Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Reviewer affected community’s ability to cope using its own

resources.
- if a hazard caused 10 or more casualties and more than 100
INTRODUCTION
people are affected, then it is considered a disaster (Center
Disaster Risk of Research for Epidemiology of Disaster).

– a combination of the interactions of natural hazard, Types of Disasters:

vulnerability, and capacity.
– most likely to occur when hazards, exposure to hazards,  Natural Disasters – arise from natural hazards,
and vulnerability are combined. which are caused by rapid or slow onset of events.
ℎ𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 × 𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦  Man-made Disasters – caused by humans or
– 𝐷𝑅 =
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 technology.
Disaster Risk Reduction Effects of Disasters:
- aims to strengthen the resilience of people, communities,  Primary Effects – direct situations arising from
and societies disaster itself.
- concept and practice of reducing disaster risk by:  Secondary Effects – situations resulting from the
o systematically studying the causes of hazards and primary effects.
disasters  Tertiary Effects - long term effect; may not be
o reducing exposure to hazards experienced during a disaster but can be felt after
o lessening the vulnerability the disaster has occurred.
o improving preparedness to face hazards
Vulnerability
Hazard
- characteristics and circumstances of a community that make
- a dangerous phenomenon that may cause damage to it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
people and their livelihoods.
- they may be classified depending on their type, location, Capacity
effect, possession, and environment.
- combination of all strengths, attributes, and resources
Types of Hazards: available within a community that can be used to achieve
agreed goals.
 Natural Hazards – caused by natural phenomena
due to either rapid or slow onset of events. They DISASTER PERSPECTIVES
can’t be prevented but they can be anticipated.
 Man-made Hazards – caused by humans or  Anthropological perspective
technology. They can frequently be prevented and - disasters are caused by human interventions rather than
anticipated. natural causes.
- disasters are brought about by existing social orders,
 Socionatural Hazards – combination of natural and
human-environmental relations influenced by their
man-made hazards.
historical experiences and cultural practices.
Disaster (Greek “dis” + “astro” = “disastro” meaning “bad star”) - disasters can be prevented mitigated, and prepared for
in the future (Oliver-Smith).
- serious disruption of the functioning of a community
involving widespread human, material, economic, or
environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the
 Economic perspective o violent personal assaults
- disasters disrupt and slow human activities that help o mugging/robbery
generate economy and make it flow. o severe neglect
- they interrupt progress and development by destroying o witnessing violent deaths
human, physical, and capital resources. o military combat
- the poor are terribly affected by disasters since o being held hostage
impoverishment deprived them of the chance to prepare o terrorist attacks
themselves for disasters. - PTSD is a condition of persistent mental and emotional
stress occurring as a result of injury or severe
 Health perspective psychological shock, typically involving sleep disturbance
- disasters not only cause casualties, injuries, and diseases, and constant vivid recall of the experience, which dulled
but they also add strain to overburdened medical and responses to others. Victims can recover by seeking
allied resources and services. professional help, or getting support from family and
- medical facilities can be destroyed, with its staff members friends.
affected, thus interrupting and/or reducing services.
- such conditions partly translate to mortality and  Science-Technological perspective
morbidity (Geological Survey of Canada, n.d.). - disasters are effects of forces.
- what happens during and right after a disaster: - science and technology creates new insights and
o access to medical resources becomes difficult methods, solve old problems, and establish higher
o supplies shortage and health aggravations standards and better-evidenced-based policies.
o absence of water, food, power, and shelter - some disasters are backward effects of science and
o overcrowding at evacuation centers technology.

 Cultural/Historical perspective  Gender perspective

- disasters are “punitive acts of god”. - women and children are the most disadvantaged and they
- disasters are god’s way of unifying the people and value are 14 times more likely to die in a disaster. aww sad ;(

the beauty of his wonderful creations/natural processes of

NATURE OF HAZARDS
nature.
- disasters are part and parcel of life and we cannot do Elements of Disaster
anything about it but live with it.
 Hazard
 Political perspective  Risk
- the ability of a country or a community to battle the  Vulnerability
impacts of a disaster reflects the quality of leaders they
have, including their degree of being well-informed, Classification of Hazards (Saskatchewan Ministry of Advanced Education Employment and Labor Thailand, 2014)

upright, and concerned about their constituents.

