306 DC Machines PDF
306 DC Machines PDF
306 DC Machines PDF
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Direct Current (DC) Machines Fundamentals
Generator action: An emf (voltage) is induced in a
conductor if it moves through a magnetic field.
Motor action: A force is induced in a conductor that
has a current going through it and placed in a
magnetic field.
Any DC machine can act either as a generator or as a
motor.
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Outline:
Definition of DC generator/DC motor
Principle of working
Induced Emf/ Induced Torque Equation
Constructional Details
Equivalent Circuits of DC generators/motors
Types of DC generators/motors
Performance Evaluation of DC machines
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DC Generator:
5
DC Motor:
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Outline:
Definition of DC generator/DC motor
Principle of working
Induced Emf/ Induced Torque Equation
Constructional Details
Equivalent Circuits of DC generators/motors
Types of DC generators/motors
Performance Evaluation of DC machines
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DC Generator:
8
DC Motor:
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Outline:
Definition of DC generator/DC motor
Principle of working
Induced Emf/ Induced Torque Equation
Constructional Details
Equivalent Circuits of DC generators/motors
Types of DC generators/motors
Performance Evaluation of DC machines
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DC Machines Analysis
Symbols that will be used.
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The Internal Generated Voltage Equations
Of Real Machines
The induced voltage in any given machine depends on
three factors:
The flux Φ in the machine
The speed ω of the machine's rotor
A constant depending on the construction of the machine
The voltage out of a real machine = the number of conductors per current
path x the voltage on each conductor
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EMF Equation
When the rotor rotates in the field a voltage is developed in the
armature.
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EMF Equation
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The Induce Torque Equations Of Real
Machines
The torque in any dc machine depends on three factors:
The flux Φ in the machine
The armature (or rotor) current IA in the machine
A constant depending on the construction of the machine
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TORQUE EQUATION
EaIa=Tem - In the DC machine losses are
expressed as rotational losses
due to friction and windage (F&W).
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Outline:
Definition of DC generator/DC motor
Principle of working
Induced Emf/ Induced Torque Equation
Constructional Details
Equivalent Circuits of DC generators/motors
Types of DC generators/motors
Performance Evaluation of DC machines
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Construction of DC
Machines
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Construction of DC Machines
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Features of DC Machine
Field Winding
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Construction of DC Machines
Field system
Armature core
Armature
winding
Commutator
Brushes
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Field System
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Field system
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Field system consists of the
following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils
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Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical.
High permeability silicon steel stampings.
Lamination is to reduce the eddy current.
loss
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Armature winding
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Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
• A=P • A=2
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Carbon brush
• Carbon brushes are used in DC
machines because they are soft
materials.
• It does not generate spikes when
they contact commutator.
• To deliver the current through
armature.
• Carbon is used for brushes
because it has negative
temperature coefficient of
resistance.
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DC Machine Equivalent
Circuits
1. Magnetic equivalent
circuit
2. Electrical equivalent
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circuit
1. Magnetic equivalent circuit
Flux-mmf relation in
a dc machine
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Electrical equivalent
circuit
DC Generator
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
The magnetic field produced by the stator poles induces a
Mechanical Electrical
power in power out
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
The magnetic field produced by the stator poles
induces a voltage in the rotor (or armature) coils
when the generator is rotated.
The dc field current of the poles generates a magnetic
flux
The flux is proportional with the field current if the
iron core is not saturated:
K1 I f
The rotor conductors cut the field lines that generate
voltage in the coils.
Eag Ka m
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DC Generator Equivalent circuit
When the generator is loaded, the load current produces a
Eag VT I ag Ra Vbrush
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Electrical equivalent
circuit
DC Motor
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DC Motor Equivalent circuit
Vbrush Electrical
Rf Ra power in
DC Power
Vf If Iam VT
Eam supply
Mechanical
power out
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DC Motor Equivalent circuit
The operation equations are:
Armature voltage equation
VT Eam I am Ra Vbrush
The induced voltage and motor speed vs angular frequency
Eam K a m m 2 nm
The output power and torque are:
Pout
Pout Eam I am T K a I am
m
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Classification of DC
Machines
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41
Separately Excited DC Machine
Ra Ia +
+
VT
E
- -
a)
+
Field
E Armature
F F
-
42 b) Separately Excited
Series & Shunt DC Machine
+
E Armature
Field
F F
-
c) Series
A
+
E Armature
Field
F F
-
A
43 d) Shunt
Cumulative & Differential DC machine
A
+
Field
-
F F A
A
+
S S E Armature
d) Differential Compound
-
F Field F
44 A
Long Shunt & Short Shunt DC Machine
A
+
S S E Armature
f) Long Shunt
-
F Field F A
A
+
S S E Armature
g) Short Shunt
-
F Field F A
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Exercise Problems
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Exercise-1
A four-pole dc machine has an armature of radius 12.5 cm and an
effective length of 25cm. The poles cover 75 % of the armature
periphery. The armature winding consists of 33 coils, each having
seven turns. The coils are accommodated in 33 slots. The average
flux density under each pole is 0.75 T.
