Igc 1 Notes PDF
Igc 1 Notes PDF
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Element 1
Foundations in Health and Safety
Multi-disciplinary nature of Health and Safety
The study of health and safety involves the study of different subjects including the
sciences (physics, chemistry, and biology), engineering, mathematics, law and it also falls in various
discipline such as finance, insurance, personal health, waste management, purchase, design etc.
Definitions
Health: The health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well- being not merely the
absence of diseases or infirmity.
Safety: Safety is the process of eliminating or reducing the risk to an acceptable level.
Environment: Environment is the surroundings in which an organisation operates including air,
land, water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their inter relations.
Accident: Unplanned / unwanted event which resulted in injury, ill – health, damage or fatality.
Near Miss: Unplanned / unwanted event which did not result in any injury or loss, but had the
potential to cause harm.
Incident: Unplanned / undesired event which had caused or could have caused any injury, loss or
fatality.
Dangerous Occurrence: Any specified event that has to be reported to the relevant
authorities under statute law. E.g. – fall of scaffold.
Environment Protection: The prevention of damage to air, land and water in the wider
environment.
Welfare: The basic amenities or facilities which are to be provided by an employer towards his
employees is called welfare. E.g. – drinking water, eating and rest room.
Commuting Accident: An accident to a worker that occurs when they are travelling to or from.
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01) Outline the potential barriers in achieving good standards of health and
safety. (6)
The potential barriers in achieving good standards of health and safety are as follows.
1) Complexity: The workplaces can be complicated areas involving people, equipment, materials
and environment to carry out various activities. Finding out a solution for a specific health and safety
problem, requires hazard identification techniques and extensive knowledge with respect to health
and safety.
2) Conflicting Demands: Often there are competing and conflicting demands placed upon
individuals and organisations. The common conflict of interest is the need to supply a product or
service at an appropriate speed to make profit and the need to carry out the work without risk to
people health and safety to comply with different legislations.
3) Behavioural Issues: Good health and safety management system relies on perfect behaviour of
individuals. Workers sometimes make mistakes and sometimes they deliberately do the wrong
things. This is due to the differences of opinion, culture or cred and nationality.
03) Outline the reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of
health and safety at workplace. (6, 8)
Moral reason: As a human being we should be obliged to look after each other safety. The concept
of moral reasons are based on employer owing a duty of care towards his employees and others. No
person expects the risk to life, health and limbs as a matter of employment and it is unacceptable to
place a worker in a situation wherein health and safety could be at risk. Society expects from every
employer to demonstrate correct business practice.
Legal reason: Over the years many moral obligations have been tuned into health and safety
legislations. The ILO occupational health and safety convention 1981, C – 151, defines some basic
duties of employers. Such as to provide with safe workplace, to provide with safe plant and
equipment, to develop and implement safe system of work and to provide with information,
training, instruction and supervision. The strong legal reasons for maintaining and promoting good
standards of health and safety are preventive, punitive and compensating.
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Economic reason: Accidents/incidents are costly to the organisation resulting from inadequate
standards of health and safety. This cost can be in form of direct and indirect costs. The direct costs
are calculable and indirect costs are incalculable arising from accidents and has been illustrated
through ice – berg model. There are clearly financial benefits to be gained by preventive workplace
accidents and maintaining happy and healthy workforce.
04) Identify four types of direct cost resulting from an accident. (4)
Direct Cost
First aid treatment
Sick pay
Lost production time
Fines and compensation
05) Identify four types of indirect cost resulting from an accident. (4)
Indirect Cost
Lost time for investigation
Lost morale and damaged worker relationships
Cost of recruitment of replacement
Lost reputation
06) Identify the possible costs implications to the organisation resulting from
inadequate standards of health and safety. (8)
Direct Cost
First aid treatment
Sick pay
Lost production time
Fines and compensation
Lost or damaged product
Indirect Cost
Lost time for investigation
Lost morale and damaged worker relationships
Cost of recruitment of replacement
Lost reputation
Compliance with any enforcement
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Insured Cost
Medical expenditure
Plant and building damage
Worker’s compensation
Employer’s liability
Tools and equipment
Damage to raw materials or stock
10) Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of an employer and
give an example of each. (8)
To provide its safe workplace. E.g. – ventilation, illumination etc.
To provide its safe plant and equipment. E.g. – machine guarding, protective devices,
emergency control etc.
Develop and implement of safe system of work (SSOW) E.g. – risk assessment, permit to
work etc.
Provide with information, training, instruction and supervision. E.g. – on the job training, off
the job training, demonstration etc.
Provide with PPE its free of charge. E.g. – hard helmet, safety shoes etc.
To consult with the workers on those matters that could affect their health and safety. E.g. –
during hazard identification, changes in site layout etc.
To ensure that the working hours does not adversely affect the health and safety of workers.
E.g. – no excessive overtime.
To carry out a regular health surveillance with respect to country’s codes and practices. E.g.
– audiometry test, skin test etc.
11) Outline the main health and safety responsibility of the workers. (4), (6)
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To take reasonable care of themselves and others who might be affected by their actions
and omissions.
To abide by the instructions placed on them by the employer.
To report the unsafe conditions, incidents which may pose any imminent danger to
themselves and others.
Do not tamper any safety devices at work place.
Do not indulge themselves into horseplay and no substance misused at workplace.
13) Identify the actions that an enforcement agency might take if they find
workplaces are unsafe. (4)
OR
Identify the actions that an enforcement agency might take if they find that
the employer is not fulfilling his responsibilities. (4)
To issue a verbal advice.
To issue a written notice.
To serve an improvement.
To serve a prohibition notice.
To prosecute the employer or an individual.
14) Outline the reasons why national or state governments have health and
safety laws. (4)
To promote social justice.
To prevent exploitation of labour.
To regulate the relationships between members of state and industries.
To resolve conflicts and to control anti-social behaviour.
15) Outline the ways in which national or state governments try to help
ensure organisations to comply with health and safety laws. (4)
By developing a frame work of national’s standards with respect to occupational health
and safety by means of legislative structure.
By setting minimum standards and creating the fair field for all the industries.
By deploying regulators to provide advice to the organisations and initiate actions for
offenders.
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By creating awareness of health and safety by conducting seminars.
By creating non-profit organisations and can suggest professional memberships.
By providing guidance of occupational health and safety through an approved code of
practice, guidance notices, leaflet etc.
16) Outline how national or state governments can contribute towards good
standards of health and safety within their own territories. (6), (8).
By developing a frame work by national standards with respect to risk to health and safety.
Training and empowering trade union, so that they are aware of theirs right and duties.
Creating non – profit organisation like the national safety council.
Organising seminars, exhibitions with the purpose of promoting good health and safety
culture.
Instituting awards and citations for organisations having exceptional safety performance.
Introducing licence for operation mandatory health and safety requirements.
Assist and support professional bodies.
Blacklist wilful defaulters.
External
National legislation
Safety data sheet
Codes of practice
Guidance notes
Operating instructions
Trade associations
Safety publications
Magazines and journals
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Element 2
Health and Safety Management System - Plan
01) Outline the key elements of health and safety management system. (8)
Policy: A clear statement has to be made to establish health and safety is a prime commitment at all
levels of organisation particularly at top.
Organising: A framework of rules and responsibilities must be allocated for the management of
health and safety and emphasize on commitment, competence, communication, co-operation and
control.
Planning and implementation: Detailed arrangements must be made for the management of
health and safety. Where central to this idea is the concept of carrying risk assessments and
developing safe working procedures.
Evaluation: Methods must be devised to monitor the review and effectiveness of controls at
workplace. This can be done by both active and reactive monitoring.
Action for improvement: Any shortcomings identified by the review process must be corrected as
soon as possible by making necessary adjustments into policy, organising and arrangements at
workplace.
Audit: It is the careful, systemic and thorough examination of all the elements of the health and
safety management system to determine whether the organisation is complying its standards.
At input stage: The aim is to minimise hazards and risks entering into the organisations.
At process stage: The focus is on containing risk associated with the process.
At output stage: The risk control systems should prevent the export of risk of the site in the form
of products and services generated by businesses.
03) Outline the purpose of health and safety policy of organisations. (8)
It sets out the management’s commitment towards the health and safety.
It demonstrates good business practice and allocate arrangements for controlling workplace
risks.
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A clear and concise policy contributes to business efficiency and continual improvement.
Minimizes financial loss by reducing accidents.
Leads to workforce co-operation, jobs satisfaction and productivity.
Systematic approach to risk assessment.
Protects health and safety and welfare of the workforce.
Supports quality improvement programme for continual improvement.
Essential component of positive safety culture.
04) Identify the main sections of organisation’s health and safety policy. And
outline the purpose or content of each. (6)
Statement of intent: Overall aims of the organisation objectives and quantifiable targets, signatory
to statement shows management’s commitment, authority and responsibilities. Will reinstate
legislation principles in respect of the organisation’s undertakings.
Organisation: Roles and responsibilities of individuals deals with people and their operational
duties in respect of health and safety. Outline the chain of command for health and safety
management and will identify individuals roles and responsibilities and scheme of delegation.
Arrangement: Details with practical arrangements i.e., specific system and procedures that assist in
the implementation of the policy statement.
06) Identify the reasons why the health and safety policy should be signed by
the most senior person of organisation such as MD or CEO. (2)
The signature of the most senior person of the organisation would demonstrate
management’s commitment towards health and safety.
It gives authority to the policy and shows the accountability and responsibility lies with the
top management.
Objectives: When aims or goals which are translated into specific details in a specific period of time
are known as objectives.
Targets: Target precise specific details of an objective within a time frame or secondary objective
we make to achieve main objectives.
07) Outline the factors that should be considered when setting health and
safety objectives. (8)
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Responsibility of setting the targets.
Setting of targets at each divisional and departmental level.
Ensuring legal compliance.
The hazards and risks presence.
