
from almost 5% in the year 2005-06 to 21% in the year 2006-07. The company is
trying to keep up the same trend in the years to come. The company has been
successful in maintaining the same level of return on capital in the year 2007-08. The
% of returns to the capital employed is 20.6%
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The table here represents the return on the total shareholders’ equity which is offered
to them after all the necessary appropriation like interest and taxes from the profits
earned are done. The table can be understood in the manner that the earnings available
to the shareholders on the average of their capital invested in the year 2007-08 is 47%
of their average capital invested. Similarly in the year 2006-07 it is 50% which is the
highest. In the other years, one can see that the earnings on the shareholders’ equity
were less. It was 12% in the year 2005-06 and 9.5% in 2004-05. It had higher
earnings in the year 2003-04 when the same is compared to the years 2005-06 and
2004-05
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This table illustrates the earning per share held by the equity shareholders of the firm.
The main objective of the company is maximization of the shareholders’ wealth
which means to maximize earnings per share of the ordinary shareholders’ who bear
the risk and are uncertain about the returns on their investment.
The company has been able to increase the earnings per share since the fall in the
same in the year 2004-05. The following years had seen a boost in the earnings per
share, there was a rise of Rs. 3 in the year 2005-06 and later in the year 2006-07 it
enhanced to Rs 58, that is, an improvement of Rs.48 since 2005-06. The trend
followed in the year 2007-08 which estimated earnings per share of Rs. 83.8 implying
the management’s endevour to enhance the owners’ wealth.
Overall Profitability:
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Total Assets
The table reveals that the earning power has been satisfactory. In the year 2004-05
and 2005-06 the overall profitability had a steep plunge which however was
recuperated by the company through their intelligent management. Therefore the
company has a satisfying overall profitability at present.
The table gives us a picture of how the overall profitability of the company been
fluctuating all the way from 2003-04 to 2007-08. The year 2003-04 saw a low
profitability which deteriorated in the following years. There was a recovery of the
same in the next years of the abrupt fall of the profitability of the company.
FINDINGS
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The following are the findings of the analysis done on calculation of various ratios
and percentages in order to study the financial health of the company over a period of
five years.
The quick ratio also was maintained high by the company. This
shows the inclination of the company towards liquidity. The
liquid assets held by the company were more. The company has
constantly been keeping up the quick ratio above the standards
of 1:1 emphasizing on short-term liquidity.
The net working capital ratio has been on fall like the other two
ratios. The net working capital has been on decline from year to
year giving away the pattern of justified liquidity towards
which the company is slowly moving from excessive liquidity.
Despite the rise in the working capital year on year the ratio
shows the declining trend.
The ratios when combined enumerates that the company is in a favorable short term
liquidity position which is of utmost importance to the short term creditors.
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The debt to equity ratios have been below the industry standard of 2:1.
The company has been not utilizing the debts fully in its capital structure.
Though the company has been increasing the debt level in its capital
structure year after year the company has not been able to increase the
debt-equity mix in the total assets of the company.
The total debt to total assets ratio shows the extent of the hold of creditors
in the total assets (total capital). The ratio had been in the range of Re.0.40
to Re.0.45 per Re.1 of the total assets whereas the standards specify that
the satisfactory level of debt to total assets is 2/3rd or 66% of the total
assets.
Interest coverage ratio has been above satisfaction for the company. The
company in the recent years (2006-07 & 2007-08) has been considerably
good. This explains that company is in a position to service its debts with
ease by such higher coverage ratio.
The leverage ratios illustrate the long term liquidity of the company. The
company’s long term liquidity is beyond satisfaction. The company on the outset
has a risk averting nature which is why full utilization of debts is not done. The
long term liquidity which is highly material to the creditors is good. This high
liquidity defines higher margin of safety for the creditors and a better hold of
owners’ of the business.
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The gross profit margin was fluctuating throughout the period of 5 years.
GPM was below satisfaction which gradually rose owing to the high
operating expenses and other costs. The operating profits and the net
profits were also struck by the high level of expenses which are at an
adequate level at present.
The expenses ratio was a good measure in estimating their effect on the
profits of the company. The assessment helped in analyzing that the
company previously had high expenses which left only a meager part of
the sales for the shareholders. This was an alarming situation for the
company. The total expenses had been 100% and more of the sales.
