MODULE - POL SCI - POLITICS, GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION - College
MODULE - POL SCI - POLITICS, GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION - College
MODULE - POL SCI - POLITICS, GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION - College
1. Political theory - It refers to the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin, form, behavior, and purposes of the
state are dealt with the study of political theory.
2. Comparative Politics – compare and analyzes the various types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and
compares and analyzes the various types of constitutions, and associated fields among countries, as well as within
a single country over a period of time.
3. Public Administration – The study of the implementation of government policy and public service. The attention is
focused upon methods and techniques used in the actual management of the state affairs by executive, legislative,
and judicial branches of government.
4. International Relations – deals with the political-economic interaction between nation-states as well as
intergovernmental and transnational organizations.
5. Public Law – A field of law that studies the relationship between the government and citizens.
6. Political Methodology – the branch of political science that uses quantitative methods to describe and define
phenomena.
1. State – The state is defined as an organized political community living under a government. And it has four
elements: population, territory, government and sovereignty.
1. Population – refers to the people that compose the state.
2. Territory – refers to the place where the people that compose the state are located.
3. Government - the system that administers or control the states, and is the instrument through which
the will of the state is made known and implemented.
4. Sovereignty – refers to the ability of the state to govern itself without outside influence or interference.
2. Legitimacy – the right of the government to exercise power, and authority, and also refers to the recognition given
to a state by foreign governments and international organizations.
3. Governance – refers to all actions and activities related to governing.
4. Ideology – a set of ideas and beliefs that define the views and actions of individuals, groups, and institutions.
Meanwhile, Political Ideology, meanwhile, refers to the principles and theories that the government follows or
carries out.
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II. GOVERNMENT
REMEMBER:
III. GOVERNANCE
Governance is the process whereby elements in society wield power and authority, and influence and enact policies
and decisions concerning public life, economic and social development.”
In most dictionaries “government” and “governance” are interchangeably used, both denoting the exercise of
authority in an organization, institution or state.
Government is the name given to the entity exercising that authority.
Authority can most simply define as legitimate power.
Whereas power is the ability to influence the behavior of others, authority is the right to do so.
Authority is therefore the based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form of coercion or manipulation.
Governance is a broader term than government. In its widest sense, it refers to the various ways in which social life is
coordinated.
Government can therefore be seen as one of the institutions in governance; it is possible to have governance without
government. (Heywood, 1997)
1. Economic governance - includes decision-making processes that affect a country's economic activities and its
relationships with other economies. It clearly has major implications for equity, poverty and quality of life.
2. Political governance is the process of decision-making to formulate policy.
3. Administrative governance is the system of policy implementation.
1. Participation
Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. All men and women should
have a voice in decision-making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their
interests.
Participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively.
Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives.
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2. Rule of Law
Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights.
Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially.
It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities.
Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.
3. Transparency
Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and information are directly
accessible to those concerned with them, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them.
Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and
regulations.
It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such
decisions and their enforcement.
It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and
media.
4. Responsiveness
Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders.
Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable
timeframe.
5. Consensus and Oriented
Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interests of
the group and, where possible, on policies and procedures.
There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of
the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the
whole community and how this can be achieved.
It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and
how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical,
cultural and social contexts of a given society or community.
6. Equity and Inclusiveness
All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.
A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel
excluded from the mainstream of society.
This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their
well-being.
7. Effectiveness and Efficiency
Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources.
Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while
making the best use of resources at their disposal.
The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural
resources and the protection of the environment.
8. Accountability
Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public,
as well as to institutional stakeholders.
This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external to an
organization.
Accountability is a key requirement of good governance.
An organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions
Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law.
References:
Costales, R.D., Saluba, D.J., and Carlos, A.F. (2010). Politics and Governance, Quezon City: Rex Printing
Co., Inc.
Tuzon-Caday, M.A.R. (2016). The Philippine Government & Constitution , Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
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