Use of technology.
Financial, operational and business requirements.
Views of interested parties.
08) Identify the possible range of targets that could be set in health and
safety policy. (6)
A specific reduction in accident, incidents and ill health cases.
A specific reduction in enforcement notices being served.
A specific reduction in number of civil claims and complaints by workforce.
A specific increase in employees training with respect to the health and safety.
A specific increase in reporting of unsafe conditions and near misses.
Compliance with audit scores and audit findings.
To carry out health surveillance of all the employees.
09) Outline why it is important for an organisation to set health and safety
targets. (4)
Targets equip the participants with the sense of direction.
Targets provide consistency with the way organisation sets targets based on priorities.
Targets also provide motivation through structured process to achieve them.
For the purpose of benchmarking for continual improvement.
10) Outline the reasons why health and safety objectives should be agreed by
senior management. (2)
To set realistic targets.
To allocate resources in terms of budget, people and welfare facilities.
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For evaluating and managing risks arising from workplaces, hazardous substances, activities,
fire etc.
Development of safe system of work (SSOW).
Health and safety inspection and audit process.
Accident and illness reporting and investigation procedure, emergency procedures like fist
aid.
Employees’ health and safety responsibilities.
Consultation with employees.
Control of hazardous substances, manual handling, noise, vibration etc.
Electricity and electrical equipment (maintenance and testing).
Machinery safety (including SSOW), lifting and pressure equipment, permit to work
procedures.
Procedures for contractors and visitors.
Catering and food hygiene procedures.
Specific
Lone working
Housekeeping and waste disposal
Noise
Vibration
Control of toxic and hazardous substances
Fire procedures
Control of contractors and visitors
Transport risks
13) Identify the ways in which health and safety policy of an organisation can
be communicated within the workforce. (4)
By placing the copy of policy on notice boards at prominent locations.
By uploading the copy of policy on company’s website.
By referring during trainings and tool box talk.
By making policy an agenda item in safety committee meetings.
By inserting the copy of policy in employees pay slip.
By distributing the copy of policy through brochure or leaflets.
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15) Outline the circumstances that would require a policy to be reviewed. (8)
A change in the health and safety responsible person or health and safety competent
person.
Changes in organisation affecting health and safety responsibilities.
Changes in workplace arrangements, facilities or the introduction of new processes.
Introduction of new legislation or changes in laws.
A prosecution or issuing of an enforcement notice.
When audit investigation or risk assessment suggest the policy is no longer effective.
When request by a third party such as insurance company or client.
Technological changes such as new machinery and equipment.
After a sufficient period of time has a lapsed since previous review.
16) Outline the reasons why health and safety policy may become poor and
ineffective. (6)
Lack of management commitment and visible leadership.
Unrealistic objectives and targets.
Failure to communicate the policy within the workforce.
Least priority to safety then other business issues.
Too much emphasize on workers and less on management.
Increasing in accidents and dangerous occurrences.
Lack of monitoring and performance measurement system.
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Element 3
Health and Safety Management System – Do
Supervisors (4)
Ensure that a worker complies with health and safety regulations.
Ensure that any equipment, protective devices or clothing required by the employer is used
or worn by the workers.
Advise a worker of any potential or actual health or safety hazards and risks.
Take every precaution reasonable in the risk circumstances for the protection of workers.
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02) Outline the main duties of manufacturers, suppliers and designer with
respect to health and safety. (6)
Manufacturer
To provide information on the supplies.
To provide detailed information through MSDS.
To provide guarantee – warranty insurance details.
Supplier
They have to ensure that plant, equipment and substances supplied for use at workplace are
safe.
Ensure that supplies adequately tested and provide with information.
Designers
Ensure the equipment is ergonomically designed which fits to human capacity.
To provide with adequately information incorporating health and safety.
03) Explain how supply chain can influence health and safety. (4)
Positive Influence: Only provide articles and substances which are safe so that employers are
compelled to procure only safe items.
Negative Influence: Can provide substandard items for getting more profits so that there is option
for employees to procure subs- standards items.
04) Outline the factors that should be considered when selecting or assessing
health and safety competency of the contractor. (8)
Consideration of experience in similar work.
Health and safety policy should be considered.
Sample of risk assessment.
Qualification and training records.
Memberships of a professional organisation.
Maintenance and equipment testing.
Previous or current clients.
Accidents records.
Enforcement action.
Adequate resources.
05) Contractors are carrying out a major building project for an organisation.
Q. Outline how the organisation could help to reduce the risk to contractors
before project start and during the project. (8)
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Selection of suitable contractors with relevant experience and competency to the job.
Identification of all significant hazards and risks associated with the activities being carried
out.
Formulating and implementing SSOW for contractor’s activities such as introduction of
permit to work system (PTW).
Appointing of health and safety co-ordinator to co-ordinate between contractors and
organisation.
Regular monitoring and competent supervision for all the contractors activities.
Arrangements for communication and training for contractor’s workers.
Arrangements and ensuring the availability of adequate resources such as welfare, PPE etc.
Ensuring the emergency procedures are in place to deal with untoward incidents.
07) An organisation has all its maintenance work carried out by contractors.
Q. Outline how the organisation can help ensure the work is carried out
safely? (8)
A notification should be issued for the work of maintenance.
Identification of all the significant hazards and risks associated with the activities being
carried out.
Formulating and implementing safe system of work for contractor’s activities such as
introduction of permit to work system.
Appointing of health and safety co-ordinator to co-ordinate between contractors and
organisation.
Regular monitoring and competent supervision for all the contractors activities.
Arrangement for communication and training for contractors workers.
Arrangements and ensuring the availability of adequate resources such as welfare, PPE etc.
Ensuring the emergency procedures are in place to deal with untoward incidents.
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08) Give the meaning of term health and safety culture. (2)
Health and safety culture: The health and safety culture can be defined as shared attitudes,
believes, behaviours and values relating to occupational health and safety.
09) Identify the factors that may contribute for the deterioration of health
and safety culture of an organisation. (8)
OR
Identify the indicators of an organisation’s health and safety culture may be
poor or ineffective. (8)
High sickness, ill-health and absentee rate.
Blame culture.
High staff turnover.
No resources in terms of budget, people or facilities.
Lack of compliance with health and safety laws or procedures.
Poor selection or management of contractors.
Poor level of communication, co-operation and control.
Weak health and safety management structure.
Lack or poor levels of health and safety competence.
High insurance premiums.
10) Outline how workers may influence each other with regarding
organisation’s health and safety culture. (2)
If the team members believe that working safely is the only way to do the job, the group will
ensure that every one works safely.
On the contrary, if the team members believe that the job can be done without safety when
everyone follows the same, is the negative culture.
11) Identify the factors that may influence the safety related behaviour at
work. (6), (8)
The organisational factor
Safety culture of the organisation.
Policy and procedures
Commitment and leadership
Workers involvement in consultation
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Workload – the amount of work if it is high with small or less frequent.
Environment – noisy, dusty and hot.
12) Identify the factors relating to the individual which will increase risk to
them while at work. (6), (8)
Individual factors
a) physical factor – gender, build, health and strength
b) mental factor – attitude, aptitude, motivation and perception
Occupational factor – education, training and re – training
Geographical factor – culture and location
Personal factor – family, hobbies, interest and pre-school influences
Ageing, medical and fatigue.
15) Outline the ways in which health and safety culture of an organisation
might be improved. (8)
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Securing management commitment and presence of visible leadership.
Equal priority to health and safety with other business departments such as production,
finance etc.
Effective communication within the organisation at all levels.
Consultation with workers and their representators in the decision making process.
Provision of high impact intervention trainings.
By motivating the workforce by awards, rewards and recognition.
By involving workers in developing safe working methods, hazards identification etc.
By setting realistic and achievable targets.
To avoid blame culture and frequent organisational changes.
16) Identification the checks that could be made to assess the competency of
the worker or individual. (2), (4)
Individual attitude, physical health, ability, endurance, skill development, health and safety
adherence must be considered by the management while recruiting employees for the
organisation.
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Need to be kept evidence of the message delivered.
19) Identify four types of health and safety information that could be
displayed on notice boards at workplace. (4)
Health and safety policy.
Accident graph or statistics.
Safety alerts and bulletins.
Minutes of meeting or emergency contacts and site layout.
23) Outline the factors that would determine the effectiveness of safety
committee. (8)
Demonstration of commitment by both management and workers.
Equal participation and balance by both management and workers.
Agenda should be discussed, agreed and communicated in advance.
Effective publicity given to discussions and recommendations.
Minutes of meeting are recorded and distributed.
Regular meeting at appropriate frequency.
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Effective chairing of the meeting should be headed by safety conscious senior person.
24) Identify the benefits of training to employer and employee. (4), (4)
Benefits to the employer
Increased productivity
Decreased accidents
Happy workforce
Better reputation
Business profitability
Benefits to employees
Additional skill set
Increased enthusiasm
Ownership of responsibility
Improved workers behaviour, attitude and risk perception.
Enhances morale or competency.
25) Identify when health and safety training should be provided to workers.
(6)
Introduction and key health and safety topics.
After a significant change in job and process.
After a significant change of technology or introduction of new technology.
After a significant changes in legislation which conveys training to be provided for workforce.
Following a catastrophic incident.
After a sufficient period of time has been a lapsed since the previous training.
26) Identify the topics that should be included in the induction training for
new workers. (8)
Organisation’s health and safety policy – targets.
Fire and other emergency procedures – assembly point.
Location of welfare facilities.
Safe movement around the workplace.
Incident reporting procedures.
Workers consultation arrangements.
General safety rules and employee code of practice.
PPE – requirements and use.
Introduction to risk assessments – JSA control.
Co-operation and co-ordination.
Dos and don’ts – drug abuse – disciplinary procedures.
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27) Outline the factors that should be considered when developing a
programme for health and safety training. (8)
The type and function of the organisation.
