Designation: F436 – 11

Standard Specification for

Hardened Steel Washers1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.2.2.4 Extra Thick—Extra thick washers are circular wash-

1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and ers in nominal sizes 1⁄2 through 11⁄2 in., with a nominal
dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use thickness of 5⁄16 in. suitable for structural applications with
with fasteners having nominal thread diameters of 1⁄4 through oversized holes.
4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechani- 1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-
cal and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other nology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.
internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A325, as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
A354, A449, and A490. standard.
1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the mate- NOTE 1—A complete metric companion to Specification F436M has
rial and by style denoting the shape. been developed—Specification F436M; therefore no metric equivalents
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are: are presented in this specification.
1.2.1.1 Type 1—Carbon steel. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2.1.2 Type 3—Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that of steels covered in Specifications A588/A588M and priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
A709/A709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or
without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to 2. Referenced Documents
the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
many applications. A325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated,
1.2.1.3 This specification provides for furnishing Type 3 to 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
chemical composition or a Corrosion Index (CRI) of 6 or A354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel
higher at the suppliers option. Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
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1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are: A449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,
1.2.2.1 Circular—Circular washers in nominal bolt sizes 1⁄4 Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum Tensile
through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient space Strength, General Use
exists and angularity permits. A490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat
1.2.2.2 Beveled—Beveled washers are square or rectangu- Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
lar, in nominal sizes 1⁄2 through 11⁄2 in., with a beveled 1 to 6 A588/A588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
ratio surface for use with American standard beams and Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
channels. Point, with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
1.2.2.3 Clipped—Clipped washers are circular or beveled A709/A709M Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges
for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
clipped. cal Analysis of Steel Products
B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
posited on Iron and Steel
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
2
Nuts, Rivets and Washers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 15, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F436 – 10. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F0436-11. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 F436 – 11
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging Specification F2329, or a mechanically deposited zinc coating
F436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers (Metric) in accordance with Specification B695, Class 55, or a Zinc/
F606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop- Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating in accordance with
erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Specification F1136, Grade 3. Threaded components (bolt and
Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets nuts) shall be coated by the same zinc-coating process and the
F1136 Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protec- supplier’s option is limited to one process per item with no
tive Coatings for Fasteners mixed processes in a lot.
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me- 4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shall
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to
F1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners the purchaser.
F2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-
ments for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, 5. Chemical Composition
Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
G101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion 5.1 Type 1 washers shall conform to the chemical compo-
Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels sition specified in Table 1.
5.2 Type 3 washers shall conform to the heat analysis
3. Ordering Information specified in Table 1. Alternatively, at the suppliers option, Type
3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers under this specifica- 3 washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysis of 0.25%,
tion shall include the following: Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table 1 and a Corrosion
3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue, Index of 6 or higher as calculated from the Heat Analysis as
3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size), described in Guide G101 Predictive method based on the data
3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2), of Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted.
3.1.4 Zinc Coating—Specify the zinc coating process re- 5.3 For Type 1 and 3 furnished to the Chemical Composi-
quired, for example, hot-dip, mechanically deposited, Zinc/ tions in Table 1, Product Analysis may be made by the
Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating, or no preference purchaser on finished washers representing each lot. The
(see 4.3), Chemical Compostion shall conform to the requirements in
3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, if Table 1, Product Analysis.
modified from those covered in this specification,
3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture is re- 5.4 Product Analysis are not applicable to Type 3 washers
quired, furnished to a CRI of 6 or higher calculated from the Heat
3.1.7 Specify if manufacturer’s certification or test reports, Analysis.
or both, are required, and 5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
3.1.8 Special requirements. with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
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4. Materials and Manufacture

4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsA
produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace
Composition, %
process.
4.2 Washers up to and including 11⁄2 in. in bolt size shall be Element Type 1 Type 3B
through hardened. Washers over 11⁄2 in. may be either through Phosphorus, max
Heat analysis 0.040 0.040
hardened or carburized at the option of the manufacturer. Product analysis 0.050 0.045
4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited, Sulfur, max
Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating: Heat analysis 0.050 0.050
Product analysis 0.060 0.055
4.3.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchaser Silicon
shall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip, Heat analysis ... 0.15–0.35
mechanically deposited, Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Product analysis ... 0.13–0.37
Chromium
Coating, or no preference. Heat analysis ... 0.45–0.65
4.3.2 When hot-dip is specified the washers shall be zinc Product analysis ... 0.42–0.68
coated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require- Nickel
Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
ments of Specification F2329. Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the washers Copper
shall be zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition process in Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
accordance with the requirements of Class 55 of Specification A
When providing Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index use the
B695. Legault-Leckie formula from Guide G101. Link to online calculator:
4.3.4 When Zinc/Aluminium Corrosion Protective Coating http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/G01_G101Calcultr1100.xls
is specified, the washers shall be coated in accordance with the I 5 26.01 ~% Cu! 1 3.88 ~% Ni! 1 1.20 ~% Cr!
1 1.49 ~% Si! 117.28 ~% P! – 7.29 ~% Cu! ~% Ni!
requirements of Grade 3 of Specification F1136.
– 9.10 ~% Ni! ~% P! – 33.39 ~% Cu!2
4.3.5 When no preference is specified, the supplier may B
Weathering steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels
furnish either a hot-dip zinc coating in accordance with listed in Table 2 of Specification A325.

