AHP Notes
AHP Notes
Answer:
(a) Mechanical & Electrical mode: The power that drives a machine is
transmitted through.
(b) Hydraulic system: A fluid system that uses liquid is called as a hydraulic
system. It generates forces & transmits motion using hydraulic fluids.
(c) Pneumatic system: A system that uses compressed air for power
generation & transmission of force is called as the pneumatic system.
Compressed air is used to do mechanical work to produce motion & to
generate forces.
Answer:
Ans: External gear pump. In this type, gears are meshing with each other
one if the gear is connected to a drive shaft which is attached to the power
source.
The second gear is driven as it meshes with the driven gear.
4. How are the control valve classified? write the classification of the
control valve.
Answer:
The control valve is classified into 3 types depending upon the function they
perform:
1. Directional control valves: Identify the path through which fluid passes in
a given circuit.
2. Pressure control valve: It protects the system against the excessive
pressure which may occur due to high actuator loads.
3. Flow control valve: To control fluid rate in various line of a hydraulic circuit
to control actuator speeds depends on flow rates.
Classification
Types of pressure control valves:
1. gate valve
2. Plug valve
3. Needle valve
4. butterfly valve
5. Non-return valve
5. Explain with a neat sketch construction
& working of the double acting cylinder.
Answer:
During reaction stroke, the fluid enters the rod end side of the piston through
a small opening. This makes the piston to move left. Also, the exhaust flow
passes freely out of the cylinder from left. Direction control valves & flow
control valves are used.
Answer:
1. Pipe materials:
The pipe which is used in the fluid power system is made of steel,
copper, brass, aluminium stainless steel.
Steel pipe & tubing are expensive & used in many hydraulic &
pneumatic system.
Copper pipe & tubing are used fluid power lines.it is having high resistance to
corrosion & easily drawn or bent.
Stainless steel tubing is used in certain areas of many aircraft fluid power
systems.
2. Types of fittings:
The end of the metal tube is attached to the port of the hydraulic elements by
means of various adapters called fittings. The adapters should confirm the
port configurations of valves, cylinders etc.
3. Types of connectors:
1. Welded connectors
2. Flange connectors
3. Brazed connectors
4. Threaded connectors
5. Flared connectors
6. Formed connectors
7. Screwed connectors
8. Clampcouplings
Pneumatics:
It is derived from Greek word Pneuma, which means air, wind or breath.
It can be defined as the branch of fluid power in which gas is used as
a fluid.
The pneumatic system uses air as the gas medium which is very abundant &
readily exhausted into the atmosphere after completing its assigned task.
Applications of pneumatics :
Answer:
A single stage reciprocating when the piston moves downwards during the
suction stroke, the air is drawn into the cylinder through the inlet valve.
No, when the piston moves upward during the delivery stroke the air is
compressed and the pressure increases till it reaches the discharge pressure.
At this stage discharge valve opens and the air is delivered to the container
and once again the same cycle is repeated. But sometimes, the air is required
at a high pressure.
In such cases either we have to employ a large pressure ratio or compress the
air in two or more cylinders in series with intercooler between the stages are
used.
First, the fresh air is sucked from the atmosphere through the suction filter
and inlet valve in low pressure (LP) cylinder during its suction stroke.
The air after compression in LP cylinder (ie. first stage) is forced into the
intercooler. Now the air is cooled at constant pressure.
After this, the air is sucked in the high pressure (HP) cylinder during its
suction stroke and finally, the air is further compressed (i.e. second stage) to
the desired level and is fed to the receiver through the condenser by opening
the outlet valve.
Advantages of multi-staging:
Answer:
It consists of two ports connected to each other with passages, which are
connected & disconnected.
In one external spool position, Port A is open to port B, the flow path through
the valve is open.
Inthe other external, the large diameter of the spool closes the path between
A & B, the flow path is blocked. It gives an on-off function.
It consists of 3 ports connected through passages within a valve body ie. port
A, port P &port Ex.