The hazard and risk profile.
The accident history of the organisation.
There may be statutory training requirements.
The level of training previously provided together with the details of which employees have
been trained and when.
Work schedules and workers availability.
The possible cost implications of training.
The possible need to involve the external sources.
29) Identify the measures that might be used to assess effectiveness of health
and safety training. (4)
Regular monitoring such as inspection.
Level of compliance with laid down procedures such as wearing PPE.
Looking for indicators such as reduce accidents or incidents.
30) Outline the reasons why an experience worker may require additional
health and safety training. (8)
After a significant changes in policy.
After a significant change in geographical condition such as job location.
Changes in work equipment and machineries.
Increasing in accidents and ill-health.
After visit by enforcement authority that workforce is required additional health and safety
training.
Due to significant change in legislation by the government.
Following a catastrophic incident.
After a sufficient period of time has a lapsed since the previous training.
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31) Identify how induction training programme for new workers can help
reduce the number of accidents at workplace. (6)
They will aware about site layout by adequate training.
Workers will be aware of hazards and risks.
The workers will be aware of control measures.
By training programme will create awareness how to raise alarm in emergency.
By training programme will create awareness about to deal with emergency condition.
By training workers will aware about safe system of work and permit to work system.
They will aware about dos and don’ts.
Trainings enhances competency of workers.
32) Outline how health and safety training can improve health and safety at
work. (6)
By ensuring awareness about site layout.
By providing adequate training creates awareness about hazards and risks at workplace.
The workers will be aware about control measures.
By providing training create awareness about how to raise alarm in emergency.
By training create awareness how to deal in emergency condition.
By training worker will aware about safe system of work and permit to work system.
Workers aware about dos and don’ts.
Risk assessment: Identifying preventive and protective measures by evaluating the risk arising
from a hazard, taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls and deciding whether or
not the risk is acceptable.
Risk assessment is a careful examination of the workplace to identify hazards and risks
associated with the task either to eliminate or control to them.
33) Outline the factors that an employer should consider when selecting the
individual to carry out a risk assessment for a new process. (8)
Knowledge of legal requirement with respect to risk assessment.
Experience and training in risk assessment techniques.
Knowledge of activity, process and equipment involved.
Technical knowledge with respect to plant and equipment.
Good communication and report writing skills.
Ability of interpretation between legislation and standards.
Awareness of own limitations and situations where special assistance is required.
34) Outline the criteria for a risk assessment to be suitable and sufficient. (8)
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State the name and competency of the risk assessor.
Identify all the significant hazards and risks.
Evaluate the risks.
Identify employees and others at risk.
Identify the control measures.
Record the significant hazards and ignore the trivial.
Be appropriate to the nature of the work.
Residual risk is low.
State the period of the time it is going to remain valid.
36) Outline the key stages of risk assessment process and identify the issues
that need to be considered at each stages. (8)
Identify the hazards: The first stage involves the identification of hazard with respect to hazard to
health and hazard to safety. The hazards can be found by task analysis, legislation, manufacturer
information and incident data.
Identify the people who might be harm and how: This stage involves identification of
population of people at risk. Including vulnerable such as disabled workers, young workers, new
workers and expectant mother.
Evaluate the risk: The third stage involves evaluation of risk and deciding on precautions. The
evaluation of risk depends on two major aspects that likelihood and consequences. Deciding on
precautions depends on general hierarchy of control.
Record the finding: This stage involves the significant findings of risk assessment to be recorded.
Review: The risk assessment should be periodically reviewed and updated accordingly.
38) Outline with example the general hierarchy of control that should be
applied when controlling health and safety risk at workplace. (8)
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Elimination: The best and the most preferred option is to eliminate the hazard. E.g. – the meeting
can be done via video conferencing rather than travelling.
Substituting: If hazards cannot be fully eliminated then substituting can be done. E.g. – replacing
hazardous substances by non-hazardous substances.
Engineering control: It can prevent exposure to the hazard. E.g. – local exhaust ventilation for
removal of dust, isolation, safety devices etc.
Administrative controls: These rely on procedures and behaviour. E.g. – safe system of work,
reduce time of exposure, information, instruction and training, supervision and safety signs.
PPE: Hard helmet, goggles, hard gloves, ear defenders, respiratory protector. It is the last line of
defence.
39) Identify the reasons why young person may be at higher risk of injury at
workplace. (4)
Lack of experience
Physical and mental maturity
Poor risk perception
Influenced by peer group
Eagerness to work and under developed communication skills.
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41) Identify work activity that may pose a particular risk to pregnant women
and give an example for each. (8)
The work which requires bending or stooping movements. E.g. – housekeeping staff.
The work which requires prolong standing. E.g. – promoting goods at malls.
The work which requires lifting, pushing, pulling, lowering. E.g. – manual handling workers.
The work which requires sting of heaps, over reaching. E.g. – supermarket checkout staff.
The work which requires to deal with chemical and biological agent. E.g. – nursery and
paramedics.
The work which requires whole body vibration. E.g. – air craft cabin crew or drivers.
The work which requires prolong sitting. E.g. – call centre or BPO staff.
The work which requires the work in steams or temperature. E.g. – chef
42) An employee in the busy kitchen had notified her employer that she is
pregnant.
Q. Outline the factors that an employer should consider when understanding
a specific risk assessment for this worker. (6), (8)
The nature of task to be performed and the variety of work.
The duration of task and the shift pattern.
The involvement of manual handling activity such as lifting heavy cooking utensils.
The ergonomic factors such as prolong standing while cleaning the utensils.
Consideration of exposure of chemical during cleaning of utensils.
Environmental aspects such as wet floor and possible exposure to heat.
43) Outline the actions that an employer may take when risk to new or
expectant mother. (4)
Change the working hours, no night shifts and manual handling.
Change the type of work like no housekeeping, stooping movements.
Allow maternity leave.
Allow additional breaks.
Provide ergonomic design apparatus.
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Separate environment and welfare facilities.
To provide with ergonomic design tools and equipment.
B) Identify the further category of workers who may require special case
application. (2)
Lone worker
Expectant and nursing mother.
Young persons.
45) Identify the reasons why visitors in a workplace may be at higher risk of
injury than workers. (2)
Due to unawareness about site layout and hazards and risks associated with workplace.
Due to unfamiliar about emergency procedures.
46) Identify the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk injury to
visitors at workplace. (6)
Ensure awareness about hazards and risks at workplace.
Provide co-ordinator to supervise visitors throughout the site.
Restrict access to areas where higher risk activities take place.
Provide training related fire emergency procedures.
Provide different reflective jacket to identify visitors clearly on site.
Provide suitable PPE to the visitors while they are inside the site visit.
Highlight hazards with signage and barricading.
47) Outline how an organisation can decide whether risk is acceptable. (4)
The likelihood of occurring and the impact on the number of people effecting risk is
acceptable.
By evaluating the risk and implementing the precautions based on hierarchy of control.
Deciding on the risk ratings with respect to colour coding on risk assessments.
Ensure the existing controls are proportionate to risk and the further controls need the
criteria for residual risk.
The level of risk can be acceptable by the organisation when risk level falls in alarm.
48) Outline the principles of risk prevention that can be used to when
applying controls at workplace. (8)
Eliminate or avoid risk.
Evaluate the risk which cannot be avoided.
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Combat risk at source.
Adapt the work to individual.
Adapt to technical progress.
Replace dangerous with non-dangerous.
Develop an overall coherent prevention policy.
Giving collective measures, priority over individual ones.
Giving appropriate instructions to employees.
49) Identify four types of signs and give an example of each. (4)
Prohibition e.g. – no smoking
Mandatory e.g. – wearing nose mask
Safe place e.g. – assembly point
Warnings e.g. – forklift operation
50) Identify the reasons why PPE should be considered only after other
measures. (8)
Does not remove hazard
Only protect the wearer
Requires good fit
Relies on wearer
Requires trainings
Uncomfortable
May increase overall risk
Unpopular so often unworn
Fails to danger
Not good if wrongly selected
Contamination
Incompatible
Expensive long term
51) Outline the factors that an employer should consider when developing a
programme of training to managers. (8)
Induction and key health and safety topics.
After a significant change in job and process.
After a significant change of technology or introduction of new technology.
After a significant changes in legislation which conveys training to be provided for workforce.
Following a catastrophic incident.
After a sufficient period of time has been a lapsed since the previous training.
52) Give the meaning of term safe system of work (SSOW). (2)
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SSOW: It is the integration of people, equipment, material and environment to produce
acceptable level of safety.
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Written SSOW also establish a standard which can be audited.
For legal reasons such as an investigation.
56) Using practical example, outline what is meant by the following type of
control under SSOW?
A) Technical (2)
B) Procedure (2)
C) Behavioural (2)
Technical or engineering control: Applied directly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk. e.g.
– absorption to reduce.
Procedural controls: The way in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazard.
Procedures will relate to the correct operation of technical control. E.g. – policies developed by
organisation.
57) Outline the factors that should be considered when developing SSOW. (8)
People: For whom is the SSOW for, what levels of competence or technical ability should they have,
are they exposed persons involved, how many people are working on the task.
Equipment: What plant or equipment will be worked on, what equipment will be used, what safety
equipment will be required, what are the hazards associated.
Material: What materials will be used or handle during the work, what are the hazards of the
materials, how will waste be disposed of.
Environment: In what type of environment will the work take place. E.g. – space, light, and
temperature. Might any of these factor increase risk or need to be controlled.
58) Identify two examples of confined space that may be found within the
workplaces. (2)
Boilers
Tankers
Bunkers
59) Identify the factors you need to consider when developing a SSOW for
confined space. (8)
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Level of supervision
Competency requirement who enters into confined space.
Communication system should be used adequacy between entrance and exit.
Atmospheric testing or monitoring.
