UTS MIDTERM REVIEWER CHAPTER 5: Mid–19th century - Experimental

THE WESTERN AND EASTERN psychology came into prominence and put
CONCEPTS OF SELF forth the concept of self within the social-
interactionist framework.
Edward T. Hall – One of the most effective
ways to learn about oneself is by taking Late 19th century - the growth of sociology,
seriously the cultures of others. It forces you anthropology, and psychology.
to pay attention to those details of life which
differentiate them from you. Historical Development of the Western
Concept of Self:
WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF
➢ Stage 1 (Pre-Christian times -
• Western concept of self - (Geertz) a 1850) - There were philosophical and
bounded, unique, more or less integrated theological attempts to characterize
motivational and cognitive universe. the self.
1. Western Self as Analytic - the ➢ Stage 2 (1850 - 1940) - The
way of thinking is analytic-deductive with establishment of experimental psychology in
emphasis on the casual links (part-to-whole mid-19th Century. The concept of self-re-
relationships) emerged within the social-interactionist
2. Western Self as Monotheistic - framework.
The belief in one Being coexisting with the
➢ Stage 3 (1490 – Present) - There
universe condenses the supernatural and
is multidirectional and continuous
human capabilities into bipolarity of both
development of concept of self. (sociological
qualities of existence and categories of
and psychological theories, existentialists
identity or experience.
and phenomenologists engaging in holistic
3. Western Self as Individualistic - approach, convergence of some
exhibits the coexistence of favorable and conceptualizations of the self among
unfavorable conditions inherent in personal psychologists, sociologists, etc.)
freedom.
4. Western Self as Materialistic and
EASTERN CONCEPT OF SELF
Rationalistic - focused on material “things”
and favors a rational-empirical approach Major Eastern religions - Hinduism,
over magical and superstitious explanations Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism.
of immaterial “things”.
Vedanta - a major school of Indian thought
David Ho - describes the western self as an based on Upanishads.
individualistic self that is deeply aware of
itself, its uniqueness, etc. Brahman - an absolute reality.

Frank Johnson - traces the earliest Atman - the true knowledge of self is
historical roots of the Western concept of the identical to Brahman.
self to works on philosophy, almost half a Human Suffering - result of failure to realize
million years ago. the distinction between the true self
Middle and 19th Century - psychology has (permanent and unchanging) and the non-
provided answers to philosophical questions true self (impermanent and changes
about the concepts of soul and mind continually).
Goal of the person - to have a knowledge of Analects – where Confucian doctrines are
the true reality (Brahman). found.
Law of karma - most important doctrine of Golden Rule – “Do not do to others what you
Hinduism. would not want to do to you.”
Hindu – believed that Atman, being an FIVE CARDINAL RELATIONSHIPS:
immortal soul, continues to be reincarnated.
➢ Between ruler and minister
Nirvana – non-birth.
➢ Between father and son
Siddharta Gautama – aka Buddha. Founder
of Buddhism. ➢ Between husband and wife
Budh – root word for Buddhism = awake. ➢ Between brothers
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS – basic principles ➢ Between friends
of Buddhism.
UTS MIDTERM REVIEWER CHAPTER 6:
➢ Life is Suffering THE PHYSICAL SELF
➢ Suffering is caused by Buddha – to keep the body in good health is
attachment to desires. a duty...otherwise we shall not be able to
keep our mind strong and clear.
➢ Suffering can be eliminated.
THE PHYSICAL SELF
➢ Elimination of suffering is
through the practice of Eightfold Path: Feldman – physical changes result largely
from the secretion of various hormones
• Right View
• Right Aspiration Newman & Newman – For girls, self-
consciousness and dissatisfaction with their
• Right Speech
appearance reach their peak between ages
• Right Action
13-15
• Right Livelihood
• Right Effort Physical self- refers to body
• Right Mindfulness
Physical extremities and internal organs
• Right Concentration
– they work together for the body to perform
SUMMATION OF THE FIVE PARTS: their function