 Physical
 Biological
 Psychological perspective
- disasters may lead to psychological trauma.  Environmental
- disasters can cause Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Prioritization of Hazards
(PTSD), a serious condition that afflicts people who
experienced life-threatening events and can lead to mental - hazards are ranked using the SMUG system.
illness. Other causes of PTSD include: o Seriousness
o serious road accidents – possible consequences in terms of losses.
 o Manageability  Sociocultural Background
– people’s ability to reduce the hazards - cultural settings and social orientation affect the way they
o Urgency view hazards and disasters.
– how pressing or critical the hazards are to be given - their behavior towards hazards is guided by the
extreme attention education and beliefs that they grew up with.
o Growth
– likelihood of a hazard to grow or give rise to  Political Beliefs
another hazard, thus increasing the risk - political philosophy determines a community’s autonomy,
decision-making process, and the public’s disaster risk
- the manner at which hazards can have an impact are reduction policy, and therefore, their vulnerability. They
based on the magnitude or scale of hazard, the size of can either restrict or relax disaster risk reduction efforts.
human population, and the extent (level and nature) of  Gender Type
development in the place affected. - women are affected by disasters in a different way
RISK compared to men due to their social status, educational
level, family responsibilities, and reproductive role, however
- is the likelihood of a hazard becoming a disaster. that doesn’t make women more vulnerable than men.
- its level is dependent on the level and extent of exposure to - in that case, it is unsafe to assume that men are less
hazards and the level of vulnerability. vulnerable than women because even though they are
- determined by the capabilities of those exposed to physically strong, there are also men who, by special
hazards, and the available resources. circumstances, are more vulnerable than women.

VULNERABILITY
 Disability
- characteristics and circumstances of a community that - unequal treatment, inadequate facilities and support
make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. systems for PWDs aggravate their conditions and this adds
- it can be measured on the individual, household, up to their vulnerability.
community, municipal, or national level; its level can be
classified as sociological, physical, political, economic, and  Age
scientific-technological, contingent on the factor/s that - children and the elderlies are dependent on other
predominate the situation (Kienberg and Global Risk people’s support for their survival, therefore making them
Platform, 2014). more vulnerable in adverse conditions.
- the relatively vulnerable groups are PWDs, people with
special conditions, children, frail elderly, prisoners, the  Health Status
poor, and people with language barriers. - health influences the level of vulnerability to hazards,
while hazards affect public health.
Factors Influencing Vulnerability - communities with health problems are more vulnerable to
hazards.
 Economic or Financial Status
- vulnerability and poverty are integrally linked but not
 Educational Level
synonymous (Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, n.d.).
- higher awareness for hazards and disasters lowers
- if you have the means (or funds), you are less vulnerable.
vulnerability.
 Quality of Governance
- well-governed countries are less vulnerable than poorly-
governed countries. (duhh)
  Technology  Tsunami (Nihongo “harbor wave”) - sea waves or series of sea
- better technology means more advanced instruments for waves resulting from the disturbance of the ocean floor.
forecasting, and less time for more accurate forecasting - it can cause devastation by damaging properties,
systems. environment, and human life; disease outbreaks; PTSD.
- it advances healthcare, transport, and disability support - it can also cause inundation—a condition in which water
systems, thereby boosting risk reduction efforts. covers normally dry land.
- it helps in weather, earthquake and tsunami forecast. o Signs of an impending tsunami
- it provides better instructional and communication  Feel an earthquake
gadgets that help promote education to increase  Receding water from the shoreline
awareness for hazards and disasters.  Unusual roaring sound
- so bale more advanced technology == less vulnerable. o Two types of tsunami
 Local tsunami - confined to coasts within a
Types of Vulnerability hundred km from the epicenter and can
 Social Vulnerability reach the shoreline within minutes.
 Distant or far-field tsunami (pwede ring teletsunami)
 Economic Vulnerability
– travels from 1 to 24 hours before reaching
 Physical Vulnerability
the coast of a nearby land.
 Political Vulnerability
 Earthquake-induced landslide - failures in steep or hilly
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS slopes triggered by an earthquake.