Ventilation should be done positively for removal of toxic gases from out of confined space.
Removal of residues
Isolation, lock off of in-feeds and out-feeds.
Isolation, lock off of electrical or mechanical hazards.
PPE
Access or egress – barricading or signage for unauthorised of access and egress.
Fire prevention
Adequate lighting
Suitability of individuals
Emergency rescue or procedures such as fire fighting, medical equipment.
60) Outline the factors to be considered to help reduce to risk a worker who
require to work alone. (6)
Remote supervision
Logging worker’s location
Mobile phones and radios
Lone worker alarm system
Procedure for lone workers
Emergency procedure for lone workers
Training for workers
PTW
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- Emergency procedures
Receipt
Signature of the authorised person – issuer person.
Signature of the competent person receiving the permit.
Cancellation
Authorised person accepts plant back and can remove isolation etc.
Plant is now returned to the control of the “site”.
Extension
On request for additional period of time to continue work, both issuer and receiver has to
sign on permit.
63) Identify three types of activities which typically requires permit to work
system and give a reason for requirement in each case. (8)
Hot work
Permit systems are to control hot work where naked flames will be used. E.g. – propane,
butane, oxy torches.
Where a significant ignition source will be created. E.g. – welding or grinding operation.
Machinery maintenance
Maintenance work includes the removal or disabling of safe guards and control systems.
This generates high risk that might be best controlled using a permit system.
Confined space
Entry into confined system spaces can be extremely hazardous, so should always be under
the control of a permit to work system.
The entry of confined spaces also hazardous due to presence of toxic, flammable and O2
deficient atmosphere.
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65) Identify four types of emergency that would require an organisation to
have emergency procedures. (4)
Fire
Bomb threat
External violation and arson
Release of toxic gas
Natural calamities
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Size of the organisation should be considered to have effective first aid arrangement.
By consideration of the nature and distribution of the workforce.
Nature of the work should be considered.
Types of hazards and risks should be considered.
Considering past accident and injury types.
Remoteness from injury services should be considered.
Consideration of travelling, remote and lone workers.
Considering to train personnel I special procedures.
Considering to cover in absence of first aiders.
Element 4
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01) Identify the reasons for monitoring with regards to health and safety. (6)
To identify sub – standard health and safety practices.
Identify trends
To benchmarking
Identify use and effectiveness of control measures.
Make decisions on unsuitable remedial measures.
Compare actual performance.
Set priorities and establish realistic timescale.
Assess compliance with legal requirements.
Provide information to Board, Committees etc.
Reactive monitoring: Reactive monitoring procedures include the quantitative analysis report of
the functioning of the HSMS standards.
03) Outline four active and reactive monitoring method that can be used
when assessing the organisations health and safety performance. (8)
Active/proactive monitoring
Safety inspection – routine inspection, statutory inspection, periodic inspection.
Safety sampling
Safety surveys – environmental monitoring, structural & staff surveys.
Safety tours
Benchmarking
Health surveillance
Reactive monitoring
Accident data
Ill – health data
Absenteeism data
Claims record
Number of complaints reported by worker
Prosecutions
Enforcement notices
Safety inspection: A safety inspection involves the straight forward observation of a workplace and
the activities or equipment with it.
04) Outline the role of health and safety inspection of a workplace. (2)
The role of health and safety inspection is to identify the health and safety of what is being
inspected and what improvements are needed.
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The aim of health and safety inspection is to identify the hazards and to determine the
effectiveness of controls.
Generally the health and safety inspections are carried out competent inspector added with
check list.
05) Identify the two strength of using a checklist when carrying out
inspection. (2)
Ensure all points are covered.
Consistent approach
06) Identify the two weaknesses of using a checklist when carrying out
inspection. (2)
May ignore items not on checklist.
May tempt people who are unauthorised to carry out inspection.
Does not encourage the inspector to think beyond the scope of checklist.
Checklist can be obsolete (out of date).
07) A serious accident has occurred. During the investigation it is found that
the inspection of work had taken before the accident.
Q. Outline the possible reasons why the inspection did not lead to unsafe
situation being corrected. (8)
The inspection was carried out by incompetent inspector.
The unsafe situation may have not identified during the inspection.
If identified, no timely, actions were not taken.
All areas of inspection were not covered in checklist or checklist can be obsolete.
Many items on checklist ignored by the inspector.
No structured process for carrying out inspection.
Inspection had been carried out by unauthorised persons.
Lack of management commitment towards unsafe conditions.
08) Outline the factors that would determine the frequency of workplace
inspections. (8)
Statutory requirements may dictate and inspection frequency.
The activities are being carried out and the level of risk.
How well establish the process is e.g. - new equipment may require more frequent
monitoring.
Risk assessments may suggest inspection as a control measures.
Manufacturer may take recommendations as to inspections frequency and content.
The presence of vulnerable workers e.g. – young persons.
Findings from previous inspections, which may suggest compliance concerns.
Accident history and results of investigation.
Enforcement authorities may recommend inspections.
Whether workers have voiced concerns.
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09) Identify the reasons why it is important to investigate an accident. (8)
To find out the immediate causes and root causes.
To record the facts suggest such as what, where, why and how.
To put up the control measures in order to prevent reoccurrence.
To meet the legal requirements.
For the purpose of insurance claim.
To find out the possible cost implications.
To find out the nature in trends of accidents.
To measure the health and safety performance of an organisation.
To enhance the staff morale and business reputation.
10) Identify the reasons why it is important to investigate near misses. (6), (8)
To identify the main causes of near misses.
To put up the control measures in order to avoid major accidents.
To give a correct signal to workforce that all incidents are taken seriously, not that those
leading to injuries.
To demonstrate management commitment.
To meet the legal requirements.
To under the deficiencies in management system.
To find out the unsafe actions and behaviour of workers.
Analysing the information: The second stage involves to analyse the information what has been
gathered. The main function of this stage is to identify the immediate and root causes.
Identify the risk control: This stage involves the identification of existing and its effectiveness and
what further controls are required to prevent such accidents.
Create and implement the action plan: The final stage would be to produce the action plan with
recommendations, resources implication, priority and allocation of responsibilities.
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Use open questions e.g. – who? what? Where? When? Why? How?
Interviewer should keep an open mind.
Interviewer should take notes.
Ask for a written statement.
At last, thanks the witness.
14) Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be taken
following an accident. (6)
Make sure the well-being of injured.
Preserve the scene by taking pictures and fencing.
Report the incident to senior management.
Report the incident to the family of victims.
Assemble the investigation team.
Investigate using structured process.
Handle external relations.
15) Explain how accident data can be used to improve health and safety
performance within organisation. (4)
Organisation can use accident data to improve health and safety performance by conducting
thorough investigation to identify the causes and put up the controls. Accident data can also be used
to measure the compliance and non-compliance and to analyse the nature of trends of accident
which can help in learning form such mistakes and avoiding accidents.
16) Identify the reasons for reporting of incident within an organisation. (6)
OR
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Identify the reasons why an organisation should have trend for reporting
incident. (6)
To trigger the provision of first aid.
To preserve accident scene.
Enable investigation to be carried out to prevent recurrence.
Legal requirement to report the incident.
Record for civil claims.
17) Identify the reasons why workers will not report the incidents at the
workplace. (8)
Unclear organisation policy.
No reporting system in the workplace.
Culture of not reporting due to peer group pressure.
Overly – complicated reporting procedures.
Excessive paperwork.
Takes too much time.
Blame culture.
Apathy – poor management response.
Concern over impact on organisation/individuals.
Reluctance to receive first aid treatment.
18) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation. (8)
OR
Identify the typical content of accident investigation report. (8)
Name and address of casualty.
Date and time of accident.
Location of accident.
Details of injury.
Details of treatment given.
Description of event causing injury.
Details on any equipment or substance involved.
Witness names and contact details.
Details of person completing the record.
Drawings, sketches, possible cost.
Signature.
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20) In addition to the management, outline who else may need to know the
outcome of investigation. (4)
Enforcement authorities with respect to information required by law.
The emergency services for the further treatment process.
Legal representations or courts that would have given information regarding civil claims.
For insurance company for insurance claims.
External auditors during health and safety audit.
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Element 5
Health and safety management system – Act
01) Identify the methods of gathering information during health and safety
audit. (2)
Documents
Interview
Observation
Inspection
Has the aim of assessing the use and effectiveness of the control measures.
A relatively short process looking at the practices in part of the workplace.
Primarily based in observations, perhaps involving limited scrutiny of operators.
Short report identifying key corrective actions.
Only limited planning and main resources required is the inspector’s time.
Usually done on a weekly, monthly or quarterly basis.
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Advantages
Easier to arrange
No cost as the auditor is from the organisation.
Employees they may not feel so threatened.
Disadvantages
Could be influenced by internal relationships.
The conclusions may not be taken seriously.
The auditor may make assumption.
Disadvantage
Require more time to organise.
Expensive
Employees may feel for threatened.
06) Identify the reasons why audits findings to be presented to the most
senior management of the organisation. (4)
Senior management should know the audit findings as they are ultimately responsible to
carry out actions correcting non-conformities.
To know the number of non-conformities and its specific areas.
To review the action plan and target dates.
To assign competent staff to close out audit findings within the time frame.
07) Outline the reasons why an organisation should review its health and
safety performance. (8)
Determine cause to prevent recurrence.
Identify weakness in management system.
Identify weakness in risk assessment.
Demonstrate management commitment.
Comply with country’s legal requirements.
Collect data to establish losses.
Provide information to insurance company.
Provide information for civil or criminal actions.
To meet the requirements of shareholders.
08) Identify the documents which are likely to be examined health and safety
management system review. (8)
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Health and safety policy.
Safety procedures – safe system of work.
Risk assessment
Training records
Inspection records
Previous audit report
Safety committee minutes
Accident reports and procedures
Enforcement notices
Workers complaints records.