A. If the armature is lap wound, then
a) Determine the armature constant Ka.
b) Determine the induced armature voltage when the armature
rotates at 1000 rpm.
c) Determine the current in the coil and the electromagnetic torque
developed when the armature current is 400 A.
d) Determine the power developed by the armature.
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4.3 DC Generators
1. Equivalent Circuits
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Separately Excited DC Generator
The operation equations are:
Stator or field side:
R f R fw R fc
Vf I f Rf
Armature voltage equation:
Ea Vt I a Ra Vbrush
Ea K a m
Load or terminal equation: Power developed in the armature:
Vt I t RL Pa Pg Ea I a
Power delivered to the load:
Current equation:
I a It PL Pt Vt I t Vt I L
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Characteristics
Performance of the DC generators
are determined by terminal output
parameter IL andVT
By Kirchhoff's voltage law, the
terminal voltage is,
I a It Vt Ea I a Ra Vbrush Terminal characteristics of separately
excited DC generator
Since the internal generated
voltage is independent of armature
current, the generator terminal
characteristics is a straight line.
Due to the armature voltage drop,
the characteristics show drooping
nature.
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Shunt DC generator
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Shunt (Self-Excited) DC Generator
The operation equations are:
Stator or field side:
Vt
I sh
Rsh
Armature voltage equation:
Ea Vt I a Ra Vbrush
Ea K a m
Power developed in the armature:
Load or terminal equation:
Pa Pg Ea I a
Vt I t RL
Power delivered to the load:
Current equation: I a I L I sh PL Pt Vt I t Vt I L
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Characteristics
By Kirchhoff's voltage law, the
terminal voltage is,
I a I t I sh
Vt Ea I a Ra Vbrush
Since the internal generated Terminal characteristics of shunt DC
generator
voltage is independent of
armature current, the
generator terminal
characteristics is a straight
line.
Due to the armature voltage
drop, the characteristics show
drooping nature.
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Series DC generator
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Series (Self-Excited) DC Generator
The operation equations are:
Stator or field side:
I se I a I L I t
Armature voltage equation:
Ea Vt I a ( Ra Rse ) Vbrush
Ea K a m
Load or terminal equation:
Power developed in the armature:
Vt I t RL Pa Pg Ea I a
Current equation: Power delivered to the load:
I a It I L PL Pt Vt I t Vt I L
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Characteristics
By Kirchhoff's voltage law, the
terminal voltage is,
I a I t I se
Vt Ea I a ( Ra Rse ) Vbrush
As the load increases, the field Terminal characteristics of series DC
generator
current rises, so EA rises rapidly The
After a while, the machine approaches
IA (RA+Rs) drop goes up too, but at saturation, and EA becomes almost
first the increase in EA goes up constant. At that point, the resistive
more rapidly than the IA(RA+Rs) drop is the predominant effect, and VT
drop rises, soVr increases. starts to fall.
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Compound DC
generators
Short-Shunt generator
Long-Shunt generator
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Short Shunt DC Generator
The operation equations are:
Series field side:
I se I L I t
Shunt field current
Vt I se Rse
I sh
Rsh
Armature voltage equation:
Ea Vt I a Ra I se Rse Vbrush
Ea K a m Power developed in the armature:
Load or terminal equation: Pa Pg Ea I a
Vt I t RL Power delivered to the load:
Current equation: I a I L I sh PL Pt Vt I t Vt I L
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Long Shunt DC Generator
The operation equations are:
Series field side:
I se I a
Shunt field current
Vt
I sh
Rsh
Armature voltage equation:
Ea Vt I a ( Ra Rse ) Vbrush
Ea K a m Power developed in the armature:
Load or terminal equation: Pa Pg Ea I a
Vt I t RL Power delivered to the load:
Current equation: I a I L I sh PL Pt Vt I t Vt I L
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Characteristics
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4.4 DC Motors
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Performance of DC
Machines
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DC Generator
A DC generator is a machine that takes in mechanical input
power to produce electrical power output.