Potential Earthquake Hazards and Its Effects - it can cause property damage, casualties, injuries; affect
variety of resources and supplies availability.
 Ground shaking - is the disruptive up-down and sideways
movement experience during an earthquake. Earthquake
- it can cause objects to fall and break; damage or collapse - is the feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground.
buildings.
- the earthquake’s magnitude is the quantitative size of the
 Ground rupture - displacement on the ground due to seismic waves released by an earthquake.
movement of the fault. - the earthquake’s intensity is the severity of an earthquake
- it can cause areas along fault lines to be damaged in terms of its effects on the earth’s surface.
severely.
- it is caused by either tectonic plate movement or volcanic
 Liquefaction - transforms the behavior of a body of activity.
sediment from solid to liquid (or flowy).
- there are three types of plate boundaries: convergent
- flow liquefaction is a contractive liquefaction in which the
(compression), divergent (stress), and transform (shearing).
static equilibrium is destroyed by static or dynamic loading
- this phenomenon releases seismic waves— a type of
e.g. earthquake.
mechanical wave that is caused by an explosion or the
- cyclic mobility liquefaction is a dilative liquefaction
sudden breaking of rock within the earth; the wave will be
triggered by the application of fluctuating stress on
recorded as a seismogram with the help of a seismograph.
structural components.
- happens in faults—fissures, fractures or zones of
- it can cause the foundations of a structure to buckle and
weakness where movement has occurred and may occur
tilt, or worse collapse, a building.
again. Faults are active if they have moved within the last
 Land subsidence - occurs when large amounts of
10,000 years.
groundwater have been withdrawn from certain types of
rocks, making them compact and then falls in on itself.
- it can damage aquifers, ecosystems, and infrastructures.
Types of Seismic Waves - breaking of peroxy bonds (oxygen-oxygen bonds in
rocks) through scraping of fault zones create magnetic
 Primary waves – also known as p-waves; is the fastest pulses that result in a quake.
and moves side to side.  Mild quakes or foreshocks
 Secondary waves - also known as s-waves; is slower and o Swarms - multitudes of faint ground shakings
moves up and down. with almost the same magnitude or intensity
 Surface waves – only forms when p and s waves reach that occur at short periods of time with almost
the surface; is the most destructive and moves vertically the same depths.
and horizontally. o Foreshocks - mild local movements that occur
before the main quake.
Locating Epicenter
o Aftershocks - mild quake that occurs after the
 Triangulation - method used to identify the epicenter main quake.
of an earthquake by finding the intersection of the  Earthquake trends - historical pattern by which
records of three seismic stations. earthquake incidents occur in a particular place.
 Epicenter - the point on the earth’s surface directly WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
above the focus, where the energy is the greatest.
 Focus - the point where the energy is released. Preparedness and Mitigation (Before)
 Lag time - time difference between the arrival of the p
and s waves.  check for presence of other potential sources of hazard
 strap heavy furniture to prevent from sliding or topping
Seiche - is a standing wave in the water of a lake, bay, etc.  store breakable items in the lowermost shelves
 install latches
Trench - narrow deep depression in
(di q alam saan ito sisingit dalawa so dito na lang)

the ocean floor, typically parallel to a plate boundary and  check rooms for hanging or unstable objects
marking a subduction zone or simply an earthquake that  know the easiest exit or evacuation
took place beneath the ocean floor  develop an evacuation plan
 learn how to use fire extinguishers
- the Philippines has five trenches: Manila trench, Negros  identify strong parts of the building to take refuge
trench, Cotabato trench, East Luzon trench, and the
 maintain a survival kit
Philippine trench.
Response (During)
Precursors of an Impending Earthquake
 stay inside a structurally sound building
 Animal behavior - animals get agitated when they
sense danger, causing them to leave or reinforce their  protect your body from falling debris
habitat.  stop at the side of the road if inside a vehicle, and get out
 Radon emissions - radon is a radioactive element found  move to an open area if you’re outside
in the earth’s interior, produced by the radioactive  stay away from power lines
decay of uranium and thorium.  move away from steep escarpments
- increased level of radon gas usually precedes an
earthquake. Rehabilitation (After)
 Alterations in the magnetic field - low frequency pulses  take the fastest route
in the earth’s magnetic field precede an earthquake.  get out calmly
 don’t use elevators
 check for injuries
  check for fire hazards, and control them if you can  Volcanic dust -
1
mm in diameter (hoi di yan
1000
 don’t enter damaged buildings negative ahh)

- can stay suspended in the atmosphere

Phases of an Earthquake/Fire Drill  Volcanic ash -
1
mm to 2 mm in diameter
1000
 Alarm - falls like snow for hundreds of miles
 Response  Volcanic bomb – greater than 64 mm in
diameter
 Evacuation
o Nuee Ardente – billowing clouds of super heated gas
 Assembly
and ash that flow down the slope of a volcano
 Head Count o Lahar (Volcanic mudflow) – mixture of water and
 Evaluation debris that flows rapidly down the slope of a volcano
Alarms (Manila Public Schools) Types of Volcanoes According to Magma Type
 School bell – earthquake  Shield volcano – enormous, gently sloping, and
 Siren – tsunami volcanic mounds
 Intermittent school bell – fire - forms over oceanic hotspots
 Alternative alarm – gong  Fissure Eruption – low viscosity magma flows ip
along kilometer long cracks in the crust
VOLCANOES AND VOLCANISM - happens in continental rifts
Volcanism – magma excreted from the earth’s interior - they form flood basalts
 Cinder cone – small volcanic cones produced by
 Magma Viscosity – resistance of lava to flow fountain eruptions
- more viscous lava means it’s less flowy and more - found in flanks of larger volcanoes or fountain
violent eruption
- it is controlled by temperature and silica content  Composite volcano – also known as stratovolcano
- higher temperature means lower viscosity; and higher - alternating layers of pyroclastic deposits and lava
silica content means higher viscosity flows
- all magmas contain 1% to 9% dissolved gases – mostly - low viscosity lava
CO2 and H2O - erupts violently
- found in volcanic arcs related to subduction zones
Eruptive Materials
Volcanic Hazards
 Lava flows – semi-liquid/liquid magma on the earth’s
surface  Pyroclastic flow/Pyroclastic density current
 Lahar
Types of Lava Flows
 Structural collapse: debris flow – avalanche
o Pahoehoe – ropy, lowest viscosity, mafic lava  Lava flow
o Aa – blocky, low viscosity, colder mafic and hot  Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles
intermediate  Volcanic gas
 Pyroclastic materials – materials blasted out of a  Tsunami
volcano
o Tephra – magma blasted into the air to form a
very hot (reaching a temperature of 500°C) solid
Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption Volcanic Phenomena Indirectly Associated with Eruption

 Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with  Lahar, flooding

rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors  debris avalanche, landslide
 Increased steaming activity; change in color of  tsunami, seiche
steam emission from white to gray due to entrained  subsidence, fissuring
ash
 secondary/hydrothermal explosion
 Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near
 secondary pyroclastic flow
the crater
 Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground EVENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION
fissuring due to magma intrusion
 Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from Global Rise of Disaster Risk
the summit area not attributable to heavy rains
- has doubled since the 1980s.
 Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of
- 232 million people are affected by disasters between 2001
vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
and 2010.
 Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g.
- 680,000 died in earthquakes between 2000 and 2010, mainly
Bulusan and Canlaon) and crater lake (e.g. Taal)
due to poorly constructed buildings.
near the volcano
- average of 182 million people worldwide are affected by
 Noticeable variation in the chemical content of
floods; 37 million by cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons;
springs, crater lakes within the vicinity of the
366,000 by landslides.
volcano
 Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano Philippines as a hAzArDoUs Country
 Development of new thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras - more than 20 tropical cyclones.
- earthquakes EVERYDAY.
Classification of Volcanoes According to Activity - more than 20 active volcanoes found all over the country.

 Active volcanoes – erupted within historical times 1995 Kobe Earthquake (Precursors ppt)
(last 10,000 years to 600 years)
- Intensity VIII and Magnitude 7.3 (Richter Scale)
 Potentially active volcanoes – no historical records
- intense ground shaking
of eruption but has the possibility to erupt
- also known as the “Great Hanshin Earthquake”
- Morphologically young looking
- occurred on January 17, 1995
 Inactive volcanoes – no record of eruptions; canged
physical form by weathering and erosion 2017 Mexico Earthquake
Volcanic Phenomena Directly Associated with Eruption - Magnitude 7.1 (Richter Scale)
- occurred on September 19, 2017
 lava flow - ground zero (yung nacollapse lahat ng building)
 dome growth
 pyroclastic flow and pyroclastic surge 1960 Valdivia Earthquake
 tephra fall - Magnitude 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale
 volcanic gas - occurred on May 22, 1960 (Sunday)
- most powerful megathrust earthquake
- also known as the “Great Chilean Earthquake”
 - its resulting tsunami affected Southern Chile, Hawaii, 2012 Visayas Earthquake
Japan, Philippines, Eastern New Zealand, Southeast
Australia, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. - Magnitude 6.9
- occurred on February 6, 2012
Greece in 373 B.C. - epicenter was on Tayasan, Negros Oriental

- several days before the earthquake, there were unusual Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
animal behavior e.g. rats, snakes, weasels, and centipedes
leaving their homes. - is an agency principally mandated to mitigate disasters
that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and
2007 Peru Earthquake other related geotectonic phenomena

- Magnitude 5.4 on the moment magnitude scale National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)
- occurred on October… hA WAIT bakit August 15 lumalabas
sa google :0 - based within the United States Geological Survey (USGS)
- basta ito yung may alterations in the earth’s magnetic field - they monitor worldwide occurrences of earthquakes,
particularly destructive ones, and pass on information to
1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake and Tsunami all concerned entities that include general public, scientists
and researchers, international and national private and
- Magnitude 8.0 public agencies.
- occurred on August 17, 1976 - repository of an extensive database on earthquakes that
- epicenter was on the Celebes sea are useful for scientific research.
1990 Luzon Earthquake Source:
- Magnitude 7.7 siyempre mga ppt ni maam surabia duhhh
- occurred on July 16, 1990
- epicenter was on Nueva Ecija
1968 Casiguran Earthquake

- Magnitude 7.3
- occurred on August 2, 1968
- epicenter was on Casiguran (duhhhhh)
good luck sa midterms !!!!

2013 Bohol Earthquake

- Magnitude 7.2
- occurred on October 15, 2013 from g6 ng leeuwenhoek
- epicenter was on Sagbayan, Bohol

1994 Mindoro Earthquake

- Magnitude 7.1
- occurred on November 15, 1994
- epicenter was on Verde Island Passage
gonna leave this meme right here