Legal requirements to be complied.
09) Identify the reasons why it is important that the outcome of review must
be presented to the most senior person of organisation such as MD or CEO.
(4)
Responsible and accountable for health and safety performance.
Must ensure that adequate resources are available.
Establish, implement and maintain a formal written health and safety program that
encompasses all areas of significant health and safety risk.
Approve, introduce and monitor all site health and safety policies, rules and procedures.
Review annually the effectiveness and revision of health and safety program.
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ELEMENT- 1
WORKPLACE HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL
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3. Identify the possible adverse health effects of working in hot
environment. (4)
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HOT ENVIRONMENT
Dehydration- water is lost as a result of sweating.
Muscle cramps - as a result of salt loss through sweating.
Heat stress - where core temperature 37*C cannot be controlled and start to
increase, causes discomfort, lethargy, headaches and fainting.
Heat exhaustion a precursor to heat stroke.
Heat stroke - where core temperature increases rapidly causes hallucination,
coma and death.
4. Identify the possible adverse health effects of working in cold
environment. (4)
HEALTH EFFECTS OF COLD ENVIRONMENT
Hypothermia – difficult in maintaining body’s core temperature.
Frost bite- involving in freezing of skin tissues.
A reduction in heart rate and persistent shivering.
Chilblains – causing redness, tingling in the affected areas.
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Misunderstanding between member of public and worker.
Member of public might be under the state of alcohol.
Sometimes workers have rude approach towards member of public.
The location of worker where the work has been assign.
The duration of time and physical appearance of worker.
9. Outline the control measures that should be taken to reduce the risk of
violence in a hospital.
High screen cash counter should be provided.
Provide with staff escape route.
Provide with panic alarms to notify in case of emergency.
Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV both inside and outside.
Provide with security guards especially in isolated areas, such as parking lots
and trouble spots.
Provide employee training to identify the early signs of aggression and
violence.
Provide employee training both in terms of soft skills and self – defence.
Develop zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol, bullying
within premises.
10. Identify the two types of substance miss use at workplace. (2)
Alcohol
Legal or illegal drugs(Narcotics)
Solvents(Inhalation)
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11. Identify the general symptoms for the misuse of drugs and alcohol on
workers. (2), (4)
Late attendance
Increased absenteeism
Poor work quality
Reduce output
Dishonesty
Theft
Mood swings
Poor relationship
12. Outline the effective control measures that an employer should take to
reduce the misuse the substances at workplace. (6), (8)
By developing a zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol
within premises.
By providing competence site security to carry out frisking.
Provision of breathe analyser within the premises to find out the possibilities
of alcohol.
Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV especially at isolated place for
key monitoring.
Ensure the workplaces are adequately illuminated and guarded.
Provide with high impact intervention trainings of the misuse of substances
at workplace.
13. Outline the main causes of slip trips and fall in workplaces. (8)
Poorly maintained surfaces or uneven surfaces.
Slippery surfaces such as wet floor or spillages.
Smooth surfaces such as highly polished marbles.
Trailing cables across the walkways or doorways.
Obstructions on the floor or pathways.
Not wearing adequate slip resistance foot wear.
Task factor such as improper manual handling.
Individual factor such as lack of knowledge and training.
Behavioural factor such as not following the rules and regulations.
Environment factor such as inadequate illumination.
14. Outline the control measure that should be taken to reduce the risk of
slip, trips and falls. (8)
Proper designing of site layout to prevent slip, trips and falls.
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Good housekeeping is most basic and fundamental aspect to prevent slip,
trips and falls.
Providing with specific training to the workers on maintaining brisk walking.
Usages of housekeeping requirements such as cones, caution board and
warning tapes.
Provide with adequate slip resistance foot wear.
Emphasize on avoiding carrying combustion objects while walking.
Provision of adequate illumination within premises.
17. An activity taking place and work at height cannot be carried out from
an existing permanent workplace.
A) Identify suitable work equipment that could be used in order to help
reduce the risk of people falling from height. (4)
Fixed scaffolds
Mobile tower crane scaffold
MEWP platform
Ladders and suspended scaffolds
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B) Outline the circumstances that could require a worker to be rescued
when working at height. (6)
Rescue of those workers who has fallen from height got protected by full
body harness.
Rescue of those workers who fallen from height but got protected from
safety net.
Rescue of those workers when MEWP got struck in raised position.
Rescue of those workers who got collapsed on the scaffold due to high
temperatures or due to acrophobia.
Rescue of those workers on scaffold which got collapsed and protected by
guardrail system.
C) Outline the precaution that could help reduce risk of falling materials
when work is being carried out at height. (10)
Employers must ensure that no objects is thrown or tipped from height
Materials must be stocked and stored in such a way that they don’t
collapse and roll over.
Areas that have risk of falling objects due to the work process must have
measure to prevent unauthorized entrance.
B) Identify the three types of objects that could fall and hit a person
below when work is carried out at height. (2)
Machinery items or materials.
Tools and equipment
Debris
PPE
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C) Outline the reason why accident may occur on stairs. (4)
Poor design of staircases, for e.g. - too step or too narrow.
In adequate illumination for carrying objects.
Slippery cases on stairs.
Not using handrail system especially in ascending and descending.
19. Identify the factor that an employer considered when selecting the
personal head protection to use for worker. (4), (6)
The nature of the work
The compatibility with other PPE
The need involved chain strap or screw tie.
The impact resistant
Considering the legal compliances.
20. Identify the hazard associated with the use of step ladders and outline
precautions of them. (4), (4)
HAZARD
Falls from height
Tripling side ways
PRECAUTION
21. SCAFFOLD
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Scaffold is the temporary structure use to support people and material in the
construction and repair of buildings and other large structure.
22. Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the scaffolds
should be inspected. (4)
Scaffolds should be inspected after the erection and before the first use.
Subsequent to any alteration or modification.
Subsequent to any event that may have reduced stability of the scaffolding
such as being hit by a moving vehicle.
Subsequent to any adverse weather conditions such as rainfall, high wind etc.
At a regular intervals of 7 days.
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Ensure scaffold is equipped with guardrails and toe boards.
It possible designs separate pathways for movement of people
26. Identify eight safe working practices for the use of mobile tower
scaffold. (8)
Guardrail fitted to the work platform
Tower must not be overloaded
Wheels should be locked when the tower is in use
Tower must be sited on firm, level ground
People and materials should not remain on the tower when it is moved
Care should be taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved
Outriggers should be used where necessary to ensure stability
People should not climb up the outside of the tower
Tower must be built by trained workers
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Toe boards should be provided.
Overhead crane should be isolated.
High impact training should be provided to workers.
MEWP
Precautions
28. Outline the possible hazard associated with demolition work. (8)
Premature collapse of building.
Falling from height and risk of manual handling.
Vehicles may collide with pedestrians.
Live overheads – contact with power lines.
Buried services – damage to underground buried services or utilities.
Asbestos – presence of sharp objects, grasses, planters etc.
- Presence of ACM and PCB
29. Outline the control measures should be taken for demolition works. (8)
Structural surveys should be carried out by competent person to find out the
strength and stability of building.
Barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and egress.
Isolation of overhead power lines and underground utilities.
Careful removal of combustibles with the use of elephant trunk.
Careful removal of ACM and PCBs.
Use of sprinkler system to separate dust.
Eliminate working at height if it is possible or provide the means of
preventive fall.
Provision of PPE to the workers.
Emergency procedures such as fire fighting, medical assistant and ERT.
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EXCAVATION
An excavation is any man made cut, cavity, trench or depression in the
earth’s surface formed by earth removal. This can include for anything.
30. “A three meters deep trench has to dig up across car parking”
A) Identify the hazards associated with task. (10)
The possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected excavation
Collapse of the sides walls
Contact with buried services
Ingress of water
Build- up of fumes or being struck by falling materials
Biological hazards such as leptospirosis
B) For the above hazards identify or outline the control measures to reduce
the risk during this activity. (10)
Use of excavation support to prevent the collapse of the side walls
Barriers may be required to protect edge of an excavation to prevent falls of
people, materials, and vehicles.
Crossing points in an excavation should be at designed points and be of
sound construction to support all types of vehicles and equipment.
Lighting and warning signs warn of the presence of an excavation.
Positioning and routing of vehicles, plant & equipment should be carefully
considered to prevent object falling into excavation.
Identification and marking of buried services.
31. “Excavating near underground utilities.”
A) Outline precaution required to avoid to risk of contact with
underground services. (4)
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Maintenance work which requires workers to lift manual handle of heavy
parts of vehicle.
Risk of musculoskeletal disorder which requires workers to adopt awkward
postures during maintenance activity.
Falls from height during securing and sheeting of loads.
Crush injuries during coupling and attaching trailers.
Possibility to getting trapped and crushed during tipping operations.
2. Identify the reasons why vehicles may not be able to stop effectively.
(4), (6)
Driver error E.g. - driving too fast.
Environmental condition e.g. - mud on the road.
Mechanical failure e.g. - Brakes fail
Skid
Collision
Over turn of the vehicle.
3. Outline the factors that may lead to pedestrians being hit by a moving
vehicle in a workplace. (8)
Lack of designated walkways for pedestrians.
Poor visibility at the workplace.
No safety signage (ill defined)
Ill define traffic rules at the workplace.
Incompetency of the driver.
Mechanical failure such as brakes fail.
Presence of trouble spots.
Over speed of the vehicle.
Poor maintenance of the vehicle.
Overloading the vehicle.
4. Identify the reasons that could cause a forklift truck to overturn. (6)
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Collision, especially with kerbs.
5. Identify the factors that may increase the risk of collision of forklift
within a workplace. (8)
FACTOR INCREASING RISK OF COLLISIONS
Driving too fast
Inadequate lighting
Reversing without the help of a banks man
Blind spots such as corners and entrances.