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 F436 – 11
6. Mechanical Properties 10. Test Methods
6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a hardness of 38 10.1 Hardness:
to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, in 10.1.1 Non-carburized Washers—A minimum of two read-
which case they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC. ings shall be taken 180° apart on at least one face at a minimum
6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimum depth of 0.015 in.
depth of 0.015 in. and shall have a surface hardness of 69 to 73 10.1.2 Carburized Washers—A minimum of two readings
HRA or 79 to 83 HR15N, except when zinc-coated by the shall be taken 180° apart on at least one face.
hot-dip process, in which case they shall have a hardness of 63 10.2 Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with
to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N. the Rockwell test method specified in Test Methods F606.
6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimum 10.3 Corrosion Resistance Index:
core hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA. 10.3.1 The corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculated
from the Heat Analysis in accordance with G101 Prediction
7. Dimensions and Tolerances Method based on the data of Larabee and Coburn.
7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers shall conform
to the dimensions shown in Table 2 and Table 3. 11. Inspection
7.2 All square beveled and clipped square beveled washers
11.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector
shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4.
all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the
In addition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular bev-
material is being produced and furnished in accordance with
eled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table
this specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall not
3 and Table 4, except that one side may be longer than shown
interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations. All
for the “A” dimension.
tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture,
7.3 Unless otherwise stated in the inquiry or purchase order,
unless otherwise agreed to.
plain (uncoated) hardened steel circular washers shall be
furnished. Where corrosion-preventive treatment is required, 11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous mass
washers shall be coated as agreed upon between the manufac- production of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by the
turer and the purchaser. purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.

8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 12. Rejection and Rehearing

8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excess 12.1 Disposition of nonconforming washers shall be in
coatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gas accordance with Guide F1470 section titled “Disposition of
cut washers shall be free of metal spatter. Nonconforming Lots.”

9. Sampling and Number of Tests 13. Certification and Test Report

9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met in 13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,
continuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturer a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-
shall make sample inspections to ensure that the product tured and tested in accordance with this specification, together
conforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests of with a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size in
individual shipments of material are not ordinarily contem- each shipment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.
plated. 13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall include
9.2 When weathering steels are furnished to Corrosion material grade, hardness tests, and calculated Corrosion Resis-
Resistance Index, the CRI number shall be calculated for each tance Index when type 3 is furnished to a Corrosion Resistance
heat. Index.
9.3 When additional tests are specified in the inquiry or
purchase order, a lot, for purposes of selecting test samples, 14. Responsibility
shall consist of all material offered for inspection at one time 14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the
that has the following common characteristics: organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.
9.3.1 Same nominal size.
9.3.2 Same raw material heat number. 15. Product Marking
9.3.3 Same nominal post treatment (heat treatment or coat-
ing or both). 15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or other
9.4 From each lot described in 9.3, the number of specimens distinguishing marks, to identify the manufacturer or private
tested for each required property shall be as follows: label distributor, as appropriate.
Number of Pieces in Lot Number of Specimens
15.2 Additionally, Type 3 weathering steel washers shall be
identified with the symbol “3”.
800 and under 1 15.3 Additional identification or distinguishing marks, or
801 to 8000 2
8001 to 22 000 3
both, may be used by the manufacturer.
Over 22 000 5 15.4 All marking symbols shall be depressed on one face of
the washer.
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TABLE 2 Hardened Circular, Clipped Circular, and Extra-Thick Washers

NOTE 1—Tolerances are as noted in table on washer dimension tolerances.
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Circular and Extra Thick Clipped Circular

Circular, Clipped Circular, and Extra Thick Circular and Clipped Extra Thick Clipped
Nominal Size Thickness (T), in.
Nominal Outside Nominal Inside Minimum Edge
Diameter (OD), in. Diameter (ID), in. min max min max Distance (E)A, in.

