Downtown is a center of business, tourism and cultural exchange.

It plays an important role in

the regional economy and identity. A vibrant and healthy downtown benefits everybody

Introduction
A city’s downtown area has an important and unique role in economic and social
development. A downtown (also called a central business district or CBD) is a relatively
small, central, walkable area, usually less than a square kilometre, where commercial,
cultural and civic activities are concentrated. Downtowns create a critical mass of
activities which facilitates business, learning and cultural exchange.
Many activities are most efficiently performed in downtowns because so many important
resources are available within convenient walking distance. You can run several errands
within a few blocks that would otherwise require several vehicle trips. Downtowns
usually contain more commercial space and greater diversity of activities than other
commercial centers in the region.
Downtowns typically contain major financial and legal services, such as banks and law
offices, and government offices such as city halls, courts and municipal departments.
These businesses attract support services, such as office supply and computer stores, and
the concentration of employees in turn attracts coffee shops, restaurants and retail shops.
Many centers are also entertainment and arts districts, and increasingly residential
developments are located in or adjacent to downtown.
The Value of Downtown

Ecotourism is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and (often) small scale (as an
alternative to mass tourism). Its purpose is to educate the traveler; provide funds for ecological conservation; directly benefit the economic
development and political empowerment of local communities; and foster respect for different cultures and for human rights. Since the 1980s
ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalists, so that future generations may experience destinations relatively
untouched by human intervention.[1] Several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourism. [2]

Generally, ecotourism focuses on volunteering, or voluntourism, personal growth and environmental responsibility. Ecotourism typically
involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. One of the goals of ecotourism is to offer
tourists insight into the impact of human beings on the environment, and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats.

Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the
cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the
promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and creation of economic opportunities for local communities.[3] For these reasons,
ecotourism often appeals to environmental and social responsibility advocates.

Heritage hotel

‘Heritage Hotels’ cover running hotels in palaces/castles/forts/havelies/hunting loges/

residence of any siz built prior to 1950. The facade, architectural features and general
construction should have the distinctive qualities and ambience in keeping with thetraditional way of life of the area. The architecture of the
property to be considered for this
category should not normally be interfered with. Any extension, improvement, renovation,
change in the existing structures should be in keeping with the traditional architectural
styles and constructional techniques harmonising the new with the old. After expansion/
renovation, the newly built up area added should not exceed 50% of the total built up
(plinth) area including the old and new structures. For this purpose, facilities such as
swimming pools, lawns etc. will be excluded. Heritage Hotels will be sub-classified in the
following categories
:
Heritage:
This category will cover hotel in Residences/Havelies/Hunting Lodges/Castles/Forts/
Palaces built prior to 1950. The hotel should have a minimum of 5 rooms (10 beds).
Heritage Classic:
This category will cover hotels in Residences/Havelies/Hunting Lodges/Castles/Forts/
Palaces built Prior to 1935. The hotel should have a minimum of 15 room (30 beds).
Heritage Grand:
This category will cover hotels in Residence/Havelies/Hunting Lodges/Castles/Forts/
Palaces built prior to 1935. The hotel should have minimum of 15 rooms (30 beds).
Room & Bath Size:
No room or bathroom size is prescribed for any of the categories. However, general
ambience, comfort and imaginative readaptation would be considered while awarding
sub-classification ‘classic’ or ‘grand’.
214 India Tourism Statistics 2003
SPECIAL FEATURES:

This is a list of cruise lines, companies that operate cruise ships. It is not an indiscriminate list, and includes only notable companies.