Bad weather conditions e.g. - rain
Obstructed visibility e.g.- overloaded forklift truck
Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points.
Lack of vehicle maintenance.
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Good visibility
High visibility clothing
Maintained roads/ path ways
Avoid gradients
Signage
Separate access point
8. Outline markings, warnings and signs that could be used to reduce the
risk of vehicle accidents at workplace. (8)
MARKINGS
Any structure that represents height or width restriction should be readily
identifiable by people and vehicle drivers. This will include low beams,
bridges, pipes etc.
The markings can be by means of attaching hazard types or painting to
structure to highlight the hazard.
WARNING
Warning can be audible or visual or the combination of each.
The warnings are used to warn people in a area such as flashing beacon lights
or reversing alarm of a forklift truck.
The warnings are designed to alert people so that they can put themselves in
the position of safety.
SIGNS
Sign provide the information about the speed limits, traffic routes and
hazards on site
Signs are used to direct vehicle around the workplaces and safe distances.
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Forklift should be parked in designated parking areas.
Ensure the forks are resting on the floor and most should be lifted slightly
forward.
Ensure the forklift is not obstructing any emergency and fire fighting
equipment.
Ensure the all controls are in neutral position.
Ensure the hand brake is applied and hand over the keys to responsible
person.
11. Outline how a driver can be protected from injury in the event of
overturn of a forklift truck. (2)
The role over protection structure (ROPS) is a cab or frame that provides a safe zone
for the forklift operator from being crushed in the event of overturning of forklift
truck.
12. Identify the checks should be carried by the operators when inspecting
the forklift before the shift. (4), (6)
Tyre pressure
Parking breaks and service breaks
Steering
Fuel, oil and water system leak free
Battery and charges
Lifting and tilting system / hydraulics
Audible warning
Lights and mirrors
14. Identify the measures to reduce the risk of pedestrian when the
segregation is not practicable. (5)
Marking the work areas and indicating the main routes followed by vehicles
such as forklift truck.
Provision of traffic co-ordinator who can co-ordinate the traffic.
Workers can be made to wear high visibility clothing.
Audible warning signals on vehicles while taking a reverse.
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Loud horn systems to be used at turns.
Cameras and warning systems to indicate the presence of pedestrians on the
path.
16. Outline the factors that should be considered when assessing the risk of
road traffic incidents while driving at work. (8)
THE DRIVER
The level of training the driver has received that may effect the need to carry
out additional training to perform the duty safely.
Drivers level of health influence the ability to see well when driving at night,
and their ability to drive excessive distances with taking appropriate break.
The pre health condition of the driver such as back injury, late term
pregnancy could also influence driver’s ability to concentrate.
The driver’s bad habits such as consumption of drugs and alcohol before and
during the journey and usage of mobile.
THE VEHICLE
The condition of vehicle such as poor brakes, light and suspension will
influence high risks in any driving situation.
The ergonomic consideration have an effect on both comfort and abilities to
control the vehicle.
Lack of safety equipment within the vehicle may also influence significant
risk.
THE JOURNEY
Routes – motorways are safer than smaller roads which can reduce the risk.
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Schedule – if the journey is to be made early in the morning or late night
might increase level of risk due to tiredness.
Distance – driving excessive distance without appropriate breaks may
increase the level of risk.
Weather condition – the weather condition may rapidly increase the level of
risk such as high winds, rainfall etc.
17. Outline the rules that should be included and work related road safety
policy for workers to follow while driving their own vehicle at work on
public roads. (8)
All the drivers must have current and valid driving licence.
The vehicle must carry a comprehensive insurance to drive at work.
All the drivers have to undergo statutory trainings such as defence driving
training.
Plan the journey in advance to avoid congestion and traffic delays.
Do not drive continuously more than 2 hours without a break for at least 15
minutes.
Emphasize on not to use of mobile phones or any hands free equipment
while driving.
Ensure the vehicle meets the safety standards.
Emphasize on not to use drugs and alcohol before and during the journey.
18. Outline how the organisation can monitor the driving performance of
the managers. (8)
The checking the current and valid driving licence.
By checking their competency and level of experience of driving.
By monitoring the level of fitness through health surveillance.
By installing IVMS such as speed radar at workplaces.
By reviewing their incident records and enforcement actions.
ELEMENT- 3
MUSCULOSKELETAL HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
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WRULDs are work related musculoskeletal disorders that mainly affect the neck,
shoulders, forearms, elbows, wrists, hand and fingers.
Tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndromes, vibration white finger
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Eliminate the need of overreaching, reaching up, reaching down and
stooping movements by providing training to create awareness.
Controlling extended work hours by introducing job rotational shifts.
Maintaining comfortable and steady temperature to carry out their work
with comfort.
7. Identify the possible factor that could contribute for the development of
WRULDs effecting supermarket checkout workers. (8)
The work which requires a worker to adopt awkward postures while
carrying out a task.
The work in which forces are involved or physical actions.
The work which is repetitive or monotonous in nature.
Environmental aspects such as temperature, humid will directly affect the
workers ability to carry out their task with their comfort.
Physical characteristics of the equipment which encourages poor
postures.
The work which involves over reaching, side reaching while initiating the
task with space constraints.
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Eye strain
Back pain
Fatigue
Stress
12. Identify the types of injuries caused by improper manual handling. (4)
EXTERNAL INJURIES
Cuts, lacerations, bruise, crush injuries
INTERNAL INJURIES
Tears, hernias, slipped discs, trapped nerves, muscle strain
13. Outline the factors you need to consider when carrying out an
assessment of manual handling. (8)
THE LOAD
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Weight of the load
Size of the load
Shape of the load
Rigidity of the load
Outside surface
Stability of the load
THE INDIVIDUAL
Does this activity requires physical strengths, size of an individual or
technique.
Does this activity pose any risk to vulnerable such as young person and
pregnant woman.
Does this activity pose any risk to people may have previous injuries or
existing health problem.
THE TASK
At what height the load is being lift.
Distance and duration of task.
Does the task is repetitive in nature.
Does the task involves twisting or stopping movements
Rate of work imposed on individual
Does the task involves jerky or jolting movements
THE ENVIRONMENT
The adequate lighting in the work area
Ventilation
Temperature
Weather
Obstacles
Floor conditions
Space available
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Use of mechanical aids such as trolleys, cage truck etc.
Modify the process such as load, task and environment
LOAD
- Split the load into two halves and provide with adequate markings and
warnings.
- Additional packaging to maintain consignment.
- Provide with adequate grips to execute the load.
TASK
- Planning of load at appropriate height that would eliminate
stooping movements.
- Reducing distances and duration by introducing job rotational
shifts.
ENVIRONMENT
- Provide with adequate illumination, ventilation, even surfaces
and remove obstructions from pathways.
- Maintaining steady temperatures
Ensure the individual capabilities are matching the activities.
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Use of ramps over steps
Observe SWL
Use brakes of the truck when truck is stationary
Use safety boots.
18. Identify checks that the operator should carry out before lifting
operation. (8)
Ground condition where crane has to set up.
Position of the crane and the boom radius.
Obstructions such as overhead power lines.
Checking of possible wind speed for lifting operations.
Assessing the load including the dimensions.
Lading area and the obstruction on the pathways.
Inspection of lifting accessories.
Load estimation such as SWL – safe work load, charts and load indicators.
19. Outline the possible reasons why cranes may collapse. (6), (8)
Unsuitable support or inadequate base for crane
Incorrect positioning of crane, e.g. on soft ground. Too far away from load
Overloading, e.g. collapse bending of jib due to overloading
Improper methods of use crane, e.g. use in high winds
Incorrect signals by the signaller (banks man)
Ground bearing capacities, position of basements, weather conditions
20. Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of battery powered
forklift and identify the precautions necessary in each case. (8)
Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive, the provision of
dedicated charging stations with adequate ventilation.
Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid, which is corrosive, Need to be
providing wear personal protective equipment such as gloves and eye
protection.
Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual handling risk, to
provide suitable lifting facilities.
The possibilities of electric shock, burns or fire through the shorting of
battery leads, Protect against this adequate insulation, a correct
connection procedures.
Battery powered vehicle can be very quiet or almost silent, increasing the
risk of collision with pedestrian, The delineation of traffic routes, the
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wearing of high visibility clothing by pedestrians and sounding on the
truck warning device by drivers when work carry on.
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“A workshop has over head crane for lifting and transporting
loads.”
23. Outline the control measures to reduce the risk to workers during lifting
and transporting the load. (8)
Ensuring the crane or lifting device is of the correct type of the job and
terrain that is strong and stable.
Ensuring that the load to be lifted is within the safe lifting capacity of the
crane
Restricting use of the crane to trained and competent operators
Providing a banks man to give direction to crane operator, with good
communication between driver and other operator.
Ensuring that safety devices such as overload indicators.
Using PPE such as hard hats, steel toe-cap boots & high visibility clothing
ELEMENT- 4
WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
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2. Outline the precautions to be taken for the routine maintenance of
machinery. (6)
Maintenance work should only be carried out by competent staff.
Implementation of SSOW such as risk assessment and PTW.
Power sources should be isolated and physically locked off.
Stored power should be released or secured to prevent accidental
discharge.
If dangerous moving parts are accessed
- Run at very low speed
- Fit purpose made maintenance guards
Where power cannot be isolated additional precaution are required.
- Cover live parts with insulating material
- Use additional PPE.
Precaution for safe access
Use manual handling aid.
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Maintain good footing and balance
Inspect and maintain tools
Wear appropriate PPE.
STABBING/ PUNCTURE
Through ejection of particles from a machine or sharp operating
components forced to the skin.
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FRICTION/ABRESION
Contact with grinding wheels or sanding machine
CUTTING /SEVERING
Contact with cutting edge such as saw or rotating disc.
EJECTION
High pressure fluid leakage from hydraulic system
“Documents have been to collect into sacks and are been individual
destroyed using a document shredder.”
