Principles of Growth and Development

General Psychology Reviewer Ecal, B.
I. Principles of Growth and Development  Puberty (13-16 years old) – awkward

 Growth – progressive increase in stage
physical size; quantitative changes.  Post-puberty (17-21 years old) –
 Development – progressive increase show off stage
in skills or abilities; qualitative 6.) Early Adulthood (21-30 years old)
changes.  First 5 years – stable relationship,
 Maturation – a function of time and job, graduate school
aging; unfolding of inherent traits.  6 – 10th year – marriage
th
7.) Adulthood (31-40 years old)

1.) Development follows an orderly  Family, property and children.
sequence. 8.) Middle Age (40-60 years old)
2.) The rate/speed of development is  Peek of career life
unique to each individual.  Highest job position is achieved
3.) Early development is more critical that 9.) Old Age (60 & above)
later development.  Retirement
 1-7 years old: formative years;  Senescence of end of life
forming values & personality 
4.) Development is a product of maturation III. Theories of Development
and learning. A. Jean Piaget’s Theory – Cognitive Stages of
5.) Development involves change (social, Development
physical, emotional, intellectual and 1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old)
moral).  Gathering info
6.) There are individual differences in  Having no idea
development. 2. Pre-operational stage (2-7 years old)
 Identification stage
II. Stages of Development
 Language is established
1.) Conception to Birth / Prenatal Stage (0-9
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12
months)
years old)
 Zygotic (0-3 mos.) – zygote is as big
 Logical thinking is developed
as a pinhead
4. Formal operational stage (12 and
 Embryonic (4-6 mos.) – structure above)
and feature start to function -abstract reasoning and thinking /
 Fetal (7-9 mos.) – fetal activities analytical
2.) Infancy (0-2 years old) B. Sigmund Freud’s Theory – Psychosexual
 Displays reflexes (grasping, Stages of Development
pupillary, gurgling) 1. Oral stage (0-1 ½ yrs. old)
3.) Early childhood (2-6 years old)  Pleasure centered in mouth
 Foundation of age: patterns of  Attachment to mother
behavior, attitudes and habits. 2. Anal stage (1 ½ - 3 yrs. old)
4.) Late childhood (7-12 years old)  Language is established
 Formal schooling.  Toilet training
5.) Adolescence (13-21 years old)
 Attachment to mother
 Prepuberty (10-12 years old) –
thinking stage
General Psychology Reviewer Ecal, B.
3. Phallic stage (3-6 years old)  Motor development – muscular

 Attraction to opposite sex reactions (crawling, walking)
parent
Principles of Motor Development
 Oedipus complex – incest;
mother and son a. Cephalocaudal principles – development
 Electra complex- incest; father from head to toe
and daughter b. Proximodistal principle – development
4. Latency stage (6-12 years old) from center of body to extremities; inner
 Attachment to same sex age to outward
group
 Gang stage 2. Cognitive Development
5. Genital stage (12 above)  Involves development of how a
 Attraction to opposite sex person understand, perceive,
interpret and interact with the
C. Erikson’s Theory – Psychosocial Development environment.
 Jean Piaget’s Theory
Developed Not Developed Age
3. Emotional Development
Trust Mistrust 0-1 ½
 Innate biological activity to express
Autonomy Shame & Doubt 1-3
emotional responses based on the
Initiative Guilt 3-6
feedback from the environment.
Industry Inferiority 6-12
Identity Confusion 12-18 a. Basic emotion – love, fear and anger
Intimacy Isolation 18-40 b. Attachment – emotional bonding of
Generativity Stagnation 40-60 child with parent
Integrity Despair 60 above c. Separation anxiety – child’s distress
when a parent leaves
4. Social Development – involves the
D. Kohlbergs’s Theory – Moral Stages of development of how a person establish
Development identity, social skills and social relationships
1. Pre-conventional stage (2-7 yrs. old)  Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of
 Concept of wrong and right is exact Development
 What is said to them is right  Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of
2. Conventional stage (7-12 yrs. old.) Development
 Concept of right and wrong is based
on standards
3. Post-conventional stage (13 above)
 An individual develops his/her own
set of values and principles
IV. Types of Development

1. Physical Development – sensorimotor
development
 Sensory development – responses
to stimuli (light, sound)

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Principles of Growth and Development

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General Psychology Reviewer Ecal, B.

I. Principles of Growth and Development  Puberty (13-16 years old) – awkward

7.) Adulthood (31-40 years old)

3. Phallic stage (3-6 years old)  Motor development – muscular

IV. Types of Development

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