The cost of goods sold had been ranging from 75% to 90% of the total
sales deteriorating the profit position. The operating profits had been 25%
which currently has been controlled at the level of 20%. There have been
efforts in minimizing the higher ratios of expenses to sales.
The return on investments also estimates the profitability position and utilization of the
funds invested in the business
EPS has been spectacular in the year 2007-08 assuring the shareholders a
growing tendency of the company. EPS has grown beyond expectation
within a span of two years exemplifying the efforts of management.
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concern if not taken care. However overall the company had been
profitable.
Activity Ratios determine the level of activities carried out to turn up more
sales:
Inventory turnover ratio had been quite good for the firm over the years.
Even in the years in which the firm had seen low profits, the ITR had been
good implying the efficient management of the inventory. The inventory
to cash cycle has been low of the firm.
Like inventory the debtors have also been good for the company. The
debtor to cash cycle has been low signifying the proper and efficient
collection system.
The fixed assets turnover ratio has been low providing scope for
improvement in the generation of sales with the use of the fixed assets.
The fixed assets turnover has been declining year after year. However the
current assets have been used efficiently in order to generate more sales.
The total assets turnover ratio is a combination of both fixed and current
assets. These turnover ratios explain that the company can further make
the most of the total assets available to them.
The working capital turnover ratios define how well the working capital is
able to produce the goods which in turn are sold to derive profits. The
WCTR are above satisfaction indicating that the working capital has been
able to generate the goods 4 times more in the year 2007-08. This shows
that firm is properly utilizing its working capital.
The total capital employed turnover ratio is quite satisfactory over the
years, but the turnover has seen a decline with the passage of time.
These activity ratios show how far the company is able to properly manage its assets
irrespective of fixed or current. These show the level of reciprocation of the funds in the
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SEDAM, GULBARGA
form of assets or capital to enhance production in order to have higher sales and thus
profits.
SUGGESTIONS:
An endevour has been done to circumspectly examine and analyze the various financial
statements of the company, spread over a period of five years. On careful assessment and
analysis the following suggestions have been put forth:
The liquidity ratios have been above the prescribed norm, so to suggest one
can say that the company can make better utilization of the current
liabilities. The company has scope to enhance the use of current liabilities.
There can be some disinvestment in the quick assets as the quick assets are
maintained above the prescribed level. This will make the company move
towards profitability than to stick with liquidity.
The company has not been adequately using the leverage in its capital
structure effectively. There is lot of scope for the company to increase the
level of debt which currently is in the proportion of 40-45% which can be
raised 65% safely .The interest coverage ratios also suggest the capacity of
the company to enhance its debt structure in the capital of the company.
The asset turnover ratios suggest that there can be better utilization of fixed
and current assets to turn up better sales by proper expansion plans by all
the units of the company.
The expenses are too high for the company; though they have been reduced
they must be maintained at a lower level, in order to see that they do not
eat away the profits of the company. The expenses must be controlled by
bringing a proper system of material and machine handling, etc. The
alternative may be to increase sales in proportion with the increase in
expenses.
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Financial system has to take care of the fluctuations in the trend ratios of the
company. The company must essentially be cautious about the market
trends and fashion so as to avoid such fluctuation in the key ratios of the
company.
CONCLUSION:
The company has diverse business at various locations. The financial strength depends on
the operation of all the units of the company. From the performance evaluation of the
company for five years using the financial information made available one can conclude
that the company had been running its business in a very safe mode by taking fewer risks.
However, it is very essential that the company uses the market opportunities of debt in
order to have leverage in its capital structure. This would help the company to maximize
the owners’ wealth.
The financial statements of the company illustrates that the company had been into lot of
financial turbulences in the past five years. The company had seen a great fall in the
profitability in the years 2004-05 & 2005-06, owing several reasons for such decline.
Prior to these years also the company did not present excellent results. Despite all the
steep falls in the finances and the profitability of the company especially in the financial
years 2004-05 and 2005-06, it has been able to come out of the crisis and rise to
profitability. This is a sign of proper management of the company as well as its overall
finances.
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BIBLIOGRAGPHY
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
GOOGLE.COM
WWW.VASAVADATTACEMENT.COM
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
AUTHOR: I M PANDEY
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EXPENDITURE
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