➢ Matter Physical efficiency – peaks in early

adulthood between ages twenty and thirty
➢ Sensation
Physical development and growth
➢ Perception
• Childhood – slow rate
➢ Mental Constructs • Babyhood – rapid rate
Adolescence-Begins with the onset of
➢ Consciousness
puberty – characterized by rapid physical
State of Transcendence – can be achieved changes that include maturation of rep.
through meditation. system
Life span – the development from Genes - the basic carrier of hereditary traits
conception to death and are classified as dominant (strong
genes) and recessive (weak genes)
Stages in the life span by Elizabeth B.
Hurlock THEORIES OF PHYSICAL SELF
• Prenatal – fertilization to birth Theory of physiognomy- suggests that a
• Infancy- birth to 2 weeks of life person’s physical characteristics such as
• Babyhood - 2 weeks of life to 2nd facial features, expressions and body
year structures.
• Early Childhood - 2-6 years old
Ancient Chinese practice of face reading
• Late Childhood - 6-10 or 12 years
- Face is a three-dimensional reflection of
old
“who we are and how life affected us”
• Puberty - 10 or 12-14 years old
• Adolescence - 14- 18 years old Five Element theory - The archetypes for
• Early adulthood - 18-40 years old everything occurring in the natural world are
• Middle adulthood - 40-60 years old the elements of water, wood, fire, earth and
• Late adulthood or senescence - 60- metal.
death
Face Readers - they observe how facial
FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL features and markings corresponds to a
GROWTH person’s mental, emotional and physical
make-up
Physical growth and development -
product of heredity and environment Theory based on the prominence of body
fluids - this suggests that excess of or
Heredity- biological process of the
deficiency in any of the 4 body fluids
inheritance of traits from parents to offspring
influences persons personality,
Environment - the factors an individual is temperament and well being
exposed to throughout life
Four Body Fluids by Hippocrates
Environment factors - plays an important
• Sanguine type - Red bile results to
role in an individual’s physical development
(diet, nutrition and diseases) be impulsive, cheerful, happy and
optimistic
Sex and other physical traits - determined • Melancholic - Black bile results to be
by the combination of chromosomes and depressed and pessimistic
genes during fertilization. • Choleric - Yellow bile results to be
easily angry, jumpy and
Chromosomes - threadlike tissues that
temperamental.
carries the genes and usually in pairs
• Phlegmatic - Excess phlegm results
Autosomes - 23 pairs of chromosomes to be sluggish, dull and slow

Gonosomes/Sex Chromosomes - 22 pairs Body-type theory - this is based on physical