The performance of a dc generator is assessed by means of the
following:
Generator Efficiency:
Voltage Regulation:
Vt , NL Vt , FL
VR 100
Vt , FL
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DC Motor:
A DC motor is a machine that produces mechanical output
power from the applied electrical input.
The performance of a dc motor is assessed by means of the
following:
Motor Efficiency:
Speed Regulation:
nm , NL nm , FL
SR 100
nm , FL
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Efficiency Calculations
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Losses in DC Machines
Variable Losses
Constant Losses
All these losses appear as heat and thus raise the temperature of the machine. They
also lower the efficiency of the machine.
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Electrical or Copper Losses (I2R Losses)
These losses occur due to currents in the armature and
field windings of the dc machine.
Armature copper loss: PA I a 2 Ra
Shunt field copper loss: Psh I sh 2 Rsh
Series field copper loss: Pse I se 2 Rse
Brush Losses:
There is also brush contact loss due to brush contact resistance (i.e.,
resistance between the surface of brush and surface of commutator). This
loss is generally included in armature copper loss.
It can also be calculated explicitly by the following relation.
PBD VBD I a
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Core or Iron Losses
As iron core of the armature is continuously rotating in a magnetic field,
there are some losses taking place in the core. This loss consists of Hysteresis
loss and Eddy current loss.
Hysteresis loss:
Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization of the armature core. When
the core passes under one pair of poles, it undergoes one complete cycle of
magnetic reversal. The frequency of magnetic reversal if given by, f=PN/120.
The loss that takes place due to repeated magnetization & demagnetization
of the iron core contributes to the hysteresis loss.
Eddy current loss:
When the armature core rotates in the magnetic field, an emf is also induced
in the core (just like it induces in armature conductors), according to
the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Though this induced emf is
small, it causes a large current to flow in the body due to low resistance of the
core. This current is known as eddy current. The power loss due to this
current is known as eddy current loss.
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Mechanical Losses
The mechanical losses in a dc machine are the losses associated with
mechanical effects.
These losses depend upon the speed of the machine. But for a given speed,
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The Power-Flow Diagram of DC Generator
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The Power-Flow Diagram of DC Motor
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Exercise Problems
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Exercise-1
A separately excited dc generator running at 1200 rpm & delivers
12kW at 240 V as terminal voltage. The armature resistance is 0.3
ohms. Each brush takes 1 V drop. Pmech=600 W, Pcore=300 W and
Pstray=200 W. The field circuit resistance is 200 ohms and DC field
voltage is 250 V.
a) Draw the equivalent circuit and the corresponding power
flow diagram.
b) Find the induced voltage.
c) Determine the converted or developed power and the
induced torque.
d) Find the efficiency of the machine.
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Exercise-2
A 220 V shunt DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms and
a field resistance of 110 ohms. At no-load the motor runs at 1000
rpm and it draws a line current of 7 A. At full-load, the input to the
motor is 11 kW.
a) Draw the equivalent circuit.
b) Find the rotational losses.
c) Find the speed, speed regulation and developed torque at full
load.
d) Find the efficiency of the motor.
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Exercise-3
A short-shunt compound generator has armature, shunt field and series field
resistances of 0.5 Ω, 100 Ω, and 0.3 Ω respectively. When supplying a load
of 8 kW at a terminal voltage of 250 V the input power supplied by the
driving motor is 10.4 kW. Calculate
(a) The generated EMF
(b) The efficiency of the generator
(c) The iron, friction and windage loss
(d) The total fixed losses
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Exercise-4
A 250 V shunt dc motor draws an input current I L 75 A while driving a
1000
coupled mechanical load at a speed of m
30
. Efficiency at the point
rad / sec
(a) Draw the equivalent circuit and the power flow diagram for the motor.
(b) Calculate the value of output power to the mechanical load.
(c) Determine the value of rotational losses at the point of operation.
(d) Find the value of developed torque.
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