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Physics116 L04-Pendulum
Physics116 L04-Pendulum
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
OSCILLATORY MOTION
Lecture 4
Pendulum motion
Damped SHM
Oct 4, 2011
R. J. Wilkes
Email: [email protected]
Announcements
• Homework set 1 due Thursday by 5 pm
• Suggestion: Check the New York Times Tuesdays =
science page day
• Clickers: Registration web page is open
https://catalyst.uw.edu/webq/survey/wilkes/142773
All registered 116 students got an email yesterday with this link (to your @u address)
(if you are not registered for 116, you cannot access the page)
if you did not get an email about this, and are registered for the course, see me
“Survey questions” capture the info we need to connect your clicker ID to your name
F = ma → − kx = ma → − kx = −m Aω 2 cos (ω t ) { }
⎛ k⎞
So − Aω cos (ω t ) = − ⎜ ⎟ A cos (ω t )
2
⎝ m⎠
⎛ k⎞ k
ω2 = ⎜ ⎟ → ω=
⎝ m⎠ m
• We defined ω = 2π f = 2π ⎛ ⎞
1 Also: this meant “newton-meters”,
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ not a minus sign!
T
⎛ 1⎞ m
• So T = 2π ⎜ ⎟ → T = 2π
⎝ω⎠ k
• This tells us that T increases for larger m, or smaller k
Today
4-Oct-11 Physics 116 - Au11 4
SHM: The story so far…
F = ma → − kx = ma
⎛1⎞
ω = 2πf = 2π ⎜ ⎟
⎝T ⎠
k m
ω= → T = 2π
m k
x(t ) = A cos(ωt )
v(t ) = − Aω sin(ωt )
a (t ) = − Aω 2 cos(ωt )
1 2 1 1
U= kA cos 2 (ωt ), K = kA 2 sin 2 (ωt ), E = U + K = kA 2
2 2 2
⎛ mg ⎞
k =⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠
m L
T = 2π → T = 2π
k g
How long must a simple pendulum
be to have period T = 2 s?
(so it ticks every 1 second)
s θ
L
T = 2π
g
T = (2π )
2 2 L
→ L=
gT 2
=
( )
9.8m / s 2 (2 s )
2
= 0.994m
g (2π ) 2
(2π ) 2
L mL2 L
T = 2π = 2π
g mL2 g
If the pendulum is a solid rod, ( I = m L2 / 3), θ
and CM is located at its center ( l = L / 2)
L mL2
So rod has smaller T than simple
l I 2 3 2 L
T = 2π = 2π = 2π pendulum of same L
g ml 2 g ⎛L⎞
2
3 g Notice: m doesn’t matter!
m⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
4-Oct-11 Physics 116 - Au11 8
Examples / applications
• Physical pendulum: Hoop on a peg
– recall: parallel axis theorem R
I = I (about some parallel axis) + mR2
Where R= distance between axes
(
I = mR 2 )
about center ( )
+ mR 2 = 2mR 2
l=R
l I R 2mR 2 2R
T = 2π = 2π = 2π
g ml 2 g mR 2 g
D
Notice : T = 2π
g
So period is same as simple pendulum with L=diameter of hoop
(but true only for this particular example!)
R
• Solid disk hung on a peg
⎛1 ⎞
Now : I = ⎜ mR 2 ⎟ ( 3
)
+ mR 2 = mR 2
⎝2 ⎠ about center 2
l I R 3mR 2 / 2 3R
T = 2π = 2π = 2π
g ml 2 g mR 2 2g
1
U = (m + M ) gh = K = ( m + M )v 2
2
Here, v = speed of bullet+block
v = 2 gh = 2(9.8m / s 0.124m = 1.56m / s
2
just after collision
– If damping is too great, we never get even the first half cycle
– If damping is just right (critical damping) we get just the 1st half cycle
– Critical damping is a desirable feature in many applications
• For example, car springs: shock absorbers (= dampers) are set to
provide critical damping for a comfortable ride
• Underdamped (oscillates
displacement
0.5
several cycles) 0
exp(-bt/2m)
oscillator
-0.5
• Overdamped (quits -1
immediately)
1.5
Oscillator motion
-1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5
1
t / T = fraction of period
displacement
0.5
exp(-bt/2m)
0
oscillator
-0.5 1.5
-1
1
-1.5
displacement 0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
exp(-bt/2m)
t / T = fraction of period
0
oscillator
-0.5
-1