characteristics
Sex of offspring - depends on the pairing of
23rd sex chromosomes of the parents.
Three body types according to William BODY IMAGE
Sheldon
Body Image - refers how individual perceive,
• Endomorphic - People with soft and think and feel about their body and physical
Plump perceived to be easy going appearance
and sociable.
Appearance - refers to everything about a
• Mesomorphic - People with strong
person that others can observe
muscular body perceives to be
energetic, adventurous, assertive Self-esteem - this is related to body image
and courageous. They are also which it is a person’s overall evaluation of his
competitive and dominant. or her own worth
• Ectomorphic - People with thin and
tall body tend to be restrained, quiet, Sociocultural factors - these are the
introverted and artistic. emphasis that peers, parents or media put on
ideal body type where adolescents depend
The Wisdom of Your Face by Jean Haner what to react to their body.
suggest that people with:
Anorexia - the person refuses to eat for fear
Oval shaped - hospitable and tactful of gaining weight
Round shaped - friendly, Bulimia Nervosa - person induces purging
kindhearted, and selfless after binging in large quantities of food
Square faced - witty, analytical and THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY
great leaders.
Egyptian Art- beauty is when women is slim,
Heart-shaped - patient and intuitive high waist, narrow hips and etc.
by nature
Renaissance period- beauty is when
Long shaped - perfectionist and woman is full figure and have rounded hips.
aggressive
Medieval age (Africa)- beauty is when
Triangle shaped - creative, artistic, woman is chubby, fat or plump
sensitive and determined.
Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia- Flat
Diamond Faces - detailed oriented noses are beauty
and liked to be in control
Beauty- It is important because these
Full and thick eyebrows - confident, indicate youth, health, good genes and etc.
assertive and goal-oriented
Advertisements, magazines and
Large or Highly-defined jaws - televisions- emphasize the value of physical
strong values and firm beliefs attractiveness.
Squier and Mew - suggests that people long Tattooing- injects ink onto the skin to draw a
and angular-shaped faces -more responsive, design.
assertive and genuine
Body piercing- a body modification that let
Short and square-shaped faces - people wear jewelry through different
more restrained, conforming and shrewd piercing in the body.
Cosmetic Surgery- it is surgical and non- Secondary sex characteristics – develop
surgical and non-surgical procedures to during the onset of puberty. For women,
restore, reconstruct and alter body parts. these developments include enlargement of
the breasts, onset of menstruation, widening
Ways to improve your body image and
of the hips, enlargement of buttocks, and
inner self:
growth of pubic hair. For men, these include
• Smile a lot testicular growth, sperm production,
• Take good care of your health appearance of facial, pubic and other body
• Live a well-balanced life hair, and deepening of the voice are some of
• Dress well and be neat the first signs of puberty in men.
• Spend some time alone to reflect
5 weeks of pregnancy – two organs, called
• Be creative and do something new all
gonads, form in the embryo. In men, the
the time
gonads, release testosterone that causes the
• Develop a wholesome attitude male’s sex organs to develop.
toward sex
• Avoid temptations During Puberty – testosterone and other
• Respect individually androgens stimulate the development of
• Make friends primary and secondary sex characteristics
• Face your fears and also increase one’s sex drive. In women,
• Be independent the ovaries produce estrogen and
• Accept things as they are progesterone as well as small amount of
• Ask and listen testosterone.
• Think positive
Ovulation period – can occur 14 days after
• Pray
the beginning of the menstrual period.
• Count your blessing
• Be Thankful Female reproductive system – composed
of clitoris, the vagina, the uterus, the fallopian
UTS MIDTERM REVIEWER CHAPTER 7:
tubes, and the two ovaries.
THE SEXUAL SELF
Clitoris – made of erectile tissue swells with
James E. Sullivan – The essence of love is
blood and hardens when a woman is
the gift of myself. No other gift, no other
sexually aroused.
service can substitute for myself. Love is a
very personal, intimate gift. Some part of Vagina – is a muscular tube that serves as
myself must be given or my act is not an act the receptacle for the penis and carrier of the
of love at all. sperm to the uterus. It is also the birth canal
where the fetus passes out of a mother’s
DEVELOPMENT OF SEX
body.
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Ovaries – produce, store, and release the
egg cell during ovulation.
Primary sex characteristics – are physical
characteristics present at birth. In female, Uterus – is a hollow organ where the
these characteristics include the vagina, fertilized embryo grows to become a fetus.
uterus, and ovaries. In males, these include
the penis, testes, or testicles, scrotum, and Fallopian tubes – carry the fertilized eggs
prostate gland. from the ovary to the uterus. Pregnancy has
a duration of 260 days.
Male reproductive systems – includes the and females to sexual stimulation are quite
penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, similar. They use the term sexual-response
seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and cycle to describe the changes that occur in
epididymis. the body as men and women become
sexually aroused.
Penis – is the organ through which males
urinate and deliver the sperm cells into the The excitement phase – is the beginning of
vagina during sexual intercourse. It is made sexual arousal and can last from one minute
up of sensitive tissues and nerve endings. to several hours. During this phase, pulse
(Pag libog nag eerect) rate increases, blood pressure rises,
breathing quickens, and the skin shows a
Testes – located in a loose pouch like sac of
rosy flush particularly on the chest and
skin called scrotum.
breasts. No need for elaboration alam niyo
Scrotum – are responsible for the production sa sarili niyo paano kayo ma excite.
of sperm cells and male sex hormones.
Plateau phase – the changes in the body
Vas deferens – transports the sperm continue. In men, the penis becomes more
containing fluid called semen. erect, the circumference of it’s head
increases, and few drops of fluid are
Epididymis – is a set of coiled ducts released. In women, outer part of the vagina
connected to the vas deferens where the swells with the surge of increased amounts
sperm cells are stored. of blood to that area. Breathing become more
Prostate gland – together with seminal rapid, heart rate increases, body temperature
vesicles produce semen and nourish the rises, and blood pressure increases during
sperm cells. this stage.