8. Identify the mechanical or non- mechanical hazards associated with
task. (10)
Drawing in between rotating cutters when feeding the papers.
Contact with rotating cutters during cleaning the jam.
Possibilities of cutting during shredding process.
Heat burns due to contact with hot parts during cleaning the jam.
Electrical hazards through faulty plug or wiring
Possibilities of musculoskeletal disorders due to prolong standing and
awkward postures during shredding process.
Risk of manual handling due to carrying sacks of documents.
Possibilities of fire in the presence of ignition sources.
Possible exposure through dust during shredding
Exposure to noise and vibration.
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Restricting the use of documents to trained or competent person.
Emphasize on pre-use checks and inspection prior to work.
Provision of seating facilities and steady temperature to minimize the risk
of MSDs.
Controls to prevent the exposure from noise and vibration such as PPE
Provision of mechanical aid such as trolley to minimise the risk of manual
handling.
11.Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk. (4)
Provide with LEV to control the accumulation of dust during sanding
process.
Restricting the use of sanding machine to trained person.
Emphasize on proper positioning of body while initiating the task.
Emphasize to avoid loose clothes.
Provision of PPE such as goggles, respirator, and abrasion free gloves.
13. Outline the precautions that could reduce the risk to worker. (4)
Avoiding wearing loose clothes
Ensure the drill bit inserted properly into chuck and lock with chuck key.
Ensure the trailing cable is secured.
Provide with appropriate PPE such as glasses, gloves etc.
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14. Identify the possible hazards associated with the use of bench top
grinder. (4)
Abrasion due to contact with rotating wheel.
Cutting and shivering
Bursting of wheels, ejection and puncture.
Fire burns
Noise
Electrical
15. Identify eight type of non- mechanical hazard associated with use of
machinery. (8)
Dust
Noise
Vibration
Fire
Chemical
Radiation
Biological
Manual handling
Electrical
16. Identify four mechanical hazards associated with the use of pedestal
drill. (4)
Entanglement around rotating spindle.
Contact with cutting drill.
Stabbing or puncture
Drawing in
17. Identify the possible hazards associated with cylinder mower. (4)
Trapping typically hands or fingers
Contact and entanglement
Drawing in between chain and sprocket
Impact and cutting injuries
Burns from hot parts
Fire
Noise
Fumes
Electrical hazards
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“A worker uses petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside verges. ”
18. A) Identify the possible hazards associated to the worker. (10)
Entanglement with rotating part of motor and shaft.
Cutting from contact with rotating cutting heads and bled.
Burns from hot part of engine.
Fire due to presence of highly flammable liquid such as petrol.
Manual handling strain due to prolong wearing of strimmer.
Health hazard due to animal faeces.
Health hazard due to inhalation of dust.
Possible exposure to noise, vibration etc.
Eye and face puncture wounds due to ejected particles.
Exposure to temperature and risk of collision.
19.B) Identify the items of PPE that should be provided and used by
worker. (5)
Eyes and face protection such as goggles and ear plugs.
Repertory and nose mask.
Gloves
Safety shoes
Helmet
20.C) Outline the control measures other than PPE might be considered.
(5)
Ensure the rotating parts of the engine are adequately guarded.
Avoid wearing loose clothes.
Rotating cutting head or bled should be enclosed with partial guards.
Refuelling should be done in well-ventilated area.
Reducing exposure of manual handling strain, noise and vibration by
introducing rotational shifts.
Provision for isotonic drink working in hot environment if needed.
21. Outline the possible hazards and risk to which a worker could be
exposed when cutting down a tree using a petrol driven chain saw.
(8)
The kick back can result in serious injuries or even death.
Serious cutting by contact with high speed cutting chain.
Coming contact with hot parts of the engine resulting in burns.
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Inadequate maintenance of chain saw may cause chain to break resulting
in severe injury.
Eyes and face puncture wounds due to ejected particles during cutting a
tree.
Contact with overhead power lines and risk of fall from height.
Exposure to wood dust resulting in nozzle cancer.
Possibility of hit by falling branches.
Ergonomical hazards due to awkward posture.
Physical hazards such as noise and vibration result in hand arm vibration
syndromes.
22. Outline the possible hazards associated with the use of cement
mixers. (8)
Contact and entanglement with moving parts of the motor.
Drawing-in between chains and sprocket drives.
Cursing between loading hopper and drum
Eye injury from splashing cement starry.
Burns
Fires
Electrical hazards
Noise
Cement dust
23. Identify the possible hazards associated with the use of bench
mounted circular saw. (4)
Drawing-in between chain and sprocket.
Contact with blade.
Ejection of work piece.
Contact and entanglement
Noise
Wood dust
24. Other than guard, outline four control measures to reduce the risk to
worker to by using bench mounted circular saw. (4)
Fixed guard fitted to motor and bottom of cutting blade.
Riving knife fitted behind blade
Hearing protection
Eye protection
Routine inspection and portable appliance testing
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Use restricted to trained operators only.
26. Describe the principle of fixed guards and inter locked guards. (2), (2)
Principles of fixed guards
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Can be adjusted by operator to provide protection.
DEMERITS
Relied on the operator to adjust correct position.
May obscure visibility when in use.
TRIP DEVICES
MERITS
Minimize the severity of the injury.
Additional risk control measure.
DEMERITS
Can be over ridden
May not operated fast enough
Cause production delays with false trip
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PPE
MERITS
Easy to see if worn
Provides protection against a variety of hazards
DEMERITS
Only protects the user
Will not give adequate protection
May pose additional hazards
IITS
MERITS
Easy to reach wide audience on varied techniques
DEMERITS
May be misunderstood
Relies on the person concerned to follow the instruction
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If used for prolonged periods, introduce job rotational shifts to reduce the
exposure.
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ELEMENT- 5
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Hazards of Electricity
Electricity burns
Electric shock
- heart fibrillation
- muscle contraction
Arcing
Fire and explosion
Secondary effects
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Muscle contraction
Ventricular fibrillation
Asphyxiation
Cardiac arrest
Physical trauma
2. Identify the factors that affect the severity of electric shock. (6)
VOLTAGE: The higher the voltage, the greater the current.
CURRENT PATH: The route that the electricity takes through the body.
CONTACT SURFACE AREA: The more skin that is in contact, the more severe the
Injury.
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5. Outline how Earthing can reduce the risk of receiving electrical shock.
(4)
Outer metal causing connected to earth by wire.
Provides fault current with a low resistance path to earth.
Electric shock should be minor.
Will usually blow the fuse.
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Check of any in- service date
Unsecured sheath
Wet or contaminated
Damage to casing of equipment
Burns / scorch marks.
9. Identify the ways in which the risk of severe electricity shock can be
reduced when using a portable electric equipment. (4)
Double insulation of wire.
RCD and MCV.
Pre-use check or inspection.
PPE
Ensuring Earthing continuity.
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ELEMENT- 6
FIRE SAFETY
1. Identify the principle of fire triangle. (2)
Fire is a chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel with the presence of heat. In
order to ignite fire these three elements should be in correct proportion.
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
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Class-D- Flammable metals e.g. sodium, potassium etc.
Class-F/K- High temperature fire or kitchen fire e.g. edible oil.
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Identification of all the potential to fire hazards with respect to fuel, heat
and oxygen.
Consideration of people in the premises and the number of people at risk.
Consider how fire and heat could spread to the areas people would
occupy.
Considering statutory requirements on notifying about the changes in
internal layout.
Considering the fire fighters and the equipment should not impede during
fire fighting.
Considering the fire fighting equipment and the need for the additional
equipment.
Considering the type of activities being carried out in the internal layout.
Consideration of previous accident history with respect to fire.
“A fire started in the store room in the basement of a multi storey building,
spread rapidly and eventually destroyed the entire building.
7. Outline the factors that may have influenced the spread of fire in the
building. (8)
Inadequate design of building material leading to lot of ventilation.
High flammable materials kept in store room
Environmental factor such as high wind
Presence of __________________
In proper structure of building like made by wood or use of more
_____________
No means of ducted system such as fire alarm system
People none knowing ___________________
Fire started during ______________________
Inability of lake of maintenance of princely system.
8. With reference to the fire triangle, outline the factors that could
increase the risk of fire starting in a motor vehicle workshop. (8)
OXYGEN SOURCE
The natural air around the workshop.
Oxygen cylinders.
Oxidizing chemicals which liberate oxygen when they burn.
Ventilation systems.
Compressors and piped system.
FOUEL SOURES
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Flammable liquids- petrol, diesel etc.
Flammable gases- methane, butane etc.
Paper, wood
HEAT SOURCES
Naked flames
Arson
Hot surface, heaters
Hot work- welding
9. Outline eight ways of reducing the risk of fire starting in a workplace. (8)
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
By maintaining good housekeeping in the workplace.
Proper storage of flammable gas and liquids.
By provision of correctly rated electrical equipment.
By provision of safe system of work for hot work.
Safe storage and safe use of combustible material.
Design structure of building with less ventilation.
Prevention of arson by provision of site security.
Periodic or regular maintenance of all the electrical equipment and
machinery.
10. Other than extinguisher, outline the measures to be taken for the safe
storage of flammable solvents in the workplace. (8)
Ensure the minimum use of flammable solvents in quantities.
Ensure the flammable solvents are clearly labelled.
Provide suitable container for the solvents.
Ensure metal catch tray.
Keep away from heat
Ensure the storage areas are well-ventilated.
Always return to storage.
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30 meter maximum travel distance.
Minimum 1 extinguisher per 200 sq. meter.
Noticeable and accessible.
Handle not over 1.1 meter above floor.
Suitable type.
Protection against damage and weather.
13. Identify the issues to consider for the location of assembly points for the
use in workplace. (4)
The assembly point should be outside of the building but not out outside
the compound of building.