If port A is connected to an actuator, port P to a source of pressure & port Ex
is open to exhaust, the valve will control the flow of air to port A
The function of this valve is to pressurise & exhaust one actuator port. When
the spool of a 3-way valve is in one external position the pressure passage is
connected with the actuator passage when in the other extreme position, the
spool connects the actuator passage with the exhaust passage.
3. Four-way Directional valve :
These valves are having four different flow paths within the valve body.
To perform this function, spool connects the pressure port with one actuator
port. At the same time, the spool connects the other actuator port with the
exhaust port.
Five ports are one pressure port, two actuator ports, & two exhaust port.
These valves provide the same basic control of flow paths as in four-way
directional valve have individual exhaust ports.
1. Constant discharge.
2. Spur or helical gears are used.
3. Only one gear is driven externally.
4. Oil is discharged due to the meshing of gears.
5. Gears are in actual contact with each other.
Lobe pump :
Hydraulic system :
1. Speed is limited
2. Operates at high pressure
3. Pump is necessary
4. No noise is produced
5. Resistances to fluctuating load
6. Suitable for feed movement in m/ c tools
7. Most expensive
8. Oil as a media to transfer energy
9. Cavitation is a big problem
Pneumatic system :
Answer:
Fluidics: Fluidics is a part of the fluid power technology that develops a
totally reliable hydrauic& pneumatic control system using fluid flow
phenomena in components & circuits to perform a variety of control functions
such as sensing, logic, memory & timing.
The subject which deals with the area of fluid logic is called fluidics.
13. Pilot controlled double acting cylinders using 4/2 D.C valve in
pneumatics.
Answer:
With a large capacity pneumatic valve, the operating force requires to move
the valve can be large. If the required force is too high for manual operation
or solenoid, a two-stage process called pilot operation is used.
the principle operation of pilot operated valve is shown in the figure. The
valve 1 is a main operating valve which is used to move the ram. The
operating force required to move the valve is too high. Threrfource a direction
by a pilot valve is used. A second smaller valve 2 Known as 4/2 pilot valve has
been added to allow the main valve to be operated by system pressure.
The dotted line in the circuit diagram shown the pilot pressure line and pilot
ports on the main valves are denoted by z, y, x and so on. The pilot port ′z′ is
depressurized when the 4/2 pilot valve is de-energised and the ram is
retracted. When the start button is pressed, valve 2 changes over pressurized
Z, by the impulse of air energy, causing valve 1 to energize and the ram to
extend. The signal pilot valves are also termed as the signal generator. This
signal is provided to the pilot operated valve by means of an air impulse.
Answer:
The figure has shown a pilot operated valve consists of main spool, a valve
body a spring & a second adjusting screw.
In this valve, the fluid flows freely through the primary passage to operate the
first phase until the pressure setting of the sequences valve is reached. When
the spool lifts flow floe is divorced from the secondary port to operate the
second phase.
As the piston driven down, the inlet valve opens and a volume of fluid
(determined by the cross-section area of the piston and the length of stroke)
is drawn into the cylinder.
Next, the piston is driven up with the inlet valve closed and the outlet valve
open, driving the same volume of fluid to the pump outlet.
This pump is used for high passage and low discharge application.
Advantages :
Working
Once pump starts, the gears also start meshing with each other causing the
tooth space of the gears is evacuated one after the other. The oil at
atmospheric pressure enters into the chamber through the inlet port.
The oil is further carried around the housing in chambers due to gears
rotation towards due to teeth mesh which reduces the volume between
mating teeth.
Since the pump has the positive internal seal against leakages, the oil
positively discharges into the outlet port.
17. Explain construction & working of the single acting cylinder.
Answer:
Spring applies force on the piston. As the fluid is pumped into it, the piston
compresses the spring & thus energy is stored in the spring.
Ans:
Construction: A simple vane compressor consists of a rotor mounted
eccentrically in the body and supported by ball and roller bearings in the end
covers of the body. Blades are mounted on the slotted rotor and are usually
non – metallic, made of fibre or carbon.