Headquarters

Name Status Notes

American Classic  USA

Defunct Bankrupt
Voyages

AIDA Cruises Operational  Germany

American Cruise
Operational  USA
Lines

Azamara Club Cruises Operational  USA Owned by Royal Caribbean International

Baltic Shipping  Soviet Union

Defunct
Company

Birka Cruises Operational  Finland

Carnival Cruise Lines Operational  USA

CDF Croisières de
Operational  France Owned by Royal Caribbean International
France

Celebrity Cruises Operational  USA

Chandris Cruises
Defunct  Greece Was merged and re-branded into Celebrity Cruises in 1988

Classic International
Operational  Portugal
Cruises

No longer operates
Club Cruise  Netherlands Continues to charter cruise ships to other companies
cruise ships

Commodore Cruise
Defunct  USA
Line

Costa Cruises Operational  Italy

Crown Cruise Line Defunct Unknown

Cruise West Defunct  USA Ceased operations September 18, 2010

Crystal Cruises Operational  Japan

Cunard Line Operational  United Kingdom

Disney Cruise Line Operational  USA

Dolphin Cruise Line Defunct  Greece Merged into Premier Cruise Line

EasyCruise Operational  Greece

Effoa Defunct  Finland

 Far East Shipping No longer operates  Soviet Union
Company cruise ships

Festival Cruises Defunct  Greece

No longer operates
Finnlines  Finland
cruise ships

Fred. Olsen Cruise  United Kingdom

Operational
Lines

G.A.P Adventures Operational  Canada

Hamburg Atlantic
Line
Defunct  Germany Merged into Hapag-Lloyd Cruises
German Atlantic Line
Hanseatic Tours

Hapag-Lloyd Cruises Operational  Germany

Holland America Line Operational  USA (originally  

Netherlands)

Home Lines Defunct  Italy Merged into Holland America Line

Hurtigruten Operational  Norway Also marketed as Norwegian Coastal Express

Imperial Majesty  USA

Operational
Cruise Line

Iberocruceros Operational  Spain

Island Cruises Operational  United Kingdom

Italian Line / Italian

Defunct  Italy
Cruises

Kristina Cruises Operational  Finland

Louis Cruise Lines Operational  Cyprus

Majesty Cruise Line Defunct Unknown Merged into Norwegian Cruise Line

MSC Cruises Operational  Italy Previously Lauro Lines, Starlauro Cruises

Norwegian America
Defunct  Norway Merged into Cunard Line
Line

Norwegian Capricorn  Australia

Defunct Merged into Star Cruises
Line

Norwegian Cruise  USA (originally  

Operational
Line Norway)

Ocean Village Operational  United Kingdom Operations due to cease in 2010

Oceania Cruises Operational  USA

Orient Lines Defunct  USA Restart of operations planned for 2009

Orion Expedition  Australia

Operational
Cruises
 P&O Cruises Operational  United Kingdom

P&O Cruises  Australia

Operational
Australia

Peter Deilmann
Operational  Germany
Cruises

Phoenix Reisen Operational  Germany

Polar Star Expeditions Operational  Canada

Premier Cruise Line Defunct  USA

Princess Cruises Operational  USA

Pullmantur Cruises Operational  Spain

Caters to Gay & Lesbian families / Owned by Rosie & Kelli

R Family Vacations Operational  USA
O'Donnell and Gregg Kaminsky

Regent Seven Seas  USA

Operational Previously Radisson Seven Seas Cruises
Cruises

Renaissance Cruises Defunct  USA

Royal Caribbean  USA (originally  

Operational
International Norway)

Royal Viking Line Defunct  Norway Merged into Cunard Line

Sally Cruise Defunct  Finland Merged into Silja Line

Seabourn Cruise Line Operational  USA

Shaw, Savill & Albion  United Kingdom

Defunct
Line

Silversea Cruises Operational  USA/  Italy

Sitmar Cruises Defunct  Italy Merged into P&O Cruises/Princess Cruises

No longer operates
Silja Line  Finland
cruise ships

Star Cruises Operational  Malaysia

Swan Hellenic Operational  United Kingdom

Swedish American
Defunct  Sweden
Line

Thomson Cruises Operational  United Kingdom

Transocean Tours Operational  Germany

TUI Cruises Operational  Germany Owned by Royal Caribbean International

 Uniworld River
Operational  USA
Cruises

Van Gogh Cruises Defunct  United Kingdom

Viking Line Operational  Finland A ferry company that has also operated cruises.