F436 – 11
⁄
14 0.625 0.281 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.219
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⁄
5 16 0.688 0.344 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.281
3⁄ 8 0.813 0.406 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.344
7⁄16 0.922 0.469 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.406
1⁄ 2 1.063 0.531 0.097 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.438
9⁄16 1.188 0.625 0.110 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.500
5⁄ 8 1.313 0.688 0.122 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.563
3⁄ 4 1.468 0.813 0.122 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.656
7⁄ 8 1.750 0.938 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.781
1 2.000 1.063 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.875
1 1⁄ 8 2.250 1.188 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.000
1 1⁄ 4 2.500 1.375 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.094
1 3⁄ 8 2.750 1.500 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.219
1 1⁄ 2 3.000 1.625 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.313
1 3⁄ 4 3.375 1.875 0.178B 0.28B 0.305 0.375 1.531
2 3.750 2.125 0.178B 0.28B 0.305 0.375 1.750
2 1⁄ 4 4.000 2.375 0.24C 0.34C 0.305 0.375 2.000
2 1⁄ 2 4.500 2.625 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.188
2 3⁄ 4 5.000 2.875 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.406
3 5.500 3.125 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.625
3 1⁄ 4 6.000 3.375 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.875
3 1⁄ 2 6.500 3.625 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 3.063
3 3⁄ 4 7.000 3.875 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 3.313
4 7.500 4.125 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 3.500
A
Clipped edge E shall be not closer than 7⁄8 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.
B 3
⁄16 in. nominal.
C 1
⁄4 in. nominal.
 F436 – 11
TABLE 3 Washer Dimensional Tolerances
<1 in. 1 through 11⁄2 >11⁄2 through 3
Nominal in. Nominal in. Nominal >3 in.
Dimensional Characteristics Size Size Size Nominal Size
Nominal diameter of hole, in. −0, +0.032 −0, +0.063 −0, +0.063 −0, +0.125
Nominal outside diameter, in. 60.032 60.063 60.063 60.125
Flatness: max deviation from straightedge 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.032
placed on cut side shall not exceed (in.)
Concentricity, in.: center of hole to outside 0.030 FIRA 0.060 FIRA 0.090 FIRA 0.250 FIRA
diameter
Burr shall not project above immediately 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
adjacent washer surface more than (in.)
A
Full indicator runout.

TABLE 4 Hardened Beveled Washers

NOTE 1—Tolerances are as noted in Table 3.

Square Square Clipped

Square Beveled and Clipped Square BeveledA Clipped
Minimum Side Nominal Inside Mean Thickness Slope or Taper in Nominal Edge
Bolt Size, in. Dimension (A), in. Diameter (I.D.), in. (T), in. Thickness Distance (E),B in.
⁄
12 1 3 ⁄4 ⁄
17 32 ⁄
5 16 1:6 ⁄
7 16

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5⁄8 1 3 ⁄4 ⁄
11 16 ⁄
5 16 1:6 ⁄
9 16

3⁄4 1 3 ⁄4 13⁄16 5⁄16 1:6 ⁄

21 32

7⁄8 1 3 ⁄4 15⁄16 5⁄16 1:6 ⁄

25 32

1 13⁄4 1 1⁄ 8 5⁄16 1:6 7⁄8

1 1⁄ 8 2 1 ⁄4 1 1⁄ 4 5⁄16 1:6 1
1 1⁄ 4 2 1 ⁄4 1 3⁄ 8 5⁄16 1:6 13⁄32
1 3⁄ 8 2 1 ⁄4 1 1⁄ 2 5⁄16 1:6 17⁄32
1 1⁄ 2 2 1 ⁄4 1 5⁄ 8 5⁄16 1:6 15⁄16
A
Rectangular beveled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown above, except that one side may be longer than that shown for the A dimension.
B
Clipped edge E shall not be closer than 7⁄8 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.

15.5 Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s 16.2 Package Marking:
identification shall be separate and distinct. The two identifi- 16.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked
cations shall preferably be in different locations and, when on with the following information:
the same level, shall be separated by at least two spaces.
16.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
15.6 It is possible that during the clipping of circular
washers the marking symbols may be removed. This is 16.2.1.2 Size,
acceptable provided that the majority of washers in the lot still 16.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer,
display the identification marks. 16.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
16. Packaging and Package Marking 16.2.1.5 Purchase order number, and
16.1 Packaging: 16.2.1.6 Country of origin.
16.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be in
accordance with Practice D3951. 17. Keywords
16.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required, 17.1 carbon steel; steel; washers; weathering steel
they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order.

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 F436 – 11
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

S1. Surface Roughness S1.2 Burrs shall not exceed 0.01 in. in height.
S1.1 Washers shall have a multidirectional lay with a
surface roughness not exceeding 750 µin. in height including
any flaws in or on the surface.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (F436–10)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 15, 2011.)

(1) Table 1 was revised. (3) 9.3.2 was revised.

(2) 5.5 was removed and subsequent sections renumbered.

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (F436–09)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2010.)

(1) In 5.2-5.4, 9.2, 10.3.1 and 13.2 provided for furnishing (2) Revised 12 Rejection and Rehearing to invoke Guide
Type 3 to a corrosion Resistance Index of 6 or higher. F1470.

Committee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (F436–07)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2009.)

(1) Revised 4.3 to add provision of specifying Zinc/Aluminum F1136, Grade 3.

Corrosion Protective Coating conforming to Specification
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