(1) CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS AS Political Science

CONCEPTUAL TOOLS -A systematic study of politics

-Activity to which people make, preserve and amend the
Concepts general rules under which they live
 Exist in the realm of ideas and thoughts -Focuses on values of equality, freedom and justice,
 Created and have been used to have a firm grip of a resolution and cooperation
phenomenon FIELDS OF STUDY AND AREAS OF INTEREST
 A Heuristic tool Public Administration
 “means” rather than “end” -Examines how the government functions and how
decisions and politics are made
Sociality Political Economy
 Defined by the socialities we possess, categories -Evaluates the interplay between economics, politics and
assigned to us by the society law and its implication to various institutions within the
 Categories are not natural but socially constructed society
(i.e. gender) Comparative Politics
 Values and beliefs as social motivators -Compares domestic politics and governance systems
across different sovereign states
Social Realities
“Why do people do such things?”
(3) SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
 Istambay
 Lagay
A. CONSENSUS THEORY (Durkheim)
 Food taboos -Individuals agree on basic values and define what is right
 Use of a go-between/padrino and wrong.
A-1 Social Contract Theory (Hobbs)
-Free people agree to form community and give up some
(2) INTERSECTIONS AND SUBJECTS OF of their individual freedom to benefit society.
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL 2 Major Types:
SCIENCE a. Explicit
b. Implicit
Anthropology A-2 Social Solidarity Theory (Durkheim)
-A systematic study of the biological, cultural and social -Social cohesion based upon the dependence which
aspects of man individuals have on each other in more advanced societies.
-From 2 Greek Words, “Anthropos” or man, and “Logos” or 2 Major Types:
Knowledge a. Organic
FIELDS OF STUDY AND AREAS OF INTEREST b. Mechanical
Social Anthropology B. CONFLICT THEORY (Karl Marx)
-How social patterns and practices develop across -Social order is in a state of perpetual conflict because of
societies competition for limited resources.
Cultural Anthropology -Domination and Power
-How cultural variations develop across different societies C. FUNCTIONALISM THEORY (Parsons)
and the need to understand each culture in its own context -Society functions the way it does by emphasizing on the
Linguistic Anthropology relationships between the various social institutions.
-Language discourse and how they reflect and shape Primary social institutions
different aspects of human  Family- determining kinship.
Biological and Physical Anthropology
 Education- transmitting knowledge from one
-Origins of humans and the interplay between social
generation to the next.
factors and process of human evolution, adaptation and
 Religion- regulating our relation to the
variations over time
supernatural.
Archaeology
-Prehistoric societies by studying their tools and  Government- providing for the legitimate use of
environment power.
 Economics- regulating the distribution of goods
Sociology and services.
-A systematic study of the human social life, groups and D. INTERACTION THEORY
society -Exchange between two or more individuals and is a
FIELDS OF STUDY AND AREAS OF INTEREST building block of society
Individual and Group Behavior 1. Symbolic- meaning that people develop from social
-Social patterns and trends by individuals and collective interactions
masses 2. Non-Symbolic- unconscious responses that one makes
Social Phenomena to the gestures of others
-Attempts to explain a certain change in societal behaviors
 (4) DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETIES (5) TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE
CULTURAL HERITAGE
1. Hunting and Gathering Society
• Earliest and simplest forms of society Fast Talk! UCSP Edition
• Small size and mainly families only What does UNESCO stand for?
• Nomadics (no permanent territory) -United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
2. Pastoral Society What province is MIAG-AO CHURCH located?
• Domestication of Animals for food -ILOILO
• Produce surplus food and resources What is the Filipino term for BANAUE RICE TERRACES?
• Emergence of specialize tasks -Hagdan- Hagdang Palayan
DARANGAN EPIC is an epic of Maranao. What mythic animal
3. Horticultural Society from the region was used by ABS-CBN as their network
• Small scale cultivation of plants, fruits and mascot?
vegetables -SARIMANOK
HUDHUD CHANT is of Ifugao Origin. What color represents
• Semi nomadics (travel when current area is
bravery in Ifugao?
already depleted) -Red
• Roles are more clearly defined
TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE:
4. Agricultural Society -physical artefacts produced, maintained and transmitted
• Large scale and long term cultivation of crops and intergenerationally in a society.
domestication of animals
• Use of tools in farming, improved technology INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE:
• Population growth -includes traditions and living expressions that are
passed down from generation to generation within a
5. Feudal Society particular community
• Based on the ownership of land (kings and
vassals) CULTURAL HERITAGE COMMISSIONS:
• Rise of conflicts over resources
• Members of society based on status UNESCO: International Organization which adapted the
preservation of Tangible and Intangible Heritage across
6. Industrial Society the globe
• Use of specialized machinery NCCA: National Commission for the Culture and the Arts
• Advances in Science and Technology during in the Philippines
Industrial Revolution
• Social relations in the workplace TREATHS IN PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL
HERITAGE:
7. Post Industrial Society • ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY
• Led by human mind and aided by highly advanced • MODERNIZATION
technology • LACK OF INTEREST AMONG THE YOUTH
• Virtual Society • CONVERSION IN RELIGION OF MINORITIES
• Person as primary agent of change • PHYSICAL and ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• POLITICAL AGENDA
What form society do I belong?
7 Characteristics of Culture
Caveman lifestyle- Hunting and Gathering 1. Culture is social because it is a product of behavior.
Land owners- Feudal 2. Culture varies from society to society.
Modern farmers- Agricultural 3. Culture is shared.
Small scale florists- Horticultural 4. Culture is learned.
Early scientists- Industrial 5. Culture is transmitted among members of society.
Computer wizards- Post Industrial 6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.
Animal raisers- Pastoral 7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
Family and society- Hunting and Gathering
Conflicts over land- Feudal
Semi-nomadics- Horticultural
Population growth- Agricultural
Robotics and A.I.- Post Industrial
Industrial revolution- Industrial
Domestication of animals- Pastoral
 (6) LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL & 2. Cultural Evolution
SOCIAL EVOLUTION  Cultural evolution occurs through the development
of customs and languages, and involves the
1. Biological Evolution transfer of information either within a generation or
across many generations.
 Any unit of cultural information, such as a practice
or an idea, that gets transmitted verbally or by
repeated action from one mind to another, is
called a meme.
 Example:
The change in lifestyle of modern humans from
nomadic hunter-gatherers to permanent settlers who
domesticated animals and adopted agricultural
practices
 Evidence of human culture, such as musical
instruments, cave paintings and burial practices,
can be seen as early as the Lower Palaeolithic
period.
 Biological (or genetic) evolution occurs through  The changes or development in cultures from a
genetic variation and reproduction, and simple form to a more complex form of human
involves the transfer of genes from one generation culture.
to the next.
BIOLOGICAL VS. CULTURAL