White Star Line Defunct  United Kingdom Merged with Cunard Line

Windjammer Barefoot  USA

Defunct.[citation needed]
Cruises

Windstar Cruises Operational  USA

Market segmentation
has become an indispensable marketing practice in industrialized countries where the notion of a mass market has all but disappeared, and buyers
have come to expect some degree of customization from marketing offers. Market segmentation can be defined as the process of dividing larger,
more heterogeneous markets into smaller, more homogeneous markets based on specific characteristics and wants of the buyers. Thanks to
advances in information technology, marketers can more precisely identify, describe, and categorize buyers, thus making it easier to produce the
right products and services for the right markets. In this way, effective market segmentation leads to efficient target marketing to groups of buyers
most likely to perceive value in the marketer's offer. It was not long ago that market segmentation was often an afterthought of the marketing
process – if it was thought of at all. Firms began product or service development with an idea for a marketing offer and later sought buyers for
that offer. Indeed, some entrepreneurs still think of marketing in this manner; their ‘big idea' comes first, followed by the search for markets to
which the big idea can be sold. Progressive marketers, however, recognize that the marketing process begins with identifying needs that are
shared by certain buyers.

For example, a needs-based segmentation strategy is the foundation of marketing for restaurants in North America's emerging fast casual
category (e.g., Baja Fresh and Panera Bread Company). Buyers driving the success of this category need the same basic things as customers of
traditional fast food restaurants (e.g., McDonald's, Taco Bell, and Chick-fil-A) – convenient, quick, low-price meals. However, fast casual
customers also want healthier, fresher foods, and a more comfortable dining experience. Furthermore, these customers are willing to pay more for
these benefits. Understanding the needs unique to this segment of fast casual dining customers, identifying who is a member of this segment, and
then developing a marketing offer for them depends upon effective market segmentation.

Once buyers' needs and wants are identified, market segmentation follows the process described in the figure below. It should be noted, though,
that this conceptual approach to segmentation is not always practiced in real-world marketing. Typical instead is the product-driven approach of
the entrepreneur described earlier (develop a product concept first, then try to find a market to fit to the concept). Another common approach is
sector marketing or a priori segmentation. With sector marketing, a mass market is divided into groups of buyers before research is conducted to
identify buyers' needs and wants. For example, the marketer might divide a market based on age, income, and gender. A marketing offering is
then developed for select sectors (e.g., middle-income, middle-aged men). The problem with an a priori approach to segmentation is that what
constitutes a segment is arbitrarily determined by the marketer. Thus, buyers' needs are likely to differ within sectors (e.g., not all women in their
20s seek low-calorie desserts) or needs may be shared across different sectors (e.g., some men in their 40s do seek low-calorie desserts). For this
reason, a needs-based or benefits-sought approach to market segmentation is more likely to reveal underlying, ‘true' segments of buyers who will
respond similarly to a marketer's offering.

Not all groups of buyers identified during the segmentation process will be viable or attractive as targets for a marketing offer. To be viable, a
segment must be meet several criteria. It must be:

*Measurable – e.g., in terms of size and identifying characteristics

*Meaningful – e.g., differentiable from other segments and large enough to be served at a profit
*Marketable – e.g., reachable through reasonable marketing efforts given the firm's resources.

Introduction
Timesharing is a great way to vacation. It gives you
the space and luxury of a resort villa or condominium apartment
instead of a cramped hotel room, and the ability to
exchange your timeshare for similar accommodations in
desirable destinations all over the world. Moreover, because
the price of your timeshare is established at the time of
purchase, you get a hedge against inflation in your future
leisure-lodging costs.
That’s the good news – but it applies only when you
understand what you are buying, buy only what you want,
and say "no" to anything you don’t want or don’t understand.
Timeshare products are inherently complex, and thus
potentially bewildering to the average consumer. This text
will help you to avoid pitfalls as you consider a timeshare
purchase and, after you buy, to make the best possible use
of your timeshare.