Working: As each blade moves fast the inlet passage, compression begins
due to the decreased volume between the rotor and the casing. When each
blade arrives at the delivery passage, delivery begins.
Unlike roots blower, some or all of the compression is obtained before the
trapped volume is opened to delivery.
Further compression takes place due to backflow of air from the receiver
which occurs in an irreversible manner.
Answer:
Answer:
As the name indicated it consists of a diaphragm, secured in the shell. The
diaphragm acts as an elastic separator between the oil and gas.A shut off
button is provided at the base of the diaphragm. It covers the inlet of the line
connection when the diaphragm is fully stretched. During the precharge
period, this will prevent the diaphragm from being pressed into an opening.
On the gas side, the screw plug allows control of the charge pressure and
charging of the accumulator by means of a charging device.
Ans:
In the design of DC valve, 5 openings are preferred. This ensures easy
exhausting of the valve. In position-1, when the spool is actuated towards
outer direction port ‘P’ connects to ‘B’ and ‘S’ remains closed while A gets
connected to ‘R’. In Position-2 when the spool is pushed in the inner
directions, port P and A gets connected to each other and B to S while port R
remains closed.
Ans: The intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is the same non-
directions.
2) Consider a hollow sphere having small holes on its sides with a piston
inside. The sphere is filled with water, as the piston moves, the water spurts
out of all the holes. The piston exerts equal pressure on the surface of the
water. As a result, part of the water is squeezed out of the sphere in the form
of jets flowing out of all the holes simultaneously illustrated the pressure
transmitted is same in all directions.
3) The liquid flows into the large container at the bottom, pressure pushes the
liquid equally up into the tubes above the container. The liquid rises to the
same level in all of the tubes, regardless of the shape or angle of the tube.
Ex: Hydraulic jack
1. With the help of an accumulator, the energy can be stored, for used when the
power is off.
2. It offers a wide range of speed control which is difficult to be obtained on the
machine drive.
3. it doesn’t require any lubrication, as it is very much required in all mechanical
drives. as a result, parts don’t wear out rapidly.
4. Its maintenance is very simple. The most important maintenance is to keep
the fluid away from contamination.
5. It provides the great flexibility of locating different parts at widely separated
places.
6. It offers a wide range of speed control which is difficult to be obtained on the
machine drive.
Answer: Relief valves are automatic valves used on systems lines and
equipment to prevent over pressurization.
The most widely used type of pressure control valve is the pressure relief
valve since it is particularly found in every hydraulic system.
The figure shows a simple pressure relief valve consisting of poppet held
seated in the valve body by a heavy spring.
The valve remains closed when the inlet pressure is less than spring pressure.
When the system pressure reaches a valve which is high enough to force the
poppet off its seat this permits the flow from the outlet to the tank until the
system pressure drops to set the valve.
An adjacent screw is provided to vary the spring force so that the valve can
set open any pressure within a specified range.
27. Explain the construction & working of the single acting cylinder
of the pneumatic system.
Answer:
The flow of oil is acting on one side of the piston is called as the single acting
cylinder.
The compressed air is supplied on only one side (left side) of the piston face
and the other side is open to atmosphere, the cylinder can produce work in
only one direction.
The built-in spring is designed in such a way that it will come back to its start
position with sufficiently high speed under no load conditions.
The exhaust air on the piston rod side is exhausted through the drain hole.
The single acting cylinder is used in cutting operation ejecting parts, clamping
of the workpiece, feeding and lifting.
Ans. It states that “The intensity of pressure at any point n a fluid at rest, is
the same in all direction”.
It can also be stated that “when pressure is applied to the fluid which is
confined to flow in all the directions, then that fluid transmit the same
pressure in all direction at the same rate”.
Mathematically,
Px = Py = Pz, where
Px = Intensity of horizontal pressure on the element of the liquid
Py = Intensity of vertical pressure on the element of the liquid
Pz = Intensity of pressure diagonal of the triangular elements of the liquid
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