Ejaculation – is the release of sperms cells Orgasmic phase – contraction of muscles in

from the penis. Each (jakol) approx. contains and around the penis stimulate the release of
300 to 500 million of sperms. Sperms can the semen which contains sperm cells. Men
live up to 48 hrs inside the uterus. usually achieve one intense orgasm during
sexual intercourse. In women, orgasm
SEXUAL AROUSAL AND EREGENOUS involves the contraction of the pelvic muscles
ZONES: that surround the vaginal walls and can
happen multiple times.
Erogenous zones – are areas of the body
which are highly sensitive and produce Resolution phase - the body returns to its
sexual responses when stimulated. (Ito yung normal state after orgasm.
kapag ginalaw, may tumatayo or may
nababasa dito, nakaka feel tayo ng pleasure. ATTRACTION, LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT
No need to explain alam niyo kung ano mga Social exchange theory – proposes that
weak spots niyo!) attraction is the result of an exchange
Cognitive factors – play an important role in process. People tend to view relationships as
sexual arousal in humans. (fantasizing erotic the result of the rewards and costs they
images) entail. As the relationships develops, the
sharing of activities and information
THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE contributes to increased attraction, liking,
trust, and love.
William Masters and Virginia Johnson –
found that the biological responses of males
Romantic love by Santrock, 2002 – it HIV/AIDS – infections are caused by direct
includes a complex combination of different contact with body fluids such as through
emotions such as fear, anger, sexual desire, blood transfusion, breast feeding, and sexual
joy, and jealousy. intercourse. It attacks the immune system
and the infected person eventually dies.
Gonorrhea – caused by gonococcal bacteria
Three components of love by Robert
which attack the lining of the mucous
Stenberg:
membrane such as the mouth, throat,
Intimacy – refers to the feelings of vagina, and urethra. Can be treated by
closeness, connectedness, and penicillin and antibiotics.
bondedness.
Syphilis – infects the genital areas and other
Passion – refers to the drives that parts of the body including the brain and can
lead to romance, physical attraction, and cause paralysis or even death when left
sexual consummation. untreated.

Commitment – refers to the decision Chlamydia – is caused by the bacterium

to love and the commitment of maintaining chlamydia trachomatis. In men, chlamydia
that love. can cause swollen testicles and a burning
sensation during urination. In women, it can
Important Ingredients of love according result sterility if left untreated because it
to Helen Fisher: damages the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian
Lust – driven by the desire for sexual tubes.
gratification. Genital Herpes – can cause itching and
Attraction – is often associated with tingling sensations, abscesses, and blisters
sexual attraction. in the genital area. There is no cure for
herpes.
Attachment – occurs when
individuals desire to connect with another Genital Warts – are caused by the human
person intimately. It may also be called papillomavirus and women with this infection
affectionate or companionate love. are prone to cervical cancer.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION Early pregnancy – creates health risks

among youth mother and their babies since
Sexual Orientation – refers to a person’s female reproductive organs are not yet
sexual identity anchored on what gender mature during adolescence and
they are attached to. (LGBTQ+) complications may arise during pregnancy
and childbirth.
According to Rathus, 2017 – theories of the
origins of sexual orientation look at both the METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION AND
biological makeup of the individual and the THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW
environmental influences on his or her
orientation. Contraception – refers to methods that are
used to prevent pregnancy. One common
STDs AND EARLY PREGNANCY method of contraception is the use of
condoms which can also prevents some
Sexually transmitted infections/diseases
STIs. Other method includes intrauterine
– are contracted primarily through sexual
device or IUD, a tiny device made of flexible
contact (vaginal, oral, or anal sex)
plastic that is inserted in the uterus to prevent
pregnancy: birth control injectibles, oral
contraceptive pills: withdrawal method.
RH LAW – guaranties universal access to
methods of contraception, family control,
sexual education, and maternal care.