A studio apartment, also known as a studio flat (UK), efficiency apartment or bachelor/bachelorette style apartment, is a self-contained,
small apartment, which combines living room, bedroom and kitchenette into a single unit, barring a bathroom. "Bachelor" or "efficiency"
apartments are sometimes smaller than studio apartments.

In British usage, a studio flat has its own bathroom; a single room with cooking facilities and a shared bathroom is known as a bedsit.

Studio, efficiency, and bachelor style apartments all tend to be the smallest apartments with the lowest rents in a given area, usually ranging
around 300 to 450 square feet (25–45 square meters) in the United States, but considerably smaller in countries such as Japan, South Korea, and
several European capitals. These kinds of apartments typically consist of one large room which serves as the living, dining, and bedroom. Kitchen
facilities may be located in the central room, and the bathroom is often in its own smaller room.

A timeshare is a form of ownership or right to the use of a property, or the term used to describe such properties. These properties are typically
resort condominium units, in which multiple parties hold rights to use the property, and each sharer is allotted a period of time (typically one
week, and almost always the same time every year) in which they may use the property. Units may be on a part-ownership or lease/"right to use"
basis, in which the sharer holds no claim to ownership of the property.

T and t

Travel and
tourism is one
of the world’s
The activates of person travelling and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more then one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes

largest
An Apartment Hotel (also Aparthotel and Apart-hotel) is a serviced apartment complex that uses a hotel-style booking system. It is similar to
renting an apartment, but with no fixed contracts and occupants can 'check-out' whenever they wish."Apartment hotel means a building designed
for or containing both apartments and individual guestrooms or rental units, under resident supervision, and which maintains an inner lobby
through which all tenants must pass to gain access to apartments, rooms or units." [citation needed]

industries
Apartment hotels are flexible types of accommodation; instead of the rigid format of a hotel room, an apartment hotel complex usually offers a
complete fully fitted apartment. These complexes are usually custom built, and similar to a hotel complex containing a varied amount of
apartments. The length of stay in these apartment hotels is varied with anywhere from a few days to months or even years. The people that stay in
It is also one of
apartment hotels use them as a home away from home, therefore they are usually fitted with everything the average home would require

In sociology, discrimination is the prejudicial treatment of an individual based solely on their membership in a certain group or category.

the most
Discrimination is the actual behavior towards members of another group. It involves excluding or restricting members of one group from
opportunities that are available to other groups.[1] The United Nations explains: "Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve
some form of exclusion or rejection."[2] Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial
attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination.
fragmented
Marketing is the process of performing market research, selling products and/or services to customers and promoting them via advertising to
further enhance sales.[1] It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. [2] It is an

The two
integrated process through which companies build strong customer relationships and creates value for their customers and for themselves. [2]

Marketing is used to identify the customer, to satisfy the customer, and to keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it
can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in
aspects of the
developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries.[citation needed] The adoption of marketing strategies

industry can be
viewed
 separately, as
many of the
players are
requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable.
[citation needed]

involved in
The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering
the desired satisfactions.[3] It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants
of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors

both
Travel agents plan, organize, and conduct long distance cruises, tours and expeditions for individuals or groups.  The responsibility
of the travel agent is to assist travelers with the constantly changing airfares and schedules, thousands of available vacation
packages, and a vast amount of travel information on the internet.To sort out the many travel options, tourists and business people
often turn to travel agents, who assess their needs and help them make the best possible travel arrangements.  Also, many major
Let’s look at
cruise ships, resorts, and specialty travel groups use travel agents to promote travel packages to millions of people every year . In
general, travel agents give advice on destinations and make arrangements for transportation, hotel accommodations, car rentals,
tours, and recreation.  They also may advise on weather conditions, restaurants, tourist attractions, and recreation.  For
each part of
international travel, agents also provide information on customs regulations, required papers (passports, visas, and certificates of
vaccination), and currency exchange rates. Travel agents consult a variety of published and computer-based sources for information
on departure and arrival times, fares, and hotel ratings and accommodations.  They may visit hotels, resorts, and restaurants to

the industry on
evaluate their comfort, cleanliness, and the quality of food and service so that they can base recommendations on their own travel
experiences or those of colleagues or clients.