The assembly point must not impede fire fighting.
Considering the volume of people in the premises.
Consideration of vulnerable group such as disabled worker, pregnant
women, nursing mother and provide the refuge state.
14. Outline the general role of fire marshal that would be expected to
undertake in the emergency evacuation of the workplace in the event of
fire. (6)
Wear high visibility clothing.
Instruct people to leave via nearest escape route.
Help people to disabilities.
Shut down all dangerous and vital equipment.
Report the incident to incident controller.
Liaise with rescue services on arrival.
Be the last person to leave the premises.
Carry out a roll call or head count at assembly point.
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15. Outline the factors to be considered so that the person with sensitive
impairment or physical disabled can safely evacuate from workplace in
the event of fire. (6)
Consideration to proper evacuation plan constructed
Fire resistant stairways and lobbies can usually be considered
A fire marshal/ warden may be given responsibilities for ensuring a
disabled person.
ELEMENT- 7
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
1. Identify two forms of hazardous substances found within the workplace.
(2)
Dust
Gas
Liquids
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3. Identify the ways in which chemical can enter the human body
Inhalation (Dust)
Ingestion (Biological agents, Chemical)
Absorption (Through skin)
Injection (Puncturing by sharp objects)
4. Explain the distinctions between acute and chronic ill health effects. (4)
Acute:
Acute health effect are characterised by sudden and severe exposure and rapid
absorption of the substance. Normally a single large exposure is involved. Acute
health effects are often reversible.
Chronic:
Chorionic health effects are characterised by prolonged or repeated exposures
over many days, months or years. Symptoms may not be immediately apparent.
Chronic health effects are often irreversible.
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American conference of governmental industrial hygienists (ACGIH) list of
threshold limit values (US).
Manufacturers health and safety data sheet and responsibilities for their
provision
NFPA hazard diamond - providing hazard information.
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Ensure WEL exposure does not exceed and controls are proportionate the
risk.
Provide with job specific trainings and the level of competent supervision.
Emphasize on wearing protective clothing and respirators.
10. Outline the factor to be considered when selecting the RPE for use by
workers. (8)
Consideration of the contaminated and its hazards.
Physical form of the substance.
Level of protection offered by the RPE
Presence or absence of oxygen
Duration of time that it may be worn
Compatibility with other items of RPE
Shape of the user face
Facial hair
Physical requirements of the job
Physical fitness of the wearer
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12.Identify four hazardous substances for which respiratory protective
equipment (RPE) can reduce the risk of harm. (2), (4)
Gases
Dust
Mist
Vapours
Fumes
13.Identify the possible chronic health risk from exposure to asbestos. (2)
Asbestosis
Mesothelioma
Malignant
15.Outline the measures that should be considered before and during the
removal of asbestos.
BEFORE THE REMOVAL
Identify the presence of asbestos and it is adequately labelled.
An assessment must be done of the work to which the workers are exposed
during removal.
A written plan required to work with asbestos and the work has to be notified
to the relevant authority.
Development of safe working procedures and appropriate measures prior to
work.
DURING REMOVAL
Ensure the competency of people and are trained for the respective work.
Emphasize on protective clothing and RPE.
Asbestos waste should be securely double bag and labelled as hazardous
waste.
Ensure the waste is disposed at the licensed site.
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16. Identify the health risk that could be caused by exposure to CO (carbon
monoxide). (4)
Faster breathing or respiratory distress.
Low level of CO can result in headache, diseases, vomiting or nausea.
Exposure to CO can also result in feinting and seizure.
High level of exposure to CO can result in unconsciousness or even death.
20. Identify the health risk from the exposure to legionella bacteria. (2)
Pneumonia
Influenza
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Water kept at temperature between 22` - 45` C.
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“Workers have been exposed in high level of inhalation of wood
dust.”
27. Identify the body’s respiratory defence mechanism against the
inhalation of wood dust. (4)
Nose – the nasal hair prevents and the wetness of nose prevent wood dust
entering respiratory track.
The series of reflects active the coughing sneezing to foreseeably expel the
wood dust.
Siliryary – the bass age of respiratory system is aligned with makers and find
hairs known as silica which pushes out the foreseeing substances which tries
to inspect the respiratory track.
28. Outline the measures to be taken to reduce the risk to workers from
exposure of wood dust. (4)
Well design extraction system to accumulate the wood dust.
Installation LEV if need.
Emphasize on vacuuming rather than sweeping.
Introduction of job rotation shifts to limited exposure.
Regular health surveillance and trainings.
Emphasize on usage of PPE and RPE.
“Observant needs of granules have been used to sock up a chemical
spillage”
29. Outline the issues to be considered in relation to the handling of
temporary storage and final disposal of waste. (8)
Preventing manual handling of waste by mechanisation or automation of
process.
Identification of the distance and the location where the waste has to be
sifted.
Consideration of the waste segregated with accordance to flammability,
corrosivity or sensitivity to environment.
Consideration of storing waste in the suitable containers with the dip trays to
prevent spillage.
Provision of adequate monitoring and illumination to prevent unwanted
incident such as vandalism.
Considering the legal requirements with respect to correct paper work.
The final disposal of the waste should comply with regulatory requirement
and dispose to the licensed site.
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30. Outline the suitable control measures for safe storage of highly
flammable liquids at workplaces. (8)
Containers located in bund, away from walls.
Bunds have 110% capacity of largest container.
Provision for rain water.
Transfer points - e.g. pumps bunded.
Protect bund from damage
Bunds checked and maintained
Metal catch trays
Keep away from heat and provide well ventilation
ELEMENT- 8
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
1. Identify the possible health effects from exposure of high level of
noise.
TEMPORORY EFFECT
- Reduction in hearing (temporary threshold shift)
- Ringing in ears
PERMANENT EFFECT
- Tinnitus condition – Constant ringing, buzzing or whistling in the
ear
- Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) ( permanent threshold shift)
Physical damage to hearing mechanism such as rapture of ear drum and
dislocation of ear bone.
Causes annoyance and irritation.
Affecting inability to hear vehicles, warnings, and conversation.
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2. Give two examples of noise techniques other than PPE that could
benefit all workers.
Damping
Absorption screen
Silencer for engine exhaust
3. Occupations at risk
Construction workers
- Plant, machinery – e.g. demolition, maintenance, repair
Uniformed services
- Live firing operation, Fire and rescue operation
- Small earns and artillery
Entertainment sector works
- Loud music
Manufacturing sector workers
- Industrial machinery
- Industrial machinery, forging, shaping, riveting, cutting, grinding
Call centre workers
- Acoustic shock from handset
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Elimination or reduction at source
Change the total or partial design of the whole or a component of
the machine.
Damping, adding material to reduce vibration
Isolate; prevent noise from being transmitted through the
structure of the building.
THE PATH
Providing barriers to the transmission of noise through air or
through structures.
ENCLOSURE
Placing a sound – proof baffles and enclosures over the noise
source.
ABSORPTION
Sound in the workroom can be absorbed by means of acoustic
absorbent panels on walls or suspended from the ceiling.
SILENCERS
Attachments fitted to the inlet or exhaust of a moving air or gas
stream emitted from the machine.
DISTANCE
Positioning the worker away from the noise source will decrease
the noise do received.
Time limiting the duration of exposure to noise
Provision of information and training.
Provision of PPE Personal hearing protection.
7. Identify the factors that may have reduce the effectiveness of hearing
protection.
8. Identify the possible health effects that could be suffered by a worker
from exposure to vibration. (4)
Muscular disorder in fingers blood vessels.
Neurological disorder
Muscle and tendon damage
Bone and joint dislocation
Write and numb finger after prolonged usages.
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9. Identify the four types of ionizing radiation. (4)
Alpha particles
Beta particles
X-rays
Gamma rays
Radon
Neutrons
13. Identify four possible health effects of non- ionizing radiation. (4)
Skin burns, arc eye skin cancer
Temporary blindness
Redness and skin burns, retinal burns, cataracts
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Internal heating
Organ damage
Interval heating
Organ damage.
15. Outline the factor that may lead to occupational stress amongst
workers.
Culture - of the organization and how it approaches work related stress
eg- communication, consultation, staff support system, working hours.
Demands - Workload to high or too low, shift work and unsocial hours,
excessive overtime.
Control - how much control the person has in the way they do their work,
eg- work planning.
Relationship between employees, eg- physical violence, threatened or
actual, verbal abuse such as repeated shouting and swearing.
Change - Organizational changes is managed and communicated in the
organisation, eg- new technology, unclear objectives.
Role - job insecurity, fear of redundancy, being unclear about role,
responsibilities, and expectations, conflicting roles.
Individual skills not matched to the task, inadequate training, and unclear
job description.
Environment - Inadequate lighting, problems with glare, extremes of
temperature and humidity, inadequate ventilation, high noise and
vibration levels, inadequate welfare facilities and poor weather
conditions for those working outside.
16. Outline the health effects that could be suffered the worker from
this exposure.
Muscular tension
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Tightening of blood vessels
Raised heart rate and effects on the digestive system
Incurable hearing damage
18. Outline six control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from
vibration. (6)
Identify the sources of high vibration and eliminate it wherever possible
Install vibration arrestors in the sources of high vibration if eliminations is
not possible.
Encourage the use of PPEs like anti vibration gloves
Maintain tools and equipment to avoid excessive vibration
Take action immediately if exposure action value and exposure limit value
exceeds the pre- defined value.
Provide information, instruction and training to enhance the safe working
practices
Organize medical check-up camp to predict early indicators of adverse
health effects.
Introduce job rotational shifts to reduce exposure.
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Eye cataracts, skin damage.
20. Identify the control measures that could be taken to reduce the risk
to the operator. (4)
Time of exposing should be minimum
Segregation by distance reduces the risk to health
Correct disposal of radiation materials
Training and supervision
Good hygiene practice
PPE whole body radiation suits
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