 Changes, Modifications, and Variations in The

Genetics and Inherited Traits.

Charles Darwin
 He was an English naturalist, geologist
and biologist, best known for his contributions to
the science of evolution.
 His proposition that all species of life have
descended over time from common ancestors is
now widely accepted, and considered a
foundational concept in science.
 He introduced his scientific theory that
 Scientists study the changes in the physical body this branching pattern of evolution resulted
of humans, the changes in the shape and size of from a process that he called natural selection.
their bones living in contrasting climates and  “The Origin of Species”
environmental conditions.
 Populations adapted to colder, sub-zero SPECIES
temperatures (such as the Inuit eskimos) tend to  A population of organisms that interbreed and has
have broader hips and short, thick extremities fertile offspring.
(reduces surface area: body mass ratio, facilitating 
heat conservation), as well as more fat deposits
(insulation)
 Populations adapted to warmer temperatures
(such as Australian aborigines) tend to have
increased skin pigmentation to better cope with
the damaging effects of solar radiation
Natural Selection 2. Homo erectus
-The outcome processes that affect the frequencies of  They were the first to use axe and knives and produce
traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance fire.
survival and reproductive success increase in frequency  The species name means “Upright Man” with body
over time. proportions similar to that of modern humans. Lived
1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates
Evolution and mostly spread in Africa and Asia.
-Is the process by which modern organisms have descended  The species name means “Wise Man” that appeared
from ancient ancestors. form 200,000 years ago. The present human race
belongs to this species.
Three Principles of Natural Selection
 The term anatomically modern humans (AMH) is
used to distinguish H. sapiens having
1. Variations
an anatomy consistent with the range of
-Every species is made up of a variety of individuals
phenotypes seen in contemporary humans from
wherein some are adopted to their environments
varieties of extinct archaic humans
compared to others Variations.
 The Latin noun homō (genitive hominis) means
2. Heredity
"human being", while the participle sapiēns means
-Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits
"discerning, wise, sensible".
that can be inherited.
3. Differential Reproduction
3. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
-Organisms that have traits most suitable to their
environment will survive and transfer these variations to  Subspecies with short yet stocky in body build
their offspring in subsequent generations. adapted to winter climates especially in icy cold
places in Europe and Asia.
Different Species & Their Characteristics  The subspecies, also known as “Neanderthal Man”
is the closest relative of modern humans.
When and where did modern humans evolve?  The first to practice burial of their dead
 Sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles
 Hunting, and gathering food

4. Homo sapiens sapiens

 Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized to
be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last
Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
 Homo sapiens sapiens
 Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized to
be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last
Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.
 Australopithecus
 Homo habilis (7) POLITICAL EVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT
 Homo erectus OF EARLY CIVILIZATION
 Homo neanderthalensis
 Homo sapiens 1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Period: 3500 BC–500 BC
1. Homo habilis Original Location: Tigris-Euphrates river system
 Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is Current Location: Iraq, Syria, and Turkey
associated with speech in modern humans and was Meaning: Land between rivers (ancient Greek)
first to make stone tools. Major Highlights: First civilization in the world

2. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Period: 3300 BC–1900 BC
Original Location: Around the basin of the Indus river
Current Location: Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan
 The species name means “Handy Man”. Lived about and northwest India
2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food Major Highlights: One of the most widespread
 Its name, which means ‘handy man’, was given in 1964 civilizations, covering 1.25 million km
because this species was thought to represent the first
maker of stone tools. Currently, the oldest stone tools
are dated slightly older than the oldest evidence of the
genus Homo
 Height: average 3 ft 4 in - 4 ft 5 in (100 - 135 cm)
 Weight: average 70 lbs (32 kg)
 Homo habilis group using tools to kill an antelope
3. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Period: 3150 BC–30 BC
Original Location: Banks of the Nile
Current Location: Egypt
Major Highlights: Construction of pyramids

4. MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Period: 2600 BC–900 AD
Original Location: Around present-day Yucatan
Current Location: Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche,
Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and south through
World Religions
Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras
Major Highlights: Complex understanding of astronomy

5. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Civilization Name: Chinese civilization
Period: 1600 BC–1046 BC
Original Location: Yellow River and Yangtze region
Current Location: Country of China
Major Highlights: Invention of paper and silk

6. ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION

Period: 2700 BC–479 BC I. PREHISTORY
Original Location: Italy, Sicily, North Africa, and as far A. STONE AGE
west as France • Paleolithic Period
Current Location: Greece • Mesolithic Period
Major Highlights: Concepts of democracy and the • Neolithic Period
Senate, the Olympics B. BRONZE AGE
• Bronze invented in Western Asia
7. THE PERSIAN CIVILIZATION • First to use are Messopotamians
Period: 550 BC–331 BC C. IRON AGE
Original Location: Egypt in the west to Turkey in the • Military revolution
north, and through Mesopotamia to the Indus river in the • Iron discovered by Hittites
east
Current Location: Modern-day Iran II. ANCIENT
Major Highlights: Royal road A. ANCIENT EGYPT
• Tutankhamun
8. THE ROMAN CIVILIZATION • Cleopatra VII
Period: 550 BC–465 AD • Ramesses the Great
Original Location: Village of the Latini • Hatshepsut
Current Location: Rome B. ANCIENT GREECE
Major Highlights: Most powerful ancient civilization • Birth of city states
• Democracy
9. AZTEC CIVILIZATION • Spartans
Period: 1345 AD–1521 AD C. ROMAN
Original Location: Southcentral region of pre-Columbian • The Collosseum
Mexico • Roman Emperors, Cicero
Current Location: Mexico
Major Highlights: Nahuatl became the major language III. MIDDLE AGES
A. ANGLO-SAXON
10. INCAN CIVILIZATION • Angle Tribes
Period: 1438 AD–1532 AD • Saxon Tribes
Original Location: Present-day Peru • Jute Tribes
Current Location: Ecuador, Peru, and Chile B. VIKINGS
Major Highlights: Largest empire in South America in • Scandinavian seafaring warriors
the pre-Columbian era C. MEDIEVAL
• Knights and castles
• The Great Famine
• The Hundred Years War
• The Black Death
IV. EARLY MODERN
 RENAISSANCE
 TUDORS
 ELIZABETHAN
 STUART
 GEORGIAN

V. MODERN
 Industrial Revolution
 Victorian
 First World War
 Second World War
 Cold War
 20th Century

A. The Birth of Civilization

• The first documented civilization in history was in
Sumer.
• The Sumerians practiced agriculture intensively,
developed a written language, invented the wheel,
and constructed the first urban centers – among other
things!

B. Democracy
• The first democracy was developed in Ancient Greece
in the 6th century BC.

C. Invention of Paper
• Paper was invented by the Chinese in the 2nd century
BC. Before paper was used for writing, it was used for
packaging, protection, and even toilet paper.

D. The Roman Empire

• Considered the most powerful empire in the history of
the world, the Roman Empire came into power in 44
BC under Julius Caesar. The empire lasted more than
1,000 years and made considerable contributions to
mankind, specifically in the areas of architecture,
religion, philosophy, and government.

E. The MAGNACARTA
• This document was sealed and delivered in 1215. It
was created by the citizens of England in order to limit
the rights of King John. This document led to the
development of constitutional law in England and
beyond.

F. The BLACKDEATH
• Culminating between 1348 and 1350, the Black Death
was a pandemic of enormous proportions, resulting in
the deaths of hundreds of millions of people across
Asia and Europe. Some estimates put the death total
at 60% of Europe’s population at the time.

G. The RENAISSANCE
• This cultural movement lasted from the 14th to the
17th centuries, and contributed to the rebirth of
scientific exploration, artistic endeavors, architecture,
philosophy, literature, and music. The Renaissance
began in Italy and spread rapidly throughout Europe.
Some of the greatest contributions of mankind were
made during this fascinating period.