its own
Sales and marketing skills are important to promote their services.  Travel agents make presentations to social and special-interest
groups, arrange advertising displays, and suggest company-sponsored trips to business managers.  Depending on the size of the
travel agency, an agent may specialize by type of travel, such as leisure or business, or destination, such as Europe o

Role of tour operate

Tourism is a cooperative industry

Tourism is a movement industry
Tour operators, are middlemen of tourism

industry

􀂄 Link/ connect travelers to destinations

􀂄 They promote destinations
􀂄 They develop itineraries
􀂄 They open new areas for tourism
They decide where people go, how they get
there, what they, how long they stay and..how much they pay
􀂄 Few tour operators can claim the sustainable
tourism tag- green washing
􀂄 Most operators continued to do “business as
usual” in the wake of sustainable tourism
movement. Profit motive
􀂄 They misinterpreted ecotourism
􀂄 In many instances they drive demand, but this
was not the case in ecotourism/sustainable
tourism
They could have educated and influenced their
clients to make informed choices/ be
responsible
􀂄 They could have chosen to promote sustainable
destinations- Influenced policy makers on the
importance of responsible/sustainable tourism
􀂄 Create awareness on products and services
related to sustainable tourism
􀂄 Support and encourage indigenous/local
community to venture into tourism - more areas
under conservation

Sexual Harassment Policy

1. Definition. Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination, prohibited by Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments,
and Kansas state laws. Sexual harassment can occur between persons without
regard to gender, age, appearance, sexual orientation, or professional status and
may arise from either supervisory actions or co-worker interactions. Sexual
harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual
favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when:
a. submission to such conduct or activity is made either explicitly or implicitly a
term or condition of an individual's employment or academic progress;
b. submission to or rejection of such conduct or activity is used as the basis for
employment or evaluation;
c. such conduct or activity interferes with an individual's employment or
educational advancement; or
d. such conduct or activity creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive
environment.
2. Sexual Harassment Policy Statement. The University of Kansas Medical
Center is committed to providing a positive learning and working environment for
its faculty, staff, residents, interns and students. Sexual harassment in any form
is not tolerated. Anyone who violates this policy will be subject to a range of
sanctions, including written reprimand, termination or expulsion. When the
University becomes aware of sexual harassment allegations, it is bound by state
and federal law to investigate those allegations, stop the harassment if it is found
to exist, and take all necessary action to prevent sexual harassment from

recurring.

• Marketing is about anticipating and identifying the wants and needs of a target market of consumers, then satisfying those needs in
order to make a profit

• Firstly, travel and tourism organisations must understand their customers’ demands. This is the ‘anticipating’ and ‘identifying’ part of
the definition

• Anticipating and identifying demands depends on effective marketing research

• Research into the existing and potential market

• We will look into this in detail in the Activity

• Classifying customers according to socio-economic status, lifestyle, family circumstances, gender and so on

• May involve primary research – surveys, observation, questionnaires

• And/or secondary research – statistics and records, quantitative and qualitative

• A target market consists of a whole group of potential customers, drawn from the whole population

• It’s better to define the target market as a collection of ‘segments’

• Each segment will have different characteristics

• Each segment’s needs and wants must be satisfied

• A target market consists of a whole group of potential customers, drawn from the whole population

• It’s better to define the target market as a collection of ‘segments’

• Each segment will have different characteristics

• Each segment’s needs and wants must be satisfied

• In the domestic tourism market the following segments may be involved:

• VFR (look for a definition of this term during the Activity)

• General business tourism

• Holidays and breaks pre-family

• Long holidays

• Activity